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Djuric ML, Krstic VP, Lazic TM, Grozdanic SD. Endoscopic diagnostic and surgical orbital approach in canines. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895555 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe new diagnostic and surgical orbital approaches using video endoscopy in canines. Four different endoscopic approaches were investigated in this study of video endoscopy in cadavers: dorsal transorbital ligament approach via incision of the orbital ligament (DTOLA), dorsal subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (DSTA), ventral subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (VSTA), and transoral orbital approach (TOA). Two additional approaches, the ventral transpalpebral approach (VTA) and dorsal caudal transmuscular approach (DCTA) along with the DTOLA and DSTA were used in clinical patients. The most technically demanding approach was DTOLA; however, it provided the best visualisation of different anterior and posterior orbital structures. Visualisation of primarily the dorsal orbital wall, dorsal portion of the eye globe, and dorsal extraconal space also was achieved by DSTA. The VSTA enabled good visualisation of the ventral orbital floor and the ventral extraconal and intraconal space. In contrast, the TOA provided relatively poor visualisation of orbital structures, limited to the ventral orbital quadrant. Meanwhile, the VTA provided visualisation similar to the VSTA, while DCTA visualisation was limited to the dorsal and caudal orbital space. Orbital endoscopy is an effective and minimally invasive procedure that can be used for diagnostic and surgical orbital procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Lj Djuric
- 1 Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vanja P Krstic
- 1 Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana M Lazic
- 2 Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, IA, USA
- 3 Oculus Specialty Veterinary Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sinisa D Grozdanic
- 2 Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, IA, USA
- 3 Oculus Specialty Veterinary Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Coall SM, Premont JE, Flatz K, Hindley K, Groth A, Billson FM. Clinical, advanced imaging data and outcome of inflammatory and neoplastic orbital disease in 81 dogs and 16 cats in Australia (2010-2019). Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:37-50. [PMID: 34554639 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical presentation, advanced imaging features, and outcome of orbital disease in a referral population of dogs and cats that underwent computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ANIMALS STUDIED Client-owned animals. PROCEDURES Animals referred for orbital disease undergoing ophthalmic examination and either head MRI or CT were included. Demographic and imaging features were compared between animals diagnosed with inflammatory disease and neoplastic disease using Mann-Whitney U and Fischer's exact tests. RESULTS Ninety-seven animals (81 dogs and 16 cats) were included. Eighty-four and 13 patients underwent CT and MRI scanning, respectively. Inflammatory orbital disease was more frequently detected than neoplasia in dogs (59% vs. 41%) and cats (62% vs. 39%). Orbital cellulitis was the most common diagnosis in dogs (36/81, 44.4%) and cats (8/16, 80%). A foreign body was suspected in 36.1% of dogs with orbital cellulitis but only 3 were retrieved during orbitotomy. Multi-drug resistant bacteria were identified in 3 samples and influenced treatment plans. The most common neoplasms were sarcoma (10/30) and carcinoma (7/30) in dogs and lymphoma in cats (3/6). Imaging findings of osteolysis (p = 0.0002) and intracranial extension (p = 0.0001) were significantly associated with neoplasia in dogs. In contrast, osteolysis extension was present in cats with both inflammatory (7/10) and neoplastic (6/6) orbital disease. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory disease, particularly orbital cellulitis, was more common than neoplasia in dogs and cats with orbital disease in our population. We recommend including bacterial culture and susceptibility as part of the diagnostic work up when orbital cellulitis is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Coall
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johana E Premont
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharina Flatz
- Department of Radiology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Hindley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allyson Groth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francis M Billson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Herrmann JW, Hamor RE, Plummer CE. Canine Retrobulbar Cellulitis and Abscessation in the Southeastern United States: A review of case management, diagnostic imaging, bacterial isolates, and susceptibility patterns. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:326-335. [PMID: 34480390 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe common bacterial organisms cultured from retrobulbar cellulitis and abscess lesions, in vitro susceptibility patterns, common diagnostic techniques utilized, etiologies encountered, and prevalence of blindness. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-eight dogs diagnosed with retrobulbar cellulitis or abscessation from 2007 to 2017. PROCEDURE For cases of orbital cellulitis or abscess, signalment, orbital imaging, cytology, histopathology, bacterial culture and susceptibility testing, presence of vision at the initial examination and resolution, and presumed cellulitis/abscess etiology were recorded. RESULTS Most cases were medically (78.9%) versus surgically managed (18.4%). Most common form of orbital imaging was computed tomography (48.5%) followed by ocular ultrasound (18.2%). Fifteen of eighteen cultures (83.3%) showed growth of aerobic bacterial organisms, anaerobic bacterial organisms, or both. Most common aerobic bacteria were gram-negative bacilli (40.0%) followed by Corynebacterium sp. (26.7%) and α-hemolytic Streptococci sp. (26.7%) but Micrococcus and Bacillus spp. were also identified. Most common anaerobic bacteria were gram-negative bacilli (40.0%). Antibiotics with highest susceptibility patterns included gentamicin, followed equally by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and imipenem. No bacteria were susceptible to cefovecin. Six cases presented with vision loss due to retrobulbar disease (15.8%). Idiopathic (50%) disease and tooth root abscessation (23.7%) were most commonly diagnosed cause of orbital disease. CONCLUSION Retrobulbar cellulitis/abscess is a serious and vision-threatening process, which can be effectively managed by broad-spectrum antibiotics such as gentamicin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, but not cefovecin. This study identified three organisms that have not been previously reported to be associated with orbital cellulitis (Corynebacterium sp., Bacillus sp. and Micrococcus sp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Herrmann
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ralph E Hamor
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Fuchs AA, Walker KE, Adkins PRF, Donnelly KS, Giuliano EA. Diagnosis and surgical management of a retrobulbar abscess causing unilateral exophthalmos in a Boer goat. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:639-644. [PMID: 34080273 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old Boer goat wether presented for unilateral exophthalmos of 2- to 3-week duration. Ocular ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) were utilized in the diagnosis of the patient's orbital disease and surgical planning. Exenteration was performed under the same general anesthetic event as CT. Cytology, culture, and histopathology were performed after exenteration. Cytology was consistent with a mixed bacterial infection. Culture confirmed the presence of Streptococcus ovis. Histopathology on the enucleated globe and mass revealed no evidence of tumor and confirmed intraocular extension of retrobulbar inflammation. Histopathologic diagnosis was consistent with severe chronic orbital pyogranuloma and fibrinosuppurative endophthalmitis confined to the subretinal space. The abscess recurred in the orbital space 2 weeks postoperatively; the orbit was explored. Repeat culture was consistent with S. ovis, Staphylococcus schleigeri subspecies coagulans, and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Complete resolution was obtained after drainage and lavage of the orbit. Abscess is cited as a cause of exophthalmos in small ruminants, but no individual case reports exist. Advanced imaging allowed presumptive diagnosis and surgical planning. Histopathology confirmed intraocular extension of retrobulbar disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Fuchs
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kelsey E Walker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin S Donnelly
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Collard C, Garnier P, Gory G, Cabon Q. Migrating grass awn within the intraconal part of the retrobulbar space in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:1122-1126. [PMID: 33650679 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 1.5-year-old MC Cardigan Welsh Corgi was presented for a right oral fistula associated with left tonsil enlargement that responded to medical treatment. A first computed tomography scan was performed and showed no signs of a foreign body. Medical treatment was continued for 2 additional weeks and the dog was free of clinical signs for 3 months. The dog was presented again for a 3-day history of anorexia and marked pain when opening the jaw. The repeat computed tomography scan revealed a migrating foreign body near the optic canal of the right eye, and surgical exploration confirmed that it was trapped within the intraconal part of the retrobulbar space, abutting the optic nerve. The foreign body was surgically removed through an osteotomy of the zygomatic bone. The dog fully recovered with no vision loss. Based on the literature search, this is the first published report describing a migrating grass awn located in the intraconal part of the retrobulbar space, abutting the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Collard
- *Clinique vétérinaire Olliolis, 414a chemin des Canniers, Quartier Lagoubran, Ollioules, 83140, France
| | - P Garnier
- *Clinique vétérinaire Olliolis, 414a chemin des Canniers, Quartier Lagoubran, Ollioules, 83140, France
| | - G Gory
- *Clinique vétérinaire Olliolis, 414a chemin des Canniers, Quartier Lagoubran, Ollioules, 83140, France
| | - Q Cabon
- *Clinique vétérinaire Olliolis, 414a chemin des Canniers, Quartier Lagoubran, Ollioules, 83140, France
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Barbry J, Poinsard A, Bouzouraa T, Durand A, Balland O. Case report of unilateral retrobulbar hematoma associated with von Willebrand disease in a Doberman Pinscher dog. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:1235-1240. [PMID: 33768818 PMCID: PMC7981648 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old Doberman Pinscher dog was presented with sudden onset left-sided periocular bleeding following third eyelid gland replacement surgery. Left-sided exophthalmos and 360-degrees subconjunctival hemorrhage were present. The ophthalmic examination revealed blindness with absent direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes. A superficial exposure ulcerative keratitis due to exophthalmos was also present. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a large left-sided retrobulbar mass lesion surrounding the optic nerve, compatible with a retrobulbar hematoma. Due to absence of orbital fractures and no history of trauma, a coagulopathy was strongly suspected. The buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) was prolonged (>4 minutes) consistent with a primary hemostatic defect in the absence of thrombocytopenia. Von Willebrand factor antigens levels were decreased (24%- Normal Range: 50%-150%). Surgical drainage of the retrobulbar hematoma was performed uneventfully thirty minutes after subcutaneous injection of desmopressine acetate, Minirin® (1 µg/kg, SC). Von Willebrand disease type I gene mutation was confirmed by PCR amplification of the DNA encoding von Willebrand factor. This case report demonstrates that hemostatic disorders, including von Willebrand Disease (vWD), are a risk factor for orbital bleeding following surgical trauma. Retrobulbar hematoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any dog with exophthalmos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tarek Bouzouraa
- Internal Medicine Unit, Clinique Vétérinaire ArmoniaVillefontaineFrance
| | - Alexane Durand
- Division of Clinical RadiologyDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineVetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Harder OE, Emmer KM, Sparks AE, Miller EJ, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Coble DJ, Niewiesk S, La Perle KMD. Cause and Treatment of Exophthalmos in Aged Cotton Rats ( Sigmodon hispidus). Comp Med 2020; 70:291-299. [PMID: 32404235 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aged cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) from an established breeding colony displayed signs of spontaneous exophthalmos. Of a total of 118 colony animals that were older than 6 mo of age, 37 (31%) displayed signs of exophthalmos. These rats were clinically healthy and had no other signs of disease. Ophthalmic exams, molecular and microbiologic testing, and histopa- thology were performed to determine the cause of the exophthalmos and to provide appropriate treatment. Environmental monitoring records were also reviewed for vivarium rooms in which the cotton rats were housed. Histopathology findings supported that the exophthalmos in these cotton rats was secondary to retro-orbital thrombosis associated with cardiomyopathy. The exophthalmic eyes were treated by either removal of the affected eye (enucleation) or surgical closure of the eyelids (temporary tarsorraphy). Enucleation of the exophthalmic eye was the best intervention for these aged cotton rats. These findings demonstrate the potential for a high incidence of ocular problems occurring secondary to cardiomyopathy in aged cotton rats. Enucleation as a therapeutic intervention for exophthalmic eyes in aged cotton rats prolongs the morbidity-free time span during which these aged animals can be used experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathryn M Emmer
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda E Sparks
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric J Miller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Dondrae J Coble
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Krista M D La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;,
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8
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Sauvage A, Bolen G, Monclin S, Grauwels M. Orbital compartment syndrome resulting in unilateral blindness in two dogs. Open Vet J 2018; 8:445-451. [PMID: 30538937 PMCID: PMC6258518 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is described in humans as an acute rise in intraorbital pressure following a severe and rapidly evolving orbital affection. It includes orbital oedema, haemorrhage or infection causing a marked reduction in local blood perfusion, and severely affecting the orbital neurovascular structures. If not promptly recognised and treated, it results in irreversible blindness. It is one of the rare ophthalmic surgical emergencies, requiring lateral canthotomy and cantholysis. This case report describes two canine cases of complex orbital, periorbital and facial abscesses resulting in OCS and permanent unilateral blindness diagnosed by ultrasonography, computed tomography and electroretinography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Sauvage
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Ophthalmology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Bolen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Monclin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Ophthalmology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Magda Grauwels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Ophthalmology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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9
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Cherry RL, Johnson KL, Hespel AM, Tobias KM, Ward DA. Migration of retrobulbar wooden foreign body between diagnostic imaging and surgical extraction in a German shepherd dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:353-359. [PMID: 30289194 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old, male castrated German shepherd dog was presented to the University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center (UTVMC) with periorbital swelling and conjunctival mucopurulent discharge 2 days following removal of a twig from the medial canthus by the owner. Diagnostic imaging was pursued due to the suspicion of a retrobulbar foreign body (FB). A cylindrical FB approximately 3.0 cm in length and 1.0 cm in diameter with concentric rings, suspected to be wooden material, was identified on computed tomography (CT) imaging. An attempt to remove the FB via a stab incision using ultrasound guidance was unsuccessful, and postmanipulation ultrasound confirmed the FB position was unchanged. An exploratory orbitotomy was performed, using the acquired CT images for guidance in locating the FB; however, the FB was not present at the predicted site. The CT imaging was repeated and showed that the FB had migrated rostrally approximately 3.0 cm, compared to the originally acquired study and its same location during attempted ultrasound-guided removal. A combination of CT-guided needle placement and contrast injection was then used with repeat imaging in an attempt to better localize the FB and its soft tissue tract. The dog was taken back into the operating room, and the wooden FB was successfully removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose L Cherry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Kryssa L Johnson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Adrien-Maxence Hespel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Karen M Tobias
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel A Ward
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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10
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Fischer MC, Busse C, Adrian AM. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with orbital inflammation. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:107-115. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
| | - C. Busse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
| | - A. M. Adrian
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
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Fischer MC, Adrian AM, Demetriou J, Nelissen P, Busse C. Retrobulbar cellulitis and abscessation: focus on short- and long-term concurrent ophthalmic diseases in 41 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:763-768. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Fischer
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - A. M. Adrian
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - J. Demetriou
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - P. Nelissen
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - C. Busse
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
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Winer JN, Verstraete FJM, Cissell DD, Le C, Vapniarsky N, Good KL, Gutierrez CJ, Arzi B. Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:186. [PMID: 30186840 PMCID: PMC6113568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the clinical features and computed tomography (CT) findings of dogs with retrobulbar disease. There are two facets to this study: a retrospective case series in which findings of dogs with primary vs. secondary retrobulbar disease are described, and a retrospective cross-sectional study in which computed tomography findings of dogs with retrobulbar neoplasia vs. infection/inflammation are described and compared. The medical records of 66 client-owned dogs diagnosed with retrobulbar disease between 2006 and 2016 were reviewed. Clinical information including signalment, the specialty service to which the dog was presented, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic results, treatment, and outcome were documented. Diagnostic imaging and histopathology were reviewed. Forty-one dogs (62.1%) were diagnosed with primary disease of the retrobulbar space; 25 dogs (37.9%) were considered to have secondary retrobulbar disease. Of the 41 dogs with primary retrobulbar disease, 19 were diagnosed with neoplasia, 19 with infectious/inflammatory disease, and 3 suffered traumatic insult to the retrobulbar space. Of the 25 dogs with secondary retrobulbar disease, 21 were diagnosed with neoplasia, 3 with infectious/inflammatory disease, and 1 with a cyst. Dogs had a combination of ocular, oral, and/or nasal clinical signs. CT findings of orbital osteolysis, orbital periosteal reaction, and presence of a retrobulbar mass were significantly associated with neoplasia, while zygomatic salivary gland enlargement, retrobulbar mass effect, and mandibular lymphadenopathy were more often associated with infectious/inflammatory disease. CT findings overlap among different retrobulbar diseases, but new bone formation and lysis are more often associated with neoplasia. Disease originating from the retrobulbar space was equally likely to be infectious/inflammatory (n = 19) or neoplastic (n = 19), based on definitive diagnostic results of dogs with primary retrobulbar disease. Due to the clinical ramifications of these disorders, the diagnosis and treatment of these cases should be managed with a multi-specialty approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N Winer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Derek D Cissell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Le
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Claudio J Gutierrez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Holly VL, Zwicker LA, Starrak G, Leis ML, Bauer BS, Osinchuk S, Sandmeyer LS, Grahn BH. Odontogenic parakeratinized cyst resulting in exophthalmos and palatine, maxillary, and zygomatic bone erosion in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:539-543. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Holly
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Lesley A. Zwicker
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Gregory Starrak
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Marina L. Leis
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Bianca S. Bauer
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Stephanie Osinchuk
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Lynne S. Sandmeyer
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Bruce H. Grahn
- Department Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada
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Sharpe EK, Meekins JM, Bagladi-Swanson M, Rankin AJ. Exophthalmos due to sterile neutrophilic dermatosis in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:530-534. [PMID: 28294507 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old castrated male Bichon Frise was presented to the Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center for evaluation of unilateral right-sided exophthalmos, suspected secondary to a retrobulbar abscess. The dog had acutely developed right-sided periorbital swelling, exophthalmos with pain on retropulsion, as well as multiple cutaneous exudative plaques on the feet and tail base. On ophthalmic examination, the dog also exhibited mild left-sided exophthalmos with decreased, nonpainful retropulsion. Orbital ultrasound and CT were performed to evaluate the extent of bilateral orbital disease. Incisional biopsies were obtained from the affected right periorbital tissues and skin of the feet, and histopathology revealed severe neutrophilic inflammation of the dermis with no organisms detected. Histologic changes were consistent with sterile neutrophilic dermatosis. The dog achieved clinical remission following treatment with initial immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids and subsequent long-term maintenance therapy using oral cyclosporine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Sharpe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessica M Meekins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mary Bagladi-Swanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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