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Song P, Holmes M, Mackensen GB. Cardiac Surgery. Perioper Med (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-56724-4.00031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Amundson B, Hormes J, Katema A, Rathakrishnan P, Edwards JK, Esper G, Binongo J, Lasanajak Y, Keeling B, Halkos M, Nahab F. Timing of Recognition for Perioperative Strokes Following Cardiac Surgery. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105336. [PMID: 33007681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than half of reported perioperative strokes following cardiac surgery are identified beyond postoperative day one. The objective of our study was to determine preoperative and intraoperative factors that are associated with stroke following cardiac surgery and to identify factors that may contribute delayed recognition of perioperative stroke. METHODS Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery or isolated valve surgery from January 2, 2015 to April 28, 2017 at an academic health system were identified from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Registry. We determined preoperative and intraoperative factors associated with perioperative stroke. Two neurologists performed retrospective chart reviews on perioperative stroke patients to determine the last seen well time and the stroke cause. RESULTS During the study period, 2795 patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery or isolated valve surgery (mean age 64 ± 11 years, 71% male, 72% Caucasian, 9% history of stroke), of which 43 (1.5%) had a perioperative stroke; 31 (72%) patients had an embolic mechanism of stroke based on neuroimaging. In multivariable analysis, perioperative strokes were independently associated with increasing age (OR 1.04, 95% 1.01-1.07), history of stroke (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.47-5.06), and history of thoracic aorta disease (OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.16-9.71). Strokes were identified after postoperative day one in 32 (74%) patients of which 26 (81%) had a preoperative last seen well time. CONCLUSION Given the high frequency of preoperative last seen well time in perioperative stroke patients who are identified after postoperative day one, delayed stroke recognition may contribute to the bimodal distribution in timing of perioperative stroke. Frequent neurological monitoring within 24 hours after CABG or isolated valve surgery should be considered for all patients undergoing cardiac surgery, particularly elderly patients and those with a history of stroke or thoracic aorta disease, to improve early stroke recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beret Amundson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph Hormes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anna Katema
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - J Kirk Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gregory Esper
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jose Binongo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brent Keeling
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Halkos
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Fadi Nahab
- Department of Neurology & Pediatrics, Emory University, 1365 Clifton Road, Clinic B, Suite 2200, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Perrin C, Unterborn JN, Ambrosio CD, Hill NS. Pulmonary complications of chronic neuromuscular diseases and their management. Muscle Nerve 2003; 29:5-27. [PMID: 14694494 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic neuromuscular diseases may affect all major respiratory muscles groups including inspiratory, expiratory, and bulbar, and respiratory complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Untreated, many of these diseases lead inexorably to hypercapnic respiratory failure, precipitated in some cases by chronic aspiration and secretion retention or pneumonia, related to impairment of cough and swallowing mechanisms. Many measures are helpful including inhibition of salivation, cough-assist techniques, devices to enhance communication, and physical therapy. In addition, ventilatory assistance is an important part of disease management for patients with advanced neuromuscular disease. Because of its comfort, convenience, and portability advantages, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has become the modality of first choice for most patients. Patients to receive NPPV should be selected using consensus guidelines, and initiation should be gradual to maximize the chances for success. Attention should be paid to individual preferences for interfaces and early identification of cough impairment that necessitates the use of cough-assist devices. For patients considered unsuitable for noninvasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation should be considered, but only after a frank but compassionate discussion between the patient, family, physician, and other caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Perrin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111-1526, USA
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Moazami N, Smedira NG, McCarthy PM, Katzan I, Sila CA, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM. Safety and efficacy of intraarterial thrombolysis for perioperative stroke after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72:1933-7; discussion 1937-9. [PMID: 11789774 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke after cardiac operations is a devastating complication with limited therapeutic options. As clinical trials of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke exclude patients with recent major surgery, the safety of intraarterial thrombolysis in this setting is unknown. METHODS Thirteen patients with acute ischemic stroke within 12 days of cardiac operation underwent intraarterial thrombolysis within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was used to assess neurologic recovery. RESULTS The mean age was 69 years (standard deviation +/-5 years) and 62% were men. Cardiac procedures included valve operations in 6 patients, coronary artery bypass grafting in 4, valve and coronary artery bypass grafting in 2, and left ventricular assist device in 1 patient. Atrial fibrillation occurred in 5 patients (38%). The mean time from operation to stroke was 4.3 days (standard deviation +/- 3 days). Thrombolysis was initiated within 3.6 hours (standard deviation +/-1.6 hours) of stroke symptom onset. Recanalization was complete in 1 patient, partial in 5, and 7 patients had low flow. Neurologic improvement occurred in 5 patients (38%). One patient needed a chest tube for hemothorax, 2 others were transfused for low hemoglobin. No operative intervention for bleeding was necessary. CONCLUSIONS In select patients with acute ischemic stroke after recent cardiac operation, intraarterial thrombolysis appears to be reasonably safe and may lead to neurologic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moazami
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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