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Lee JD, Becker JI, Larkin LM, Almarza AJ, Kapila SD. Morphologic and histologic characterization of sheep and porcine TMJ as large animal models for tissue engineering applications. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5019-5027. [PMID: 35359187 PMCID: PMC9276584 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare and characterize the structural and ultrastructural organization of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between two large animal models for use in the development of tissue engineering strategies. Materials and methods Whole TMJs from sheep and pigs were evaluated with micro-computed tomography (μCT) for morphology and quantitative analyses of bone parameters. Histological examination was performed on the TMJ disc and its attachments to investigate regional distribution of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Results μCT analyses demonstrate higher bone mineral density (BMD) in the temporal fossa compared to the mandibular condyle in both species, with this variable being significantly higher in sheep than pig. Quantitative morphometry of the trabecular condyle reveals no statistical differences between the species. Histology demonstrates similar structural organization of collagen and elastin between species. Elastin staining was nearly twofold greater in sheep than in the pig disc. Finally, Safranin-O staining for GAGs in the TMJ disc was localized to the intermediate zone in the sheep but was absent from the porcine disc. Conclusions Our findings show some important differences in the pig and sheep TMJ μCT variables and histology and composition of the disc and discal attachment. These disparities likely reflect differences in masticatory and TMJ functional loading patterns between the two species and provide insights into large animal models towards human applications. Clinical relevance As with the established pig model, the sheep is a suitable large animal model for TMJ research such as regenerative strategies, with specific considerations for design parameters appropriate for human-analog applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah D Lee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Animal Care and Use Office, Office of Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Josh I Becker
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lisa M Larkin
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alejandro J Almarza
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Center of Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sunil D Kapila
- Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 33-089, Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Chondrotoxic effects of intra-articular injection of local anaesthetics in the rabbit temporomandibular joint. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 51:1337-1344. [PMID: 35120788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the chondrotoxic effects of a single-dose intra-articular injection of articaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine on the rabbit temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Twenty-four rabbits were divided into four groups: control (group 1), articaine (group 2), lidocaine (group 3), and bupivacaine (group 4). Synovial fluid samples and venous blood were taken to evaluate matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) levels. One millilitre of local anaesthetic solution was injected in the study groups and saline solution in the control group. The rabbits were euthanized after 4 weeks and the mandibular condyles and articular discs were evaluated. On histological examination, the study group samples had irregular joint surfaces, decreased collagen, and a thinner cartilage layer. Apoptotic cells were evaluated with the TUNEL method. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cell counts were higher in all study groups compared to the control group, and the difference was significant (P < 0.001). The mean preoperative serum MMP-3 level for all groups was 5.71 ± 3.33 ng/mL, while the mean postoperative level was 22.61 ± 6.36 ng/mL; this difference was significant (P < 0.001). A single-dose intra-articular injection of local anaesthetic had apoptotic effects on chondrocytes, leading to degenerative changes in the TMJ articular structures. Articaine was found to have less harmful effects than lidocaine and bupivacaine. Intra-articular injection of local anaesthetics should be limited in the TMJ because of the potential toxic effects.
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Bernotiene E, Bagdonas E, Kirdaite G, Bernotas P, Kalvaityte U, Uzieliene I, Thudium CS, Hannula H, Lorite GS, Dvir-Ginzberg M, Guermazi A, Mobasheri A. Emerging Technologies and Platforms for the Immunodetection of Multiple Biochemical Markers in Osteoarthritis Research and Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:572977. [PMID: 33195320 PMCID: PMC7609858 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.572977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers, especially biochemical markers, are important in osteoarthritis (OA) research, clinical trials, and drug development and have potential for more extensive use in therapeutic monitoring. However, they have not yet had any significant impact on disease diagnosis and follow-up in a clinical context. Nevertheless, the development of immunoassays for the detection and measurement of biochemical markers in OA research and therapy is an active area of research and development. The evaluation of biochemical markers representing low-grade inflammation or extracellular matrix turnover may permit OA prognosis and expedite the development of personalized treatment tailored to fit particular disease severities. However, currently detection methods have failed to overcome specific hurdles such as low biochemical marker concentrations, patient-specific variation, and limited utility of single biochemical markers for definitive characterization of disease status. These challenges require new and innovative approaches for development of detection and quantification systems that incorporate clinically relevant biochemical marker panels. Emerging platforms and technologies that are already on the way to implementation in routine diagnostics and monitoring of other diseases could potentially serve as good technological and strategic examples for better assessment of OA. State-of-the-art technologies such as advanced multiplex assays, enhanced immunoassays, and biosensors ensure simultaneous screening of a range of biochemical marker targets, the expansion of detection limits, low costs, and rapid analysis. This paper explores the implementation of such technologies in OA research and therapy. Application of novel immunoassay-based technologies may shed light on poorly understood mechanisms in disease pathogenesis and lead to the development of clinically relevant biochemical marker panels. More sensitive and specific biochemical marker immunodetection will complement imaging biomarkers and ensure evidence-based comparisons of intervention efficacy. We discuss the challenges hindering the development, testing, and implementation of new OA biochemical marker assays utilizing emerging multiplexing technologies and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvardas Bagdonas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gailute Kirdaite
- Department of Experimental, Preventive and Clinical Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Bernotas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ursule Kalvaityte
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Uzieliene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Heidi Hannula
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gabriela S. Lorite
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Department of Radiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Versus Arthritis, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Lemos GA, da Silva PLP, Batista AUD, Palomari ET. Experimental model of temporomandibular joint arthritis: Evaluation of contralateral joint and masticatory muscles. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Almarza AJ, Brown BN, Arzi B, Ângelo DF, Chung W, Badylak SF, Detamore M. Preclinical Animal Models for Temporomandibular Joint Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2018; 24:171-178. [PMID: 29121815 PMCID: PMC5994143 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of in vivo studies that investigate the safety and efficacy of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissue regeneration approaches, in part due to the lack of established animal models. Review of disease models for study of TMJ is presented herein with an attempt to identify relevant preclinical animal models for TMJ tissue engineering, with emphasis on the disc and condyle. Although degenerative joint disease models have been mainly performed on mice, rats, and rabbits, preclinical regeneration approaches must employ larger animal species. There remains controversy regarding the preferred choice of larger animal models between the farm pig, minipig, goat, sheep, and dog. The advantages of the pig and minipig include their well characterized anatomy, physiology, and tissue properties. The advantages of the sheep and goat are their easier surgical access, low cost per animal, and its high tissue availability. The advantage of the dog is that the joint space is confined, so migration of interpositional devices should be less likely. However, each species has limitations as well. For example, the farm pig has continuous growth until about 18 months of age, and difficult surgical access due to the zygomatic arch covering the lateral aspect of joint. The minipig is not widely available and somewhat costly. The sheep and the goat are herbivores, and their TMJs mainly function in translation. The dog is a carnivore, and the TMJ is a hinge joint that can only rotate. Although no species provides the gold standard for all preclinical TMJ tissue engineering approaches, the goat and sheep have emerged as the leading options, with the minipig as the choice when cost is less of a limitation; and with the dog and farm pig serving as acceptable alternatives. Finally, naturally occurring TMJ disorders in domestic species may be harnessed on a preclinical trial basis as a clinically relevant platform for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J. Almarza
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan N. Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David Faustino Ângelo
- Stomatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - William Chung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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Legrand CB, Lambert CJ, Comblain FV, Sanchez C, Henrotin YE. Review of Soluble Biomarkers of Osteoarthritis: Lessons From Animal Models. Cartilage 2017; 8:211-233. [PMID: 28618869 PMCID: PMC5625856 DOI: 10.1177/1947603516656739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability within the adult population. Currently, its diagnosis is mainly based on clinical examination and standard radiography. To date, there is no way to detect the disease at a molecular level, before the appearance of structural changes and symptoms. So an attractive alternative for monitoring OA is the measurement of biochemical markers in blood, urine, or synovial fluid, which could reflect metabolic changes in joint tissue and therefore disease onset and progression. Animal models are relevant to investigate the early stage of OA and metabolic changes occurring in joint tissues. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the scientific data available in the literature on soluble biomarkers in animal models of OA. Design A literature search was conducted using the PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases between February 1995 and December 2015. All original articles, systematic and narrative reviews published in French or in English were considered. Results We summarized the data of 69 studies and proposed a classification scheme for OA biomarkers in animal studies, largely inspired by the BIPEDS classification. Conclusions Studies about biomarkers and animal models indicate that some markers could be valuable to monitor OA progression and assess therapeutic response in some animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Legrand
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile J. Lambert
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny V. Comblain
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christelle Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves E. Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
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Low-level laser therapy stimulates tissue repair and reduces the extracellular matrix degradation in rats with induced arthritis in the temporomandibular joint. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1051-9. [PMID: 27147076 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize morphological and biochemistry action of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on induced arthritis in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups with 12 animals each: (AG) group with arthritis induced in the left TMJ and (LG) group with arthritis induced in the left TMJ and treated with LLLT (830 nm, 30 mW, 3 J/cm(2)). Right TMJs in the AG group were used as noninjected control group (CG). Arthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of 50 μl Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) and LLLT began 1 week after arthritis induction. Histopathological analysis was performed using sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Toluidine Blue, and picrosirius. Biochemical analysis was determined by the total concentration of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and evaluation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired t tests, with p < 0.05. Compared to AG, LG had minor histopathological changes in the TMJ, smaller thickness of the articular disc in the anterior (p < 0.0001), middle (p < 0.0001) and posterior regions (p < 0.0001), high birefringence of collagen fibers in the anterior (p < 0.0001), middle (p < 0.0001) and posterior regions (p < 0.0001) on the articular disc, and statistically lower activity of MMP-2 latent (p < 0.0001), MMP-2 active (P = 0.02), MMP-9 latent (p < 0.0001), and MMP-9 active (p < 0.0001). These results suggest that LLLT can increase the remodeling and enhancing tissue repair in TMJ with induced arthritis.
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Jørgensen E, Christophersen MT, Kristoffersen M, Puchalski S, Verwilghen D. Does temporomandibular joint pathology affect performance in an equine athlete? EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jørgensen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
| | | | - M. Kristoffersen
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
| | - S. Puchalski
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - D. Verwilghen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
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Orth P, Madry H. A low morbidity surgical approach to the sheep femoral trochlea. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:5. [PMID: 23286467 PMCID: PMC3539878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ovine stifle joint is an important location for investigations on the repair of articular cartilage defects in preclinical large animals. The classical medial parapatellar approach to the femoral trochlea is hazardous because of the high risk of postoperative patellar luxation. Here, we describe a low morbidity surgical exposure of the ovine trochlea without the necessity for intraoperative patellar luxation. METHODS Bilateral surgical exposure of the femoral trochlea of the sheep stifle joint was performed using the classical medial parapatellar approach with intraoperative lateral patellar luxation and transection of the medial patellar retinaculum in 28 ovine stifle joints. A low morbidity approach was performed bilaterally in 116 joints through a mini-arthrotomy without the need to transect the medial patellar retinaculum or the oblique medial vastus muscle nor surgical patellar luxation. Postoperatively, all 72 animals were monitored to exclude patellar luxations and deep wound infections. RESULTS The novel approach could be performed easily in all joints and safely exposed the distal two-thirds of the medial and lateral trochlear facet. No postoperative patellar luxations were observed compared to a postoperative patellar luxation rate of 25% experienced with the classical medial parapatellar approach and a re-luxation rate of 80% following revision surgery. No signs of lameness, wound infections, or empyema were observed for both approaches. CONCLUSIONS The mini-arthrotomy presented here yields good exposure of the distal ovine femoral trochlea with a lower postoperative morbidity than the classical medial parapatellar approach. It is therefore suitable to create articular cartilage defects on the femoral trochlea without the risk of postoperative patellar luxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University, Saar, Germany
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Pape D, Madry H. The preclinical sheep model of high tibial osteotomy relating basic science to the clinics: standards, techniques and pitfalls. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:228-36. [PMID: 22820740 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a preclinical large animal model of high tibial osteotomy to study the effect of axial alignment on the lower extremity on specific issues of the knee joint, such as in articular cartilage repair, development of osteoarthritis and meniscal lesions. Preoperative planning, surgical procedure and postoperative care known from humans were adapted to develop a HTO model in the adult sheep. METHODS Thirty-five healthy, skeletally mature, female Merino sheep between 2 and 4 years of age underwent a HTO of their right tibia in a medial open-wedge technique inducing a normal (group 1) and an excessive valgus alignment (group 2) and a closed-wedge technique (group 3) inducing a varus alignment with the aim of elucidating the effect of limb alignment on cartilage repair in vivo. Animals were followed up for 6 months. RESULTS Solid bone healing and maintenance of correction are most likely if the following surgical principles are respected: (1) medial and longitudinal approach to the proximal tibia; (2) biplanar osteotomy to increase initial rotatory stability regardless of the direction of correction; (3) small, narrow but long implant with locking screws; (4) posterior plate placement to avoid slope changes; (5) use of bicortical screws to account for the brittle bone of the tibial head and to avoid tibial head displacement. CONCLUSION Although successful high tibial osteotomy in sheep is complex, the sheep may--because of its similarities with humans--serve as an elegant model to induce axial malalignment in a clinically relevant environment, and osteotomy healing under challenging mechanical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Pape
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, 1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Gunson MJ, Arnett GW, Milam SB. Pathophysiology and Pharmacologic Control of Osseous Mandibular Condylar Resorption. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 70:1918-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Animal Models of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: Implications for Tissue Engineering Approaches. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:2479-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pirttiniemi P, Peltomäki T, Müller L, Luder HU. Abnormal mandibular growth and the condylar cartilage. Eur J Orthod 2009; 31:1-11. [PMID: 19164410 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjn117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deviations in the growth of the mandibular condyle can affect both the functional occlusion and the aesthetic appearance of the face. The reasons for these growth deviations are numerous and often entail complex sequences of malfunction at the cellular level. The aim of this review is to summarize recent progress in the understanding of pathological alterations occurring during childhood and adolescence that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and, hence, result in disorders of mandibular growth. Pathological conditions taken into account are subdivided into (1) congenital malformations with associated growth disorders, (2) primary growth disorders, and (3) acquired diseases or trauma with associated growth disorders. Among the congenital malformations, hemifacial microsomia (HFM) appears to be the principal syndrome entailing severe growth disturbances, whereas growth abnormalities occurring in conjunction with other craniofacial dysplasias seem far less prominent than could be anticipated based on their often disfiguring nature. Hemimandibular hyperplasia and elongation undoubtedly constitute the most obscure conditions that are associated with prominent, often unilateral, abnormalities of condylar, and mandibular growth. Finally, disturbances of mandibular growth as a result of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and condylar fractures seem to be direct consequences of inflammatory and/or mechanical damage to the condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pertti Pirttiniemi
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Wadhwa
- Division of Orthodontics; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Sunil Kapila
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Michigan
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Bowe EA, Murray RC, Jeffcott LB, Davies ME. Do the matrix degrading enzymes cathepsins B and D increase following a high intensity exercise regime? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:343-9. [PMID: 17055751 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been shown by others that levels of matrix degrading enzymes are increased in osteoarthritis (OA) and so are proposed to be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of the disease, including exercise-associated OA. Therefore we hypothesised that cathepsin B and cathepsin D were increased in cartilage samples previously shown to have early stage OA from 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses, euthanased for reasons other than this study, that had a history of 19-week high intensity exercise (n=6) compared to age and sex-matched horses with a history of low intensity exercise (n=6). METHODS Cartilage samples were used from four specific sites within the carpal joints. Standard immunolocalisation protocols and blind counting of positive and negative cells within the articular surface, mid-zone and deep zone (DZ) were used to test our hypothesis. RESULTS A high intensity exercise regime did not significantly alter the number of chondrocytes positive for cathepsin B, whereas a significant decrease was found for cathepsin D in the DZ, indicating that these enzymes are regulated differently by mechanical loading. Furthermore, cathepsin D varied according to the topographical location within the joint, reflecting biomechanical differences experienced during a high compared to a low intensity exercise regime. CONCLUSION This study disproves our hypothesis that cathepsins B and D are increased following a high intensity exercise regime unlike that reported for other matrix enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bowe
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Tajima T, Yoshida E, Yamashita A, Ohmura S, Tomitaka Y, Sugiki M, Asada Y, Maruyama M. Hemoglobin stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9 by synovial cells: a possible cause of joint damage after intra-articular hemorrhage. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:891-8. [PMID: 16023005 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intra-articular bleeding causes degradation of articular cartilage leading to joint disorders, but the mechanisms is not well understood. The present study examined the effect of hemoglobin on the ability of synovial tissues to produce plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinases that play important roles in the degradation of articular cartilage. Human Hb added to primary cultures of human knee synovial cells markedly increased fibrinolytic activity and gelatinolytic activity. The fibrinolytic activity was due to an increase in uPA activity. Western blot analysis and gelatin zymography indicated that the increased gelatinolytic activity was due to increased MMP-2 and -9. In order to know whether the effect of Hb on cultured synovial tissue is also true in in vivo system or not, rabbit hemoglobin was injected into rabbit knee joints. Coinciding with in vitro study, hemoglobin elicited considerable increase in fibrinolytic and gelatinolytic activity. The level of proteoglycan fragments in the hemoglobin-treated joint fluid was significantly elevated, indicating cartilage matrix degradation. Cartilage damage after hemoglobin treatment was also confirmed by histological study. These findings suggest that hemoglobin stimulates the secretion of uPA, MMP-2 and MMP-9 by synovial tissues, and raise a possible role of hemoglobin in joint damage after intra-articular bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tajima
- Department of Physiology, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Kurita K, Ogi N, Miyamoto K, Goss AN. Diagnostic evaluation of an ultrathin 15,000 fiberoptic arthroscope: comparison of arthroscopic and histologic findings in a sheep model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63:319-22. [PMID: 15742280 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2004.05.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An ultrathin 15,000 fiberoptic-based arthroscope was evaluated for the detection of osteoarthritic intra-articular pathologies in sheep temporomandibular joints. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoarthritis was bilaterally induced in the temporomandibular joints in sheep. Twenty osteoarthritic temporomandibular joints were arthroscopically examined and rated with use of the ultrathin arthroscope. The arthroscopic observation was then compared with the histologic findings. RESULTS The arthroscope provided excellent vision of the osteoarthritic joints. Correlation between arthroscopic and histologic findings was 80%. CONCLUSION The recently developed ultrathin (15,000) arthroscope was found to be a highly reliable and efficient tool to diagnose joint space pathologies of the osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kurita
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (I) and TMD Clinic, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan.
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Gepstein A, Arbel G, Blumenfeld I, Peled M, Livne E. Association of metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, and proteoglycans with development, aging, and osteoarthritis processes in mouse temporomandibular joint. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 120:23-32. [PMID: 12827373 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an important growth and articulation center in the craniofacial complex. In aging it develops spontaneous degenerative osteoarthritic (OA) lesions. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPS) play key roles in extracellular matrix remodeling and degradation. Gelatinase activities and immunohistochemical localization of MMP-2, -3, -8, -9, and -13 and TIMP-1 and -2 were examined in mandibular condyle cartilage of neonatal mice up to 18 months old. The most intense immunostaining for all enzymes and TIMPs and the peak of gelatinase activities were found in animals in the stages of early growth (1 week to 3 months) followed by a decrease during maturation and aging. However, clusters of positively immunoreactive chondrocytes were detected in cartilages of old animals displaying OA lesions. Positive safranin-O staining, indicative of sulfated proteoglycans (PGs), was prominent in the TMJ of newborn mice up to 3 months old followed by reduction during maturation and aging, except in regions displaying OA lesions. Temporal codistribution of PGs, MMPs, and TIMPs during skeletal maturation reflected an active growth phase, whereas their reduction coincided with the more quiescent articulating and maintenance phase in the joint cartilage. Osteoarthritic lesions were associated with both increased PG synthesis and MMP immunoreactivity, indicating limited repair activity during initial stages of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Gepstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute ofTechnology, POB 9649, 31096, Haifa, Israel
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