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Park BK. Gray-Scale, Color Doppler, Spectral Doppler, and Contrast-Enhanced Renal Artery Ultrasound: Imaging Techniques and Features. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11143961. [PMID: 35887726 PMCID: PMC9318477 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11143961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is increasingly being detected in elderly patients as life expectancy increases. RAS induces hypertension or reduces renal function. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography are objective in detecting RAS but may cause iodine-induced nephrotoxicity or nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with RAS. Ultrasound (US) is, by contrast, a noninvasive and real-time imaging modality useful in patients with reduced renal function. Renal US is not as sensitive for detecting RAS because this technique indirectly assesses the renal artery by analyzing intrarenal hemodynamic changes. Although, ideally, US would be used to directly evaluate the renal artery, its current utility for RAS detection remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to introduce how to assess renal artery with US, to describe imaging features of renal artery US, to compare renal artery US and renal US, and to show how to perform work-up in patients in whom RAS is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kwan Park
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
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2
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Toyama Y, Werner RA, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Ordonez AA, Takase K, Lapa C, Jain SK, Pomper MG, Rowe SP, Higuchi T. Current and future perspectives on functional molecular imaging in nephro-urology: theranostics on the horizon. Theranostics 2021; 11:6105-6119. [PMID: 33897902 PMCID: PMC8058716 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a paradigm shift from single-photon-emitting radionuclide radiotracers toward positron-emission tomography (PET) radiotracers has occurred in nuclear oncology. Although PET-based molecular imaging of the kidneys is still in its infancy, such a trend has emerged in the field of functional renal radionuclide imaging. Potentially allowing for precise and thorough evaluation of renal radiotracer urodynamics, PET radionuclide imaging has numerous advantages including precise anatomical co-registration with CT images and dynamic three-dimensional imaging capability. In addition, relative to scintigraphic approaches, PET can allow for significantly reduced scan time enabling high-throughput in a busy PET practice and further reduces radiation exposure, which may have a clinical impact in pediatric populations. In recent years, multiple renal PET radiotracers labeled with 11C, 68Ga, and 18F have been utilized in clinical studies. Beyond providing a precise non-invasive read-out of renal function, such radiotracers may also be used to assess renal inflammation. This manuscript will provide an overview of renal molecular PET imaging and will highlight the transformation of conventional scintigraphy of the kidneys toward novel, high-resolution PET imaging for assessing renal function. In addition, future applications will be introduced, e.g. by transferring the concept of molecular image-guided diagnostics and therapy (theranostics) to the field of nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Toyama
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rudolf A. Werner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kei Takase
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven P. Rowe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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3
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"One-Stop Shop": Free-Breathing Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Kidney Using Iterative Reconstruction and Continuous Golden-Angle Radial Sampling. Invest Radiol 2017; 51:714-719. [PMID: 27299581 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a recently introduced technique for free-breathing dynamic contrast-enhanced renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applying a combination of radial k-space sampling, parallel imaging, and compressed sensing. The technique allows retrospective reconstruction of 2 motion-suppressed sets of images from the same acquisition: one with lower temporal resolution but improved image quality for subjective image analysis, and one with high temporal resolution for quantitative perfusion analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 25 patients underwent a kidney examination, including a prototypical fat-suppressed, golden-angle radial stack-of-stars T1-weighted 3-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo examination (GRASP) performed after contrast agent administration during free breathing. Images were reconstructed at temporal resolutions of 55 spokes per frame (6.2 seconds) and 13 spokes per frame (1.5 seconds). The GRASP images were evaluated by 2 blinded radiologists. First, the reconstructions with low temporal resolution underwent subjective image analysis: the radiologists assessed the best arterial phase and the best renal phase and rated image quality score for each patient on a 5-point Likert-type scale.In addition, the diagnostic confidence was rated according to a 3-point Likert-type scale. Similarly, respiratory motion artifacts and streak artifacts were rated according to a 3-point Likert-type scale.Then, the reconstructions with high temporal resolution were analyzed with a voxel-by-voxel deconvolution approach to determine the renal plasma flow, and the results were compared with values reported in previous literature. RESULTS Reader 1 and reader 2 rated the overall image quality score for the best arterial phase and the best renal phase with a median image quality score of 4 (good image quality) for both phases, respectively. A high diagnostic confidence (median score of 3) was observed. There were no respiratory motion artifacts in any of the patients. Streak artifacts were present in all of the patients, but did not compromise diagnostic image quality.The estimated renal plasma flow was slightly higher (295 ± 78 mL/100 mL per minute) than reported in previous MRI-based studies, but also closer to the physiologically expected value. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic, motion-suppressed contrast-enhanced renal MRI can be performed in high diagnostic quality during free breathing using a combination of golden-angle radial sampling, parallel imaging, and compressed sensing. Both morphologic and quantitative functional information can be acquired within a single acquisition.
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine renal imaging provides important functional data to assist in the diagnosis and management of patients with a variety of renal disorders. Physiologically stable metal chelates like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine penta-acetate (DTPA) are excreted by glomerular filtration and have been radiolabelled with a variety of isotopes for imaging glomerular filtration and quantitative assessment of glomerular filtration rate. Gallium-68 ((68)Ga) EDTA PET usage predates Technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) renal imaging, but virtually disappeared with the widespread adoption of gamma camera technology that was not optimal for imaging positron decay. There is now a reemergence of interest in (68)Ga owing to the greater availability of PET technology and use of (68)Ga to label other radiotracers. (68)Ga EDTA can be used a substitute for (99m)Tc DTPA for wide variety of clinical indications. A key advantage of PET for renal imaging over conventional scintigraphy is 3-dimensional dynamic imaging, which is particularly helpful in patients with complex anatomy in whom planar imaging may be nondiagnostic or difficult to interpret owing to overlying structures containing radioactive urine that cannot be differentiated. Other advantages include accurate and absolute (rather than relative) camera-based quantification, superior spatial and temporal resolution and integrated multislice CT providing anatomical correlation. Furthermore, the (68)Ga generator enables on-demand production at low cost, with no additional patient radiation exposure compared with conventional scintigraphy. Over the past decade, we have employed (68)Ga EDTA PET/CT primarily to answer difficult clinical questions in patients in whom other modalities have failed, particularly when it was envisaged that dynamic 3D imaging would be of assistance. We have also used it as a substitute for (99m)Tc DTPA if unavailable owing to supply issues, and have additionally examined the role of (68)Ga EDTA PET/CT for measuring glomerular filtration rate and split renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Hofman
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Centre for Molecular Imaging, Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Hammon M, Janka R, Siegl C, Seuss H, Grosso R, Martirosian P, Schmieder RE, Uder M, Kistner I. Reproducibility of Kidney Perfusion Measurements With Arterial Spin Labeling at 1.5 Tesla MRI Combined With Semiautomatic Segmentation for Differential Cortical and Medullary Assessment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3083. [PMID: 26986143 PMCID: PMC4839924 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging with arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a noninvasive approach to measure organ perfusion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of ASL kidney perfusion measurements with semiautomatic segmentation, which allows separate quantification of cortical and medullary perfusion. The right kidneys of 14 healthy volunteers were examined 6 times on 2 occasions (3 times at each occasion). There was a 10-minute pause between each examination and a 14-day interval between the 2 occasions. Cortical, medullary, and whole kidney parenchymal perfusion was determined with customized semiautomatic segmentation software. Coefficient of variances (CVs) and intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated. Mean whole, cortical, and medullary kidney perfusion was 307.26 ± 25.65, 337.10 ± 34.83, and 279.61 ± 26.73 mL/min/100 g, respectively. On session 1, mean perfusion for the whole kidney, cortex, and medulla was 307.08 ± 26.91, 336.79 ± 36.54, and 279.60 ± 27.81 mL/min/100 g, respectively, and on session 2, 307.45 ± 24.65, 337.41 ± 33.48, and 279.61 ± 25.94 mL/min/100 g, respectively (P > 0.05; R² = 0.60/0.59/0.54). For whole, cortical, and medullary kidney perfusion, the total ICC/CV were 0.97/3.43 ± 0.86%, 0.97/4.19 ± 1.33%, and 0.96/4.12 ± 1.36%, respectively. Measurements did not differ significantly and showed a very good correlation (P > 0.05; R² = 0.75/0.76/0.65). ASL kidney measurements combined with operator-independent semiautomatic segmentation revealed high correlation and low variance of cortical, medullary, and whole kidney perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hammon
- From the Department of Radiology (MH, RJ, HS, MU), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Maximiliansplatz, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Computer Graphics (CS, RG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße, Erlangen, Germany; Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (PM), University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (RES, IK), University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg, Erlangen, Germany
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Durand E. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with radionuclide methods of evaluating the kidney. Semin Nucl Med 2014; 44:82-92. [PMID: 24484746 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine and MRI provide information about renal perfusion, function (glomerular filtration rate), and drainage. Some tracers that are used in nuclear medicine (technetium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid ([(99m)Tc-DTPA] and (51)chromium-EDTA) and some contrast media (CM) that are used for MRI (gadolinium-DTPA for instance) share the same pharmacokinetic properties, though, detection techniques are different (low-spatial resolution 2-dimensional projection with a good concentration-to-signal linearity for nuclear medicine and high-resolution 3-dimensional localization with nonlinear behavior for MRI). Thus, though based on the same principles, the methods are not the same and they provide somewhat different information. Many MRI perfusion studies have been conducted; some of them were compared with nuclear medicine with no good agreement. Phase contrast can reliably assess global renal blood flow but not perfusion at a tissular level. Arterial spin labeling has not proven to be a reliable tool to measure renal perfusion. Techniques using CM theoretically can assess perfusion at the tissular level, but they have not proven to be precise. To assess renal function, many models have been proposed. Some MRI techniques using CM, both semiquantitative (Patlak) and quantitative, have shown ability to roughly assess relative function. Some quantitative methods (Annet's and Lee's methods) have even showed that they could roughly estimate absolute renal function, with better results than estimated glomerular filtration rate. Quantification of drainage has not been much studied using MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Durand
- Biophysique et Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Thurman JM, Serkova NJ. Nanosized contrast agents to noninvasively detect kidney inflammation by magnetic resonance imaging. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20:488-99. [PMID: 24206601 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular imaging methods have been developed that use nanosized contrast agents to detect markers of inflammation within tissues. Kidney inflammation contributes to disease progression in a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and a biopsy is currently the only method of definitively diagnosing active kidney inflammation. However, the development of new molecular imaging methods that use contrast agents capable of detecting particular immune cells or protein biomarkers will allow clinicians to evaluate inflammation throughout the kidneys and to assess a patient's response to immunomodulatory drugs. These imaging tools will improve our ability to validate new therapies and to optimize the treatment of individual patients with existing therapies. This review describes the clinical need for new methods of monitoring kidney inflammation and recent advances in the development of nanosized contrast agents for the detection of inflammatory markers of kidney disease.
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Heusch P, Wittsack HJ, Blondin D, Ljimani A, Nguyen-Quang M, Martirosian P, Zenginli H, Bilk P, Kröpil P, Heusner TA, Antoch G, Lanzman RS. Functional evaluation of transplanted kidneys using arterial spin labeling MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:84-9. [PMID: 24123319 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate non-contrast-enhanced arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI for functional assessment of transplanted kidneys at 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3T. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Ninety eight renal allograft recipients (mean age, 51.5 ± 14.6 years) were prospectively included in this study. ASL MRI was performed at 1.5T (n = 65) and 3T (n = 33) using a single-slice flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery true-fast imaging with steady-state precession (FAIR True-FISP) sequence in the paracoronal plane. ASL perfusion was regional analyzed for the renal cortex on parameter maps. ASL was compared between patients with good or moderate allograft function (Group a; estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] > 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and patients with heavily impaired allograft function (Group b; eGFR ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and correlated to renal function as determined by eGFR. RESULTS ASL perfusion and eGFR were comparable at 1.5T (246.9 ± 66.8 mL/100 g/min and 41.9 ± 22.7 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and 3T (236.5 ± 102.3 mL/100 g/min and 35.9 ± 22.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). ASL perfusion was significantly higher in group a (282.7 ± 60.8 mL/100 g/min) as compared to group b (178.2 ± 63.3 mL/100 g/min) (P < 0.0001). ASL perfusion values exhibited a significant correlation with renal function as determined by eGFR (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Cortical ASL perfusion values differ between patients with good or moderate allograft function and poor allograft function and correlate significantly with allograft function. Our results highlight the potential of ASL MRI for functional evaluation of renal allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heusch
- University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dusseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the most common prenatally detected disease leading to hydronephrosis. The obstructive anatomic lesion leads to varying degrees of hydronephrosis, ranging from no apparent effect on renal function to atrophy. Furthermore, the natural course of hydronephrosis varies from spontaneous resolution to progressive deterioration and may take upwards of 3 years for a kidney to declare itself. The objectives of this article are to update our knowledge regarding the evaluation and management of UPJO in depth and to discuss the emerging value of urinary proteome analysis to the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrair-George O Mesrobian
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Medical College and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Pereira Júnior GA, Muglia VF, Dos Santos AC, Miyake CH, Nobre F, Kato M, Simões MV, de Andrade JI. Late evaluation of the relationship between morphological and functional renal changes and hypertension after non-operative treatment of high-grade renal injuries. World J Emerg Surg 2012; 7:26. [PMID: 22852875 PMCID: PMC3441361 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the anatomical and functional renal alterations and the association with post-traumatic arterial hypertension. Methods The studied population included patients who sustained high grades renal injury (grades III to V) successfully non-operative management after staging by computed tomography over a 16-year period. Beyond the review of medical records, these patients were invited to the following protocol: clinical and laboratory evaluation, abdominal computed tomography, magnetic resonance angiography, DMSA renal scintigraphy, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The hypertensive patients also were submitted to dynamic renal scintigraphy (99mTc EC), using captopril stimulation to verify renal vascular etiology. Results Of the 31 patients, there were thirteen grade III, sixteen grade IV (nine lacerations, and seven vascular lesions), and two grade V injuries. All the patients were asymptomatic and an average follow up post-injury of 6.4 years. None had abnormal BUN or seric creatinine. The percentage of renal volume reduction correlates with the severity as defined by OIS. There was no evidence of renal artery stenosis in Magnetic Resonance angiography (MRA). DMSA scanning demonstrated a decline in percentage of total renal function corresponding to injury severity (42.2 ± 5.5% for grade III, 35.3 ± 12.8% for grade IV, 13.5 ± 19.1 for grade V). Six patients (19.4%) had severe compromised function (< 30%). There was statistically significant difference in the decrease in renal function between parenchymal and vascular causes for grade IV injuries (p < 0.001). The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring detected nine patients (29%) with post-traumatic hypertension. All the patients were male, mean 35.6 years, 77.8 % had a familial history of arterial hypertension, 66.7% had grade III renal injury, and average post-injury time was 7.8 years. Seven patients had negative captopril renography. Conclusions Late results of renal function after conservative treatment of high grades renal injuries are favorable, except for patients with grades IV with vascular injuries and grade V renal injuries. Moreover, arterial hypertension does not correlate with the grade of renal injury or reduction of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Alves Pereira Júnior
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Tofts PS, Cutajar M, Mendichovszky IA, Peters AM, Gordon I. Precise measurement of renal filtration and vascular parameters using a two-compartment model for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the kidney gives realistic normal values. Eur Radiol 2012; 22:1320-30. [PMID: 22415410 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To model the uptake phase of T(1)-weighted DCE-MRI data in normal kidneys and to demonstrate that the fitted physiological parameters correlate with published normal values. METHODS The model incorporates delay and broadening of the arterial vascular peak as it appears in the capillary bed, two distinct compartments for renal intravascular and extravascular Gd tracer, and uses a small-vessel haematocrit value of 24%. Four physiological parameters can be estimated: regional filtration K ( trans ) (ml min(-1) [ml tissue](-1)), perfusion F (ml min(-1) [100 ml tissue](-1)), blood volume v ( b ) (%) and mean residence time MRT (s). From these are found the filtration fraction (FF; %) and total GFR (ml min(-1)). Fifteen healthy volunteers were imaged twice using oblique coronal slices every 2.5 s to determine the reproducibility. RESULTS Using parenchymal ROIs, group mean values for renal biomarkers all agreed with published values: K ( trans ): 0.25; F: 219; v ( b ): 34; MRT: 5.5; FF: 15; GFR: 115. Nominally cortical ROIs consistently underestimated total filtration (by ~50%). Reproducibility was 7-18%. Sensitivity analysis showed that these fitted parameters are most vulnerable to errors in the fixed parameters kidney T(1), flip angle, haematocrit and relaxivity. CONCLUSIONS These renal biomarkers can potentially measure renal physiology in diagnosis and treatment. KEY POINTS • Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can measure renal function. • Filtration and perfusion values in healthy volunteers agree with published normal values. • Precision measured in healthy volunteers is between 7 and 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Tofts
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Sussex BN1 9PX, UK.
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12
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Thelwall PE, Taylor R, Marshall SM. Non-invasive investigation of kidney disease in type 1 diabetes by magnetic resonance imaging. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2421-9. [PMID: 21533898 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pathophysiological abnormalities in early diabetic nephropathy are poorly understood. We employed MRI to characterise renal perfusion, tissue oxygenation and kidney size in non-diabetic volunteers and type 1 diabetic patients without and with early renal disease. METHODS We studied ten control participants (C; age 40.0 [range 31-54] years), nine longstanding normotensive type 1 diabetic patients (T1Normo; age 40.1 [31-50] years, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 83.4 ± 10.6 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)) and eight microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients (T1Micro; age 42.4 [33-52] years, eGFR 71.6 ± 13.7 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)). Six microalbuminuric patients were restudied after 4 weeks without renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. Phase contrast angiography and kidney blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) (R(2)(*)) MRI were performed, before and during water diuresis. Contrast-enhanced MRI was performed at baseline urine flow rate. Renal artery flow, renal vascular resistance (RVR), cortical and medullary volumes, and R(2)(*) were determined. RESULTS Renal cortical and medullary volumes were similar in all groups (cortex: C 108 ± 16, T1Normo 112 ± 21, T1Micro 111 ± 10 cm(3)/1.73 m(2); medulla: C 35 ± 14, T1Normo 29 ± 10, 33 ± 6 cm(3)/1.73 m(2)). RVR increased from control to normoalbuminuric to microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients (C 0.061 ± 0.018, T1Normo 0.077 ± 0.014, T1Micro 0.093 ± 0.024 mmHg ml(-1) min(-1) 1.73 m(-2), ANOVA p = 0.012). RVR correlated inversely with eGFR in normoalbuminuric, but not in microalbuminuric diabetic patients. Renal artery flow was lower in the whole diabetes cohort (control 740 ± 205 vs diabetes 591 ± 128 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2), p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Cortical and medullary volumes remain normal in early diabetic nephropathy. Decreased renal flow in longstanding normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients may reflect intrarenal vascular stiffening, whereas in the microalbuminuric patients it may also reflect increased intraglomerular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Thelwall
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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Abstract
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is characterized by a heterogeneous group of pathophysiologic entities, of which fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic RAS (ARAS) are the most common. Whether and which patients should undergo revascularization for ARAS is controversial. The general consensus is that all patients with ARAS should receive intensive medical treatment. The latest randomized clinical trials have increased confusion regarding recommendations for revascularization for ARAS. Although revascularization is not indicated in all patients with ARAS, experts agree that it should be considered in some patients, especially those with unstable angina, unexplained pulmonary edema, and hemodynamically significant ARAS with either worsening renal function or with difficult to control hypertension. A search of the literature was performed using PubMed and entering the search terms renal artery stenosis, atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, and renal artery stenosis AND hypertension to retrieve the most recent publications on diagnosis and treatment of ARAS. In this review, we analyze the pathways related to hypertension in ARAS, the optimal invasive and noninvasive modalities for evaluating the renal arteries, and the available therapies for ARAS and assess future tools and algorithms that may prove useful in evaluating patients for renal revascularization therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lao
- Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0103, USA
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14
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Renal artery revascularization: predictive value of kidney length and volume weighted by resistive index. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194:1365-72. [PMID: 20410427 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of renal length, volume, and resistive index measurements at Doppler ultrasound and MR angiography in predicting improvement after renal angioplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-one patients underwent Doppler ultrasound examinations and MR angiography before percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty. Renal length, total and cortical volumes, and resistive index were calculated. Combinations of length, volume, and resistive index measurements were correlated with improvement in blood pressure and renal function after percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty. Thresholds for improving patient selection were chosen after analysis of receiver operating characteristics curves. RESULTS Lower total and cortical volumes on MR angiograms and shorter kidney length on Doppler ultrasound images were found among patients with successful blood pressure control (p = 0.042, p = 0.035, and p = 0.016, respectively). Renal length measured with Doppler ultrasound and cortical volume measured with MR angiography weighted by resistive index were the best predictive factors (p = 0.004, p = 0.006). Using a threshold of renal length-resistive index product less than 7 cm, therapeutic response was predicted with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 50%, whereas with a threshold value of 52 mL/m(2) for cortical renal volume-resistive index product divided by body surface area, sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 50% were obtained. CONCLUSION Renal length and volume combined with resistive index measurements appear to be predictive of therapeutic response after percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty.
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Ritt M, Janka R, Schneider MP, Martirosian P, Hornegger J, Bautz W, Uder M, Schmieder RE. Measurement of kidney perfusion by magnetic resonance imaging: comparison of MRI with arterial spin labeling to para-aminohippuric acid plasma clearance in male subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 25:1126-33. [PMID: 19934080 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging with arterial spin labeling (MRI-ASL) is a non-invasive approach to measure organ perfusion. We aimed to examine whether MRI-ASL kidney perfusion measurements are related to measurements of renal plasma flow (RPF) by para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) plasma clearance and whether changes of kidney perfusion in response to treatment with telmisartan can be detected by MRI-ASL. METHODS Twenty-four patients with metabolic syndrome and an estimated creatinine clearance according to Cockroft and Gault of > or =60 ml/min were included in the study. Kidney perfusion was assessed by MRI-ASL measurements of a single coronal kidney slice (with flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery and true fast imaging with steady-state processing sequence) and by measurements of RPF using PAH plasma clearance before and after 2 weeks of treatment with the angiotensin receptor blocker telmisartan. All MRI-ASL examinations were performed on a 1.5 T scanner. RESULTS Two weeks of therapy with telmisartan led to a significant increase of RPF (from 313 +/- 47 to 348 +/- 69 ml/min/m, P = 0.007) and MRI-ASL kidney perfusion measurements (from 253 +/- 20 to 268 +/- 25 ml/min/100 g, P = 0.020). RPF measurements were related with MRI-ASL kidney perfusion measurements (r = 0.575, P < 0.001). Changes of RPF measurements and changes of MRI-ASL kidney perfusion measurements in response to treatment with telmisartan revealed a close relationship when expressed in absolute terms (r = 0.548, P = 0.015) and in percentage changes (r = 0.514, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Perfusion measurement of a single coronal kidney slice by MRI-ASL is able to approximate kidney perfusion and to approximate changes in kidney perfusion due to pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ritt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Granata A, Fiorini F, Andrulli S, Logias F, Gallieni M, Romano G, Sicurezza E, Fiore CE. Doppler ultrasound and renal artery stenosis: An overview. J Ultrasound 2009; 12:133-43. [PMID: 23397022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jus.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renovascular disease is a complex disorder, most commonly caused by fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic diseases. It can be found in one of three forms: asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (RAS), renovascular hypertension, and ischemic nephropathy. Particularly, the atherosclerotic form is a progressive disease that may lead to gradual and silent loss of renal function. Thus, early diagnosis of RAS is an important clinical objective since interventional therapy may improve or cure hypertension and preserve renal function. Screening for RAS is indicated in suspected renovascular hypertension or ischemic nephropathy, in order to identify patients in whom an endoluminal or surgical revascularization is advisable. Screening tests for RAS have improved considerably over the last decade. While captopril renography was widely used in the past, Doppler ultrasound (US) of the renal arteries (RAs), angio-CT, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have replaced other modalities and they are now considered the screening tests of choice. An arteriogram is rarely needed for diagnostic purposes only. Color-Doppler US (CDUS) is a noninvasive, repeatable, relatively inexpensive diagnostic procedure which can accurately screen for renovascular diseases if performed by an expert. Moreover, the evaluation of the resistive index (RI) at Doppler US may be very useful in RAS affected patients for predicting the response to revascularization. However, when a discrepancy exists between clinical data and the results of Doppler US, additional tests are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Granata
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, AOU Policlinico "Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
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Zöllner FG, Sance R, Rogelj P, Ledesma-Carbayo MJ, Rørvik J, Santos A, Lundervold A. Assessment of 3D DCE-MRI of the kidneys using non-rigid image registration and segmentation of voxel time courses. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2009; 33:171-81. [PMID: 19135861 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Zöllner
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Glodny B, Tröbinger MG, Hofmann KJ, Rehder P, Trieb T, Petersen J. A right accessory renal artery arising from a left additional common renal artery stem. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009; 32:804-6. [PMID: 19184192 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-009-9508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Glodny
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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MRI-Measurement of Perfusion and Glomerular Filtration in the Human Kidney With a Separable Compartment Model. Invest Radiol 2008; 43:40-8. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31815597c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Recent advancements in immunobiology have introduced several new diagnostic tools for monitoring kidney transplant recipients. These have been added to more established tests that, although imperfect, remain important benchmarks of diagnostic utility. Both new and old tests can be characterized with regard to their practicality, and as to whether they detect aberrant function or define the cause of dysfunction. Unfortunately, no current test is both practical and specific to a particular disease entity. Accordingly, the diagnosis of graft dysfunction remains dependent on the proper use and interpretation of many studies. This article reviews the current assays that have been evaluated in the clinic for the diagnosis of renal allograft-related diseases. These are limited to assays based on routinely obtainable samples such as blood, biopsy tissue, and urine. Newer studies are presented, along with more mundane assays, to highlight the practical use of studies regardless of their degree of mechanistic sophistication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Girlanda
- Transplantation Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Michaely HJ, Sourbron S, Dietrich O, Attenberger U, Reiser MF, Schoenberg SO. Functional renal MR imaging: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 32:758-71. [PMID: 17151905 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-006-9150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to its complementary information to standard morphological imaging, functional renal magnetic resonance imaging is a rapid growing field of radiology. This pictorial essay provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art functional renal imaging techniques including renal magnetic resonance angiography, first pass renal perfusion, assessment of renal function, blood-oxygen level dependent imaging of the kidneys and diffusion-weighted imaging of the kidneys including diffusion-tensor imaging of the kidneys. Basic technical concepts for all sequences are laid out. As renal perfusion imaging becomes a clinical routine examination, particular attention is given to renal perfusion measurements and the potential postprocessing approaches. Advantages and drawbacks of the published methods are illustrated. Future applications of functional renal imaging are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik J Michaely
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospitals—Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr.15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Schenk JP, Friebe B, Ley S, Baudendistel K, Schoebinger M, Hähnel S, Mehrabi A, Tröger J, Hallscheidt P. Visualization of intrarenal vessels by 3.0-T MR angiography in comparison with digital subtraction angiography using renal specimens. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36:1075-81. [PMID: 16896692 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-006-0274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MRI at 3.0 T enables high-spatial resolution for renal MR angiography. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of an arterial tree model in animal kidney specimens with comparison of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and high-field MRI to find out the maximum spatial resolution of intrarenal vessels. It was considered that objective quantitation of angiogram quality could be achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 27 pig kidney specimens were examined by MR angiography (flash 3D) using a 3.0-T scanner (TRIO; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with an eight-channel head coil and a voxel size of 0.9x0.9x1.1 mm in the early arterial phase after implantation of a 4F catheter in the renal artery. DSA (Integris, Philips, Best, The Netherlands) was performed immediately after the MRI. With the help of semiautomated segmentation, all vessels were marked for comparison of the vessel trees. The Wilcoxon rank test was used for statistical evaluation of vessel numbers and branching depths. RESULTS Objective comparison between DSA and MR angiography was achieved. High-field MR angiography had the ability to depict vessels up to the seventh branching on average. Significant differences in vessel delineation and counts were found from the fifth level of intrarenal branching onwards with DSA showing an advantage. CONCLUSION High-field MRI has great potential in the detection of intrarenal arteries and is comparable to DSA in visualization of the central intrarenal vessel tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Peter Schenk
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Michoux N, Vallée JP, Pechère-Bertschi A, Montet X, Buehler L, Van Beers BE. Analysis of contrast-enhanced MR images to assess renal function. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2006; 19:167-79. [PMID: 16906431 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-006-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The image analysis and kinetic modeling methods used in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney are reviewed. Image analysis includes various techniques of coregistration and segmentation. Few methods have been completely implemented. Nevertheless, the use of coregistration may become a standard to decrease the effect of motion on abdominal images and improve the quality of the renal signals. Kinetic models are classified into three categories: enhancement-based, external and internal representations. Enhancement-based representations are limited to a basic analysis of the tracer concentration curves in the kidneys. Their relationship to the underlying physiology is complex and undefined. However, they can be used to evaluate the split renal function. External representations assess the kidney input and output. An external representation based on the up-slope of the renal enhancement to calculate the renal perfusion is commonly used because of its simplicity. In contrast, external representation based on deconvolution or identification methods remain underexploited. For glomerular filtration, an internal representation based on a two-compartmental model is mostly used. Internal representations based on multi-compartmental models describe the renal function in a more realistic way. Because of their numerical complexity, these models remain rarely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Michoux
- Diagnostic Radiology Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, St-Luc University Hospital, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200. Brussels, Belgium.
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