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Mukosera GT, Clark TC, Ngo L, Liu T, Schroeder H, Power GG, Yellon SM, Parast MM, Blood AB. Nitric oxide metabolism in the human placenta during aberrant maternal inflammation. J Physiol 2020; 598:2223-2241. [PMID: 32118291 DOI: 10.1113/jp279057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter with important physiological and pathophysiological roles in pregnancy. There is limited information available about the sources and metabolism of NO and its bioactive metabolites (NOx) in both normal and complicated pregnancies. The present study characterized and quantified endogenous NOx in human and mouse placenta following determination of the stability of exogenous NOx in placental homogenates. NOx have differential stability in placental homogenates. NO and iron nitrosyl species (FeNOs), are relatively unstable in placental homogenates from normal placentas. Exogenous NO, nitrite and nitrosothiols react with placental homogenates to form iron nitrosyl complexes. FeNOs were also detected endogenously in mouse and human placenta. NOx levels in placental villous tissue are increased in fetal growth restriction vs. placentas from women with normal pregnancies, particularly in fetal growth restriction associated with pre-eclampsia. Villitis was not associated, however, with an increase in NOx levels in either normotensive or pre-eclamptic placentas. The results call for further investigation of FeNOs in normal and complicated pregnancies. ABSTRACT Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter with important roles in pregnancy under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Although products of NO metabolism (NOx) also have significant bioactivity, little is known about the role of NO and NOx under conditions of aberrant placental inflammation during pregnancy. An ozone-based chemiluminescence approach was used to investigate the stability and metabolic fate of NOx in human placental homogenates from uncomplicated pregnancies in healthy mothers compared to that in placental tissue from normotensive and pre-eclamptic pregnancies complicated with fetal growth restriction (FGR) with and without villitis of unknown aetiology. We hypothesized that placental NOx would be increased in FGR vs. normal tissue, and be further increased in villitis vs. non-villitis placentas. Findings indicate that nitrate, nitrite and nitrosothiols, but not NO or iron nitrosyl species (FeNOs), are relatively stable in placental homogenates from normal placentas, and that NO, nitrite and nitrosothiols react with placental homogenates to form iron nitrosyl complexes. Furthermore, NOx levels in placental villous tissue are increased in FGR vs. placentas from women with normal pregnancies, particularly in FGR associated with pre-eclampsia. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, villitis was not associated with an increase in NOx levels in either normotensive or pre-eclamptic placentas. Our results also strongly support the involvement of FeNOs in both mouse and human placenta, and call for their further study as a critical mechanistic link between pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Mukosera
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Tatianna C Clark
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Larry Ngo
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Taiming Liu
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hobe Schroeder
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Gordon G Power
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Steven M Yellon
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Mana M Parast
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 200 W Arbor Dr, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Arlin B Blood
- Lawrence D Longo Center for Perinatal Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
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Zsengellér ZK, Rajakumar A, Hunter JT, Salahuddin S, Rana S, Stillman IE, Ananth Karumanchi S. Trophoblast mitochondrial function is impaired in preeclampsia and correlates negatively with the expression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1. Pregnancy Hypertens 2016; 6:313-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Matsubara S, Minakami H, Sato I. Placenta of discordant twins: lack of change in histochemically detectable enzyme activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.3.3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe localised three important enzymes histochemically in placental trophoblasts from women who gave birth to dichorionic discordant twins, in which the co-twin was affected by foetal growth restriction (FGR). The enzymes studied were adenosine diphosphate-degrading enzyme (ADPdegrading enzyme, plasma membrane enzyme), cytochrome c oxidase (mitochondrial enzyme), and glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticular enzyme). We compared these enzyme activities and their distribution patterns among placentas of the smaller (FGR) co-twin, larger co-twin, preeclamptic singleton with FGR, and normal singletons with birth weight of appropriate for their gestational ages. In FGR co-twin placentas, the intensity and localisation pattern of these three enzymes did not differ from those seen in the larger co-twin and normal singleton placentas. Decreased ADP-degrading activity and cytochrome c oxidase negative mitochondria, which were characteristic features of pre-eclamptic trophoblasts, were not observed in FGR co-twin placentas. These observations indicated that, in the FGR co-twin, enzyme-histochemically detectable trophoblastic cell dysfunction may be absent, or if present, less prominent, compared with preeclamptic FGR. We previously reported that placental trophoblasts from singleton idiopathic FGR also showed no reduction in these enzyme activities. In mechanism and pathophysiology, FGR in dichorionic discordant twins may be quite different from pre-eclamptic FGR, but somewhat resembles idiopathic FGR, though all three disorders lead to placental insufficiency, resulting in limited foetal growth. Twin Research (2000) 3, 123–128.
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Kronenberg ME, Raz S, Sander CJ. Neurodevelopmental outcome in children born to mothers with hypertension in pregnancy: the significance of suboptimal intrauterine growth. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006; 48:200-6. [PMID: 16483396 DOI: 10.1017/s0012162206000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation of 45 children born to mothers with hypertension in pregnancy, our objective was to examine the role of a fetal risk factor (suboptimal intrauterine growth [SOIUG]) in determining developmental outcome. There were two groups of children: Group 1 (n=26; 10 males, 16 females; mean testing age 56.77 mo [SD 13.03], range 41-82 mo; mean gestational age 32.96 wks [SD 2.24], range 27-38 wks; mean birthweight 1,984.42g [SD 563], range 1,046-3,515g) without, and Group 2 (n=19; 6 males, 13 females; mean testing age 57.63 mo [SD 14.86], range 40-84 mo; mean gestational age 34.21 wks [SD 2.10], range 29-39 wks, mean birthweight 1,572g [SD 365], range 855-2,690g) with SOIUG. We found that SOIUG was associated with a significant reduction in cognitive and motor skills (p<0.05). Visuospatial (p<0.01) as well as motor skills (p<0.001) were linearly associated with the extent of intrauterine growth deficit when the latter was treated as a continuous variable. To conclude, an increase in intrauterine growth deficit is accompanied by a proportionate decline in quality of developmental outcome in children born to mothers with hypertension in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy E Kronenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University, Health Science Center, New Orleans, USA
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He L, Wang Z, Sun Y. Reduced amount of cytochrome coxidase subunit I messenger RNA in placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83:144-8. [PMID: 14756730 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome c oxidase is a marker enzyme of the mitochondrial inner membrane. A change in the structure and activity of cytochrome c oxidase may alter the electron transport in the inner membrane, leading to insufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. ATP is essential for maintaining the function of cells. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mRNA in placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. METHODS By means of in situ hybridization, frozen sections of placentas from 23 women with preeclampsia and 29 women with uneventful pregnancies were examined. Digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probes were used to detect the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mRNA in the placentas. The expression density was assessed by using an image disposal and analysis system. RESULTS Positive expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mRNA was found in the cytoplasm of villous syncytiotrophoblasts. The mean light density of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mRNA in placental villi of normal pregnant women was 0.2638, and 0.1763 in women with preeclampsia, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The number density of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mRNA in placental villi was also significantly reduced in preeclamptic women compared with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a reduced amount of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mRNA in preeclamptic placentas compared to control placentas. We hypothesize that a reduced expression may play a role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Battistelli M, Burattini S, Pomini F, Scavo M, Caruso A, Falcieri E. Ultrastructural study on human placenta from intrauterine growth retardation cases. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 65:150-8. [PMID: 15605416 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A morphological study was performed on 27 human placentas from normal gestations (Group 1) and compared with those from eight cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (Group 2). Semithin section light microscopy, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out on trophoblastic terminal villi, carefully identified under the stereomicroscope. In growth retardation cases, villi appear longer, thinner, and less vascularized, compared to the normal condition. Fibrinoid, an extracellular material of hematic origin, frequently fills villar stroma. The density of apical microvilli appears considerably reduced and occasional microvilli-free areas are observed in growth retardation cases. Moreover, the underlying basal membrane appears significantly thicker than that of normal syncytiotrophoblast. Recently, particular attention has been paid to apoptosis as a possible cell deletion mechanism in growth restriction. In our study, a majority of typical apoptotic features appear indifferently in both IUGR and normal pregnancy. Our data hints that growth retardation might be correlated with a complex of structural changes, suggestive of maternofetal traffic downregulation, but further studies are required to understand the underlying functional mechanisms.
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