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Maya‐Enero S, Prat‐Ortells J, Martín‐Solé O, De Haro‐Jorge I, Pertierra‐Cortada À, Iriondo‐Sanz M. Distinguishing outcomes of neonatal intestinal volvulus: Review of our experience over the last 20 years. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:284-290. [PMID: 34704280 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM There are two types of intestinal volvulus: midgut (MGV) and segmental (SV). Patients with different types of intestinal volvulus are often included in the same case series, which may affect the perception of how severe "intestinal volvuli" are. We aimed to compare both types of intestinal volvulus. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study including all patients with MGV and SV up to 28 days of life admitted to a tertiary hospital in Spain over a 20-year-period (1999-2019). A comparison between groups and a logistic regression model for mortality were done. RESULTS We identified 32 patients: 23 MGV and 9 SV. Malrotation was exclusive of MGV. Prenatal diagnosis, cystic fibrosis, and intestinal resection were significantly more frequent in SV. Surgery was performed at a significantly lower age in SV. The mortality observed in acute MGV with intestinal compromise (41.7%) is four times higher than the mortality of SV (11.1%). The overall mortality of all MGV patients (21.7%) is almost twice that of SV. Mortality was best predicted by the presence of hemodynamic instability (OR 27.5 95% CI 2.50-302.17; p = 0.007). CONCLUSION SV and MGV have a different clinical presentation. Hemodynamic instability is the major risk factor for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maya‐Enero
- Department of Neonatology Service of Pediatrics, Hospital del Mar Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Prat‐Ortells
- Service of Pediatric Surgery Hospital Sant Joan de DéuUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Oriol Martín‐Solé
- Service of Pediatric Surgery Hospital Sant Joan de DéuUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Irene De Haro‐Jorge
- Service of Pediatric Surgery Hospital Sant Joan de DéuUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Martín Iriondo‐Sanz
- Service of Neonatology Hospital Sant Joan de DéuUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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Cieplińska K, Gajęcka M, Dąbrowski M, Rykaczewska A, Lisieska-Żołnierczyk S, Bulińska M, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki MT. Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E296. [PMID: 31137638 PMCID: PMC6563319 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone is a frequent contaminant of cereals and their by-products in regions with a temperate climate. This toxic molecule is produced naturally by Fusarium fungi in crops. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of low zearalenone doses (LOAEL, NOAEL and MABEL) on the intestinal microbiome of gilts on different days of exposure (days 7, 21 and 42). Intestinal contents were sampled from the duodenal cap, the third part of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum and the descending colon. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 animals were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg /kg BW, group ZEN10-10 μg ZEN/kg BW and group ZEN15-15 µg ZEN/kg BW. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2 and 3. Differences in the log values of microbial counts, mainly Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, were observed between the proximal and distal segments of the intestinal tract on different analytical dates as well as in the entire intestinal tract. Zearalenone affected the colony counts of intestinal microbiota rather than microbiome diversity, and its effect was greatest in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. Microbial colony counts were similar in groups ZEN5 and C. In the analysed mycobiome, ZEN exerted a stimulatory effect on the log values of yeast and mould counts in all intestinal segments, in particular in the colon, and the greatest increase was noted on the first analytical date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Cieplińska
- Microbiology Laboratory, Non-Public Health Care Centre, Limanowskiego 31A, 10-342 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Rykaczewska
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk
- Independent Public Health Care Centre of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, and the Warmia and Mazury Oncology Centre in Olsztyn, Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maria Bulińska
- Department of Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 34, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej T Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Cieplińska K, Gajęcka M, Nowak A, Dąbrowski M, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki MT. The Genotoxicity of Caecal Water in Gilts Exposed to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E350. [PMID: 30200392 PMCID: PMC6162682 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone is a toxic low-molecular-weight molecule that is naturally produced by moulds on crops as a secondary metabolite. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxicity of caecal water collected successively from the caecal contents of gilts exposed to low doses (LOAEL, NOAEL, and MABEL) of zearalenone. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg/kg BW, group ZEN10-10 μg ZEN/kg BW and group ZEN15-15 µg ZEN/kg BW. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2, and 3. Caecal water samples for in vitro analysis were collected from the ileocaecal region. The genotoxicity of caecal water was noted, particularly after date 1 in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15 with a decreasing trend. Electrophoresis revealed the presence of numerous comets without tails in groups C and ZEN5 and fewer comets with clearly expressed tails in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. The distribution of LLC-PK1 cells ranged from 15% to 20% in groups C and ZEN5, and from 30% to 60% in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. The analysis of caecal water genotoxicity during exposure to very low doses of ZEN revealed the presence of a counter response and a compensatory effect in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Cieplińska
- Microbiology Laboratory, Non-Public Health Care Centre, ul. Limanowskiego 31A, 10-342 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej T Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions are an integral part of nutrition therapy in the intestinal failure patient. In addition to being a concentrated source of non-protein calories, they provide the essential fatty acids necessary for growth and development. Depending upon the oil source used in these products, complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) can occur. This review will discuss the risks and benefits associated with these products, especially as they relate to the pediatric intestinal failure patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gura
- Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacist GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - McGreggor Crowley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Gajęcka M, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Zakłos-Szyda M, Dąbrowski M, Michalczuk L, Koziołkiewicz M, Babuchowski A, Zielonka Ł, Lewczuk B, Gajęcki MT. The influence of a natural triterpene preparation on the gastrointestinal tract of gilts with streptozocin-induced diabetes and on cell metabolic activity. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Stem Cell Factor/Kit Signal Insufficiency Contributes to Hypoxia-Induced Intestinal Motility Dysfunctions in Neonatal Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1193-1203. [PMID: 28315973 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders represent a group of problems that more constantly encountered in preterm infants. However, whether hypoxia exposure contributes to the GI dysfunctions is still unclear. METHODS Newborn mice were exposed to hypoxia (10%) from P1 to P7. Intestinal motilities were examined by a strain gauge transducer. The proliferation of ICCs was detected by using immunostaining for BrdU, Ki67, Kit, Ano1, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R+). Smooth muscle cells and enteric neurons were revealed by immunostaining for α-SMA and NF200, respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. Kit signal pathway was examined by western blot and qPCR. RESULTS Intestinal motilities were found weakened significantly in the hypoxic small intestines as compared to controls on P8. Kit+ or Ano1+ interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) were found obviously decreased in the myenteric ICCs (ICC-MY) of neonatal mice after exposed to hypoxia. A large number of ICC progenitors (IGF-1R+) were found highly mitotic (BrdU+ Ki67+) to populate ICC during early postnatal development in the normoxic mice. We found the ICC proliferation was significantly inhibited upon hypoxia exposure, without increasing apoptosis (TUNEL+). We next identified that Kit phosphorylation was inhibited 3 days after hypoxia exposure. The inhibition of Kit signaling was largely due to decreased the expression of the ligand of Kit receptor, stem cell factor (SCF), in the intestinal walls. Exposure to imatinib, a Kit receptor inhibitor, for 3 days from P4 phenocopied the effect of hypoxia on the neonatal pups that resulted in inhibited intestinal motilities and decreased Kit+ ICC numbers. CONCLUSION All together, our findings indicate the SCF/Kit signaling insufficiency may contribute to the underdevelopment of ICCs and intestinal motility dysfunction upon hypoxia exposure. The decease in ICC density is likely due to the cell cycle arrest of ICC progenitor cells.
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Growth of Infants with Intestinal Failure or Feeding Intolerance Does Not Follow Standard Growth Curves. J Nutr Metab 2017; 2017:8052606. [PMID: 28357138 PMCID: PMC5357533 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8052606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Infants with intestinal failure or feeding intolerance are nutritionally compromised and are at risk for extrauterine growth restriction. The aim of the study was to evaluate growth velocities of infants with intestinal failure and feeding intolerance for the first three months of age and to determine growth percentiles at birth and at 40-week postmenstrual age (PMA). Methods. A chart review of infants followed by the Texas Children's Hospital Intestinal Rehabilitation Team was conducted from April 2012 to October 2014. Weekly weight, length, and head circumference growth velocities were calculated. Growth data were compared to Olsen growth curves to determine exact percentiles. Results. Data from infants (n = 164) revealed that average growth velocities of 3-month-old infants (weight gain, 19.97 g/d; length, 0.81 cm/week; head circumference, 0.52 cm/week) fluctuated and all were below expected norms. At discharge or death, average growth velocities had further decreased (length, 0.69 cm/week; head circumference, 0.45 cm/week) except for weight, which showed a slight increase (weight, 20.56 g/d). Weight, length, and head circumference percentiles significantly decreased from birth to 40-week PMA (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Growth of infants with intestinal failure or feeding intolerance did not follow standard growth curves.
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Gajęcka M, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki M. Activity of Zearalenone in the Porcine Intestinal Tract. Molecules 2016; 22:E18. [PMID: 28029134 PMCID: PMC6155780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that low doses (somewhat above the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOAEL) of the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites display multispecificity towards various biological targets in gilts. The observed responses in gilts were surprising. The presence of ZEN and zearalenols (ZELs) did not evoke a response in the porcine gastrointestinal tract, which was attributed to dietary tolerance. Lymphocyte proliferation was intensified in jejunal mesenteric lymph nodes, and lymphocyte counts increased in the jejunal epithelium with time of exposure. In the distal digestive tract, fecal bacterial counts decreased, the activity of fecal bacterial enzymes and lactic acid bacteria increased, and cecal water was characterized by higher genotoxicity. The accompanying hyperestrogenism led to changes in mRNA activity of selected enzymes (cytochrome P450, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, nitric oxide synthases) and receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors), and it stimulated post-translational modifications which play an important role in non-genomic mechanisms of signal transmission. Hyperestrogenism influences the regulation of the host's steroid hormones (estron, estradiol and progesteron), it affects the virulence of bacterial genes encoding bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs), and it participates in detoxification processes by slowing down intestinal activity, provoking energy deficits and promoting antiporter activity at the level of enterocytes. In most cases, hyperestrogenism fulfils all of the above roles. The results of this study indicate that low doses of ZEN alleviate inflammatory processes in the digestive system, in particular in the proximal and distal intestinal tract, and increase body weight gains in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/01, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Milk growth factors and expression of small intestinal growth factor receptors during the perinatal period in mice. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:759-765. [PMID: 27603563 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factors (GFs) are milk bioactive components contributing to the regulation of neonatal small intestinal maturation, and their receptors on the small intestinal epithelium play essential roles in mediating the functions of GFs. There is limited data correlating milk GFs and their receptors in the neonatal small intestine during the perinatal period. METHODS Small intestines of C57BL/6N mouse pups were collected at regular intervals during fetal life and up to postnatal day (PD) 60. Gene expression of GF receptors was determined by real-time qPCR. Milk GF concentrations up to PD21 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The majority of GF receptors showed significantly greater expression in the fetus than in postnatal life, and a sharp decrease occurred from PD14 extending to PD60; solid food restriction (PD14 and PD18) did not affect this decrease. Concentrations of five detected milk GFs demonstrated that GFs and the corresponding small intestinal receptors exhibited different correlations, with only milk transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) having a significant positive correlation with TGF-β receptor 1 mRNA. CONCLUSION Gene expression of small intestinal GF receptors is likely a process of neonatal intestinal maturation that is affected concurrently by milk GFs and additional endogenous factors.
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Lim DW, Diané A, Muto M, Vine DF, Nation PN, Wizzard PR, Sigalet DL, Bigam DL, Pencharz PB, Turner JM, Wales PW. Differential Effects on Intestinal Adaptation Following Exogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Therapy With and Without Enteral Nutrition in Neonatal Short Bowel Syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:156-170. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607116665812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abdoulaye Diané
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitsuru Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donna F. Vine
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick N. Nation
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela R. Wizzard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David L. Sigalet
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David L. Bigam
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul B. Pencharz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justine M. Turner
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul W. Wales
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zielonka Ł, Waśkiewicz A, Beszterda M, Kostecki M, Dąbrowski M, Obremski K, Goliński P, Gajęcki M. Zearalenone in the Intestinal Tissues of Immature Gilts Exposed per os to Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3210-23. [PMID: 26295259 PMCID: PMC4549746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone and its metabolites, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol, demonstrate estradiol-like activity and disrupt physiological functions in animals. This article evaluates the carryover of zearalenone and its selected metabolites from the digesta to intestinal walls (along the entire intestines) in pre-pubertal gilts exposed to low doses of zearalenone over long periods of time. The term “carryover” describes the transfer of mycotoxins from feed to edible tissues, and it was used to assess the risk of mycotoxin exposure for consumers. The experimental gilts with body weight of up to 25 kg were per os administered zearalenone at a daily dose of 40 μg/kg BW (Group E, n = 18) or placebo (Group C, n = 21) over a period of 42 days. In the first weeks of exposure, the highest values of the carryover factor were noted in the duodenum and the jejunum. In animals receiving pure zearalenone, the presence of metabolites was not determined in intestinal tissues. In the last three weeks of the experiment, very high values of the carryover factor were observed in the duodenum and the descending colon. The results of the study indicate that in animals exposed to subclinical doses of zearalenone, the carryover factor could be determined by the distribution and expression of estrogen receptor beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Monika Beszterda
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Marian Kostecki
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Obremski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Piotr Goliński
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
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