Repair of tears of the subscapularis tendon

Humeral lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures - magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in the pediatric population

BACKGROUND

Avulsion fractures of the humeral lesser tuberosity are rare injuries in skeletally immature patients and can pose a diagnostic challenge that often leads to delayed identification.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the demographics, mechanism of injury and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures in children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective search of children with lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures on MRI was done. Available radiographs were evaluated. Demographics, mechanism of injury, MRI characteristics and treatment were recorded.

RESULTS

Thirteen children, all male, were included (median age: 13.8 years, range: 12.5-16.8 years). The most common mechanism was blunt, overhead or hyperextension traumatic injury related to sports. All patients were skeletally immature and 10/13 demonstrated isolated avulsion fractures at the footprint. Only one patient had associated osteochondral injury to the humeral head and labral tear. Two children demonstrated medial dislocation/subluxation of the biceps tendon. The median size of the avulsed fragment was 15 mm (range: 5-29 mm), median anteroposterior displacement was 3 mm (range: 0-6 mm) and medial displacement was 1 mm (range: 0-20 mm). There was no correlation between age and the size of the avulsed fragment (P=0.29). Common injury patterns were complete avulsion of the subscapularis footprint (6/13) and partial avulsion of inferior footprint (6/13). Two-thirds of the radiographs were initially reported as normal, but retrospectively showed two missed fractures. One of the initial radiographs raised concern for bone tumor. The best view for identifying an avulsion fragment was the axillary view. Seven patients of the 13 patients underwent internal fixation.

CONCLUSION

Avulsion fractures of the lesser tuberosity are rare, challenging to diagnose and often radiographically occult. MRI can identify the injury at the subscapularis tendon footprint with variable size and displacement. The long head of the biceps tendon is usually normal in location. Although this entity is rare, radiologists should be aware of it to allow for correct and prompt diagnosis and prevent unnecessary biopsy or contrast administration.

Complex shoulder disorders: evaluation and treatment

Evaluation of patients with shoulder disorders often presents challenges. Among the most troublesome are revision surgery in patients with massive rotator cuff tear, atraumatic shoulder instability, revision arthroscopic stabilization surgery, adhesive capsulitis, and bicipital and subscapularis injuries. Determining functional status is critical before considering surgical options in the patient with massive rotator cuff tear. When nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic shoulder stability is not effective, inferior capsular shift is the treatment of choice. Arthroscopic revision of failed arthroscopic shoulder stabilization procedures may be undertaken when bone and tissue quality are good. Arthroscopic release is indicated when idiopathic adhesive capsulitis does not respond to nonsurgical treatment; however, results of both nonsurgical and surgical treatment of posttraumatic and postoperative adhesive capsulitis are often disappointing. Patients not motivated to perform the necessary postoperative therapy following subscapularis repair are best treated with arthroscopic débridement and biceps tenotomy.