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Zuo M, Chen H, Liao Y, He P, Xu T, Tang J, Zhang N. Sulforaphane and bladder cancer: a potential novel antitumor compound. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1254236. [PMID: 37781700 PMCID: PMC10540234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1254236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common form of urinary tract tumor, and its incidence is increasing annually. Unfortunately, an increasing number of newly diagnosed BC patients are found to have advanced or metastatic BC. Although current treatment options for BC are diverse and standardized, it is still challenging to achieve ideal curative results. However, Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate present in cruciferous plants, has emerged as a promising anticancer agent that has shown significant efficacy against various cancers, including bladder cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that Sulforaphane not only induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in BC cells, but also inhibits the growth, invasion, and metastasis of BC cells. Additionally, it can inhibit BC gluconeogenesis and demonstrate definite effects when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs/carcinogens. Sulforaphane has also been found to exert anticancer activity and inhibit bladder cancer stem cells by mediating multiple pathways in BC, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)/beta-catenin (β-Catenin), miR-124/cytokines interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)/transcription 3 (STAT3). This article provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence and molecular mechanisms of Sulforaphane against BC. Furthermore, we explore the effects of Sulforaphane on potential risk factors for BC, such as bladder outlet obstruction, and investigate the possible targets of Sulforaphane against BC using network pharmacological analysis. This review is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for future research and the development of new drugs to treat BC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Neng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Wang Y, Chen L. miR-183 inhibits the viability, migration and invasion of epithelium on adenomyosis via targeting MMP-9. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2022; 51:102349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2022.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Torab P, Yan Y, Ahmed M, Yamashita H, Warrick JI, Raman JD, DeGraff DJ, Wong PK. Intratumoral Heterogeneity Promotes Collective Cancer Invasion through NOTCH1 Variation. Cells 2021; 10:3084. [PMID: 34831307 PMCID: PMC8619970 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and molecular heterogeneity within tumors has long been associated with the progression of cancer to an aggressive phenotype and a poor prognosis. However, how such intratumoral heterogeneity contributes to the invasiveness of cancer is largely unknown. Here, using a tumor bioengineering approach, we investigate the interaction between molecular subtypes within bladder microtumors and the corresponding effects on their invasiveness. Our results reveal heterogeneous microtumors formed by multiple molecular subtypes possess enhanced invasiveness compared to individual cells, even when both cells are not invasive individually. To examine the molecular mechanism of intratumoral heterogeneity mediated invasiveness, live single cell biosensing, RNA interference, and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing approaches were applied to investigate and control the composition of the microtumors. An agent-based computational model was also developed to evaluate the influence of NOTCH1 variation on DLL4 expression within a microtumor. The data indicate that intratumoral variation in NOTCH1 expression can lead to upregulation of DLL4 expression within the microtumor and enhancement of microtumor invasiveness. Overall, our results reveal a novel mechanism of heterogeneity mediated invasiveness through intratumoral variation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Torab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Yue Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (Y.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Mona Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (Y.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (H.Y.); (J.I.W.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Joshua I. Warrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (H.Y.); (J.I.W.); (D.J.D.)
- Penn State Health Milton S., Hershey Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Jay D. Raman
- Penn State Health Milton S., Hershey Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - David J. DeGraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (H.Y.); (J.I.W.); (D.J.D.)
- Penn State Health Milton S., Hershey Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (Y.Y.); (M.A.)
- Penn State Health Milton S., Hershey Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
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Wezel F, Lustig J, Azoitei A, Liu J, Meessen S, Najjar G, Zehe V, Faustmann P, Zengerling F, John A, Martini T, Bolenz C, Günes C. Grainyhead-Like 3 Influences Migration and Invasion of Urothelial Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062959. [PMID: 33803949 PMCID: PMC8000182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (UCB) characteristically show a loss of differentiation markers. The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) plays an important role in the development and differentiation of normal urothelium. The contribution to UCB progression is still elusive. Differential expression of GRHL3 was assessed in normal human urothelium and in non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer cell lines. The contribution of GRHL3 to cell proliferation, viability and invasion in UCB cell lines was determined by gain- and loss-of-function assays in vitro and in an organ culture model using de-epithelialized porcine bladders. GRHL3 expression was detectable in normal human urothelial cells and showed significantly higher mRNA and protein levels in well-differentiated, non-invasive RT4 urothelial carcinoma cells compared to moderately differentiated RT112 cells. GRHL3 expression was absent in anaplastic and invasive T24 cells. Ectopic de novo expression of GRHL3 in T24 cells significantly impaired their migration and invasion properties in vitro and in organ culture. Its downregulation improved the invasive capacity of RT4 cells. The results indicate that GRHL3 may play a role in progression and metastasis in UCB. In addition, this work demonstrates that de-epithelialized porcine bladder organ culture can be a useful, standardized tool to assess the invasive capacity of cancer cells.
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Ramuta TŽ, Jerman UD, Tratnjek L, Janev A, Magatti M, Vertua E, Bonassi Signoroni P, Silini AR, Parolini O, Kreft ME. The Cells and Extracellular Matrix of Human Amniotic Membrane Hinder the Growth and Invasive Potential of Bladder Urothelial Cancer Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:554530. [PMID: 33240862 PMCID: PMC7680964 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.554530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers among men in industrialized countries and on the global level incidence and mortality rates are increasing. In spite of progress in surgical treatment and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The human amniotic membrane (hAM) is a multi-layered membrane that comprises the innermost part of the placenta. It has unique properties that make it suitable for clinical use, such as the ability to promote wound healing and decrease scarring, low immunogenicity, and immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of (i) hAM-derived cells and (ii) hAM scaffolds on the growth dynamics, proliferation rate, and invasive potential of muscle-invasive bladder cancer T24 cells. Our results show that 24 and 48 h of co-culturing T24 cells with hAM-derived cells (at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios) diminished the proliferation rate of T24 cells. Furthermore, when seeded on hAM scaffolds, namely (1) epithelium of hAM (e-hAM), (2) basal lamina of hAM (denuded; d-hAM), and (3) stroma of hAM (s-hAM), the growth dynamic of T24 cells was altered and proliferation was reduced, even more so by the e-hAM scaffolds. Importantly, despite their muscle-invasive potential, the T24 cells did not disrupt the basal lamina of hAM scaffolds. Furthermore, we observed a decrease in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers N-cadherin, Snail and Slug in T24 cells grown on hAM scaffolds and individual T24 cells even expressed epithelial markers E-cadherin and occludin. Our study brings new knowledge on basic mechanisms of hAM affecting bladder carcinogenesis and the results serve as a good foundation for further research into the potential of hAM-derived cells and the hAM extracellular matrix to serve as a novel bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Dragin Jerman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Tratnjek
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandar Janev
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Magatti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elsa Vertua
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Torab P, Yan Y, Yamashita H, Warrick JI, Raman JD, DeGraff DJ, Wong PK. Three-Dimensional Microtumors for Probing Heterogeneity of Invasive Bladder Cancer. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8768-8775. [PMID: 32579350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is an increasingly common malignancy, and muscle invasive bladder cancer is associated with particularly high rates of morbidity and mortality. The morphologic and molecular diversity of bladder cancer poses significant challenges in elucidating the invasion mechanisms responsible for disease progression. Furthermore, conventional invasion assays do not provide a physiological context for studying bladder cancer invasion within 3D microenvironments and have limited ability to capture the contribution of cellular phenotypic heterogeneity to disease progression. Here, we describe the development of a 3D microtumor invasion model suitable for the analysis of cellular phenotypic heterogeneity in cell lines and primary tumor cells from bladder cancer patients. This model incorporates a self-assembly approach for recapitulating features of bladder cancer invasion in 3D microenvironments and probing the invasive cell subpopulations. The gene expression profiles of invading microtumors were analyzed by incorporating a gold nanorod-locked nucleic acid biosensor. The incorporation of the single cell biosensor and transient gene knockdown into the system revealed the formation of invasive leader cells with upregulated Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) expression as well as the role of NOTCH1-DLL4 signaling in collective bladder cancer invasion. The involvement of DLL4 expressing cells in bladder cancer invasion was also observed in patient samples obtained from transurethral resection. Collectively, our study demonstrates a 3D microtumor invasion model for investigating intracellular heterogeneity of bladder cancer invasion and analyzing patient derived samples toward personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Torab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 137 Reber Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yue Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 400 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 137 Reber Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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7
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Racioppi M, Di Gianfrancesco L, Ragonese M, Palermo G, Sacco E, Bassi P. Chemoablation with Intensive Intravesical Mitomycin C Treatment: A New Approach for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2018; 2:576-583. [PMID: 31411974 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitomycin C (MMC) is widely used, but the optimal dose and schedule have not been established. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ablative power and patient safety of a short-term intensive schedule of intravesical MMC in patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a prospective, single-center, nonrandomized study that compared 47 patients (group 1) with a history of low- to intermediate-risk NMIBC with long free-recurrence intervals, recurrence of ≤1cm in maximum diameter, and negative cytology to 47 consecutive patients with the same baseline characteristics (group 2). INTERVENTION Intravesical MMC three times per week for 2 wk for group 1. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) and early instillation and a weekly schedule of intravesical MMC for group 2. All cancer-free patients underwent monthly MMC maintenance. Follow-up included bladder mapping, voiding and washing urinary cytology, TUR of suspected area, TUR of previous tumor location, and ultrasound or computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. OUTCOME MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We used χ2 and Student's t test for comparison of categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to estimate cancer-free survival. The significance level was set to p<0.05. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The complete response rate at 39 mo was 61.7% in group 1 and 70.2% in group 2 (p=0.38). Kaplan-Mayer analysis revealed no difference in cancer-free survival rates overall (log-rank <3.84), according to tumor size in each group (log-rank <3.84), or between the groups (log-rank <7.82). No cases of systemic toxicity were observed. Local toxicities did not differ between the groups (p=0.32) and resolved on treatment of symptoms, and no patient discontinued their treatment. Limitations include the small number of patients, selection bias because of the single tertiary center, and short follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The proposed MMC schedule had good ablative power that can be explained by better concordance between the scheduled timing and the tumor cell duplication rate. The short-term intensive schedule could be considered as a therapeutic strategy to replace TUR-BT in selected NMIBC patients. PATIENT SUMMARY We report our experience of a tailored intravesical therapy schedule for bladder cancer. This schedule could be considered a therapeutic strategy to replace surgery for selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Racioppi
- Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Di Gianfrancesco
- Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Ragonese
- Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palermo
- Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Sacco
- Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - PierFrancesco Bassi
- Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Palmer S, Litvinova K, Dunaev A, Fleming S, McGloin D, Nabi G. Changes in autofluorescence based organoid model of muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1193-200. [PMID: 27446646 PMCID: PMC4929632 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer is one of the most lethal cancers and its detection at the time of transurethral resection remains limited and diagnostic methods are urgently needed. We have developed a muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) model of the bladder using porcine bladder scaffold and the human bladder cancer cell line 5637. The progression of implanted cancer cells to muscle invasion can be monitored by measuring changes in the spectrum of endogenous fluorophores such as reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH) and flavins. We believe this could act as a useful tool for the study of fluorescence dynamics of developing muscle invasive bladder cancer in patients. Published by The Optical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Palmer
- Division of Imaging and Technology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, James Arrott Drive, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Karina Litvinova
- Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics Group, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrey Dunaev
- Biomedical Photonics Instrumentation Group, Scientific-Educational Centre of “Biomedical Engineering,” State University – Education-Science-Production Complex, Oryol, 302020, Russia
| | - Stewart Fleming
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, James Arrott Drive, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - David McGloin
- Division of Electronic Engineering and Physics, Ewing Building, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD14HN, UK
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Division of Imaging and Technology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, James Arrott Drive, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Antiangiogenesis as the novel mechanism for justicidin A in the anticancer effect on human bladder cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:428-36. [PMID: 25569706 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Justicidin A (JA) is one of the methanol extracts of Justicia procumbens and was reported to induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Using bladder cancer as a paradigm, this study was designed to identify the novel molecular basis underlying the antiangiogenic activities of JA and its potential in cancer therapy. Human bladder cancer cell lines (TSGH8301 and RT4) and immortalized uroepithelial cell lines (E6 and E7) were chosen to investigate the efficacy of JA in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in vitro. The biological effects of JA treatment in vivo were examined using a xenograft tumor model in SCID mice. JA showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation on TSGH8301 cancer cells, with IC50 values determined to be 0.44 μmol/l. Of interest, TSGH8301 cancer cells were more sensitive to JA than E7 immortalized uroepithelial cells, especially at lower concentrations. We further showed that JA inhibited the autocrine production of angiogenic factors and matrix-degrading enzymes in vitro and microvessel density in SCID mice in vivo (P< 0.01). Both differential cytotoxicity and angiogenesis inhibition of JA were confirmed by SCID mice experiments. Together, JA showed antiangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo through pleiotropic positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis molecules. The current investigation supports the potential of JA as an alternative chemoprevention agent for human bladder cancer.
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Li Y, Cheng H, Xu W, Tian X, Li X, Zhu C. Expression of Robo protein in bladder cancer tissues and its effect on the growth of cancer cells by blocking Robo protein. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:9932-40. [PMID: 26617702 PMCID: PMC4637787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect the expression of Slit signaling protein ligand Robo protein in human bladder cancer and para-carcinoma tissue, and observe the tumor cell survival and growth by inoculating the bladder cancer cells with the blocked signaling protein into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice. The expression of Robo protein was detected in T24 cells in human bladder uroepithelium carcinoma and cultivated human bladder uroepithelium carcinoma confirmed by pathological diagnosis. The cultivated T24 cells were coated by the protein antibody and human bladder uroepithelium carcinoma T24 tumor-bearing mice model was established. The tumor cell survival and growth were observed in the antibody coating group and non-coating group. The tumor body size was measured. The immunohistochemical detection showed that Robo protein isoforms Robo1 and Robo 4 were expressed in T24 cells of cancer tissues, paracarcinoma tissues and cultured human uroepithelium carcinoma. The expression of Robo1 was significantly higher than that of Robo4 (P<0.05). The cancer cells could be detected in nodular tumor of mice in each group. The volume of the tumor-bearing mice in the nodular tumor of the non-coating group was larger than that of anti-Robol antibody coating group and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in tumor volume between anti-Robo4 antibody coating group and non-coating group (P>0.05); The difference was statistically significant compared with the anti-Robo1 antibody coating group (P<0.01). In conclusion, Robo protein isoforms Robo1 and Robo4 were expressed in human bladder cancer T24 cells. To block Robo4 signal protein had little effect on the survival and growth of the transplantation tumor and to block Robo1 signal protein would seriously affect the survival and growth of the transplantation tumor, suggesting that Robo1 might play an important role in the growth and metastasis of bladder cancer, and might become a new target for the treatment of human bladder cancer and drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Hepeng Cheng
- Department of Urology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Weibo Xu
- Department of Urology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Urology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Urology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhu
- Department of Urology, Henan University Huaihe Hospital Kaifeng 475000, China
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Yang Y, Xu H, Shen J, Yang Y, Wu S, Xiao J, Xu Y, Liu XY, Chu L. RGD-modifided oncolytic adenovirus exhibited potent cytotoxic effect on CAR-negative bladder cancer-initiating cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1760. [PMID: 25973680 PMCID: PMC4669706 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-initiating cell (CIC) is critical in cancer development, maintenance and recurrence. The reverse expression pattern of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and αν integrin in bladder cancer decreases the infection efficiency of adenovirus. We constructed Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-modified oncolytic adenovirus, carrying EGFP or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene (OncoAd.RGD-hTERT-EGFP/TRAIL), and applied them to CAR-negative bladder cancer T24 cells and cancer-initiating T24 sphere cells. OncoAd.RGD-hTERT-EGFP had enhanced infection ability and cytotoxic effect on T24 cells and T24 sphere cells, but little cytoxicity on normal urothelial SV-HUC-1 cells compared with the unmodified virus OncoAd.hTERT-EGFP. Notably, OncoAd.RGD-hTERT-TRAIL induced apoptosis in T24 cells and T24 sphere cells. Furthermore, it completely inhibited xenograft initiation established by the oncolytic adenovirus-pretreated T24 sphere cells, and significantly suppressed tumor growth by intratumoral injection. These results provided a promising therapeutic strategy for CAR-negative bladder cancer through targeting CICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - H Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - J Shen
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Y Yang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - S Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - J Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Y Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin 712100, China
| | - X-Y Liu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China [2] Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - L Chu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China [2] Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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12
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Ding J, Xu D, Pan C, Ye M, Kang J, Bai Q, Qi J. Current animal models of bladder cancer: Awareness of translatability (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:691-699. [PMID: 25120584 PMCID: PMC4113637 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models are crucial in the study of biological behavior and pathological development of cancer, and evaluation of the efficacy of novel therapeutic or preventive agents. A variety of animal models that recapitulate human urothelial cell carcinoma have thus far been established and described, while models generated by novel techniques are emerging. At present a number of reviews on animal models of bladder cancer comprise the introduction of one type of method, as opposed to commenting on and comparing all classifications, with the merits of a certain method being explicit but the shortcomings not fully clarified. Thus the aim of the present study was to provide a summary of the currently available animal models of bladder cancer including transplantable (which could be divided into xenogeneic or syngeneic, heterotopic or orthotopic), carcinogen-induced and genetically engineered models in order to introduce their materials and methods and compare their merits as well as focus on the weaknesses, difficulties in operation, associated problems and translational potential of the respective models. Findings of these models would provide information for authors and clinicians to select an appropriate model or to judge relevant preclinical study findings. Pertinent detection methods are therefore briefly introduced and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Chunwu Pan
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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13
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Colombo R, Rocchini L, Suardi N, Benigni F, Colciago G, Bettiga A, Pellucchi F, Maccagnano C, Briganti A, Salonia A, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Neoadjuvant Short-term Intensive Intravesical Mitomycin C Regimen Compared with Weekly Schedule for Low-grade Recurrent Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Preliminary Results of a Randomised Phase 2 Study. Eur Urol 2012; 62:797-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Schulte J, Weidig M, Balzer P, Richter P, Franz M, Junker K, Gajda M, Friedrich K, Wunderlich H, Östman A, Petersen I, Berndt A. Expression of the E-cadherin repressors Snail, Slug and Zeb1 in urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: relation to stromal fibroblast activation and invasive behaviour of carcinoma cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:847-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tomaszewski JJ, Smaldone MC. Emerging intravesical therapies for management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Open Access J Urol 2010; 2:67-84. [PMID: 24198616 PMCID: PMC3818881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the second most common urologic malignancy, and 70% of patients present with superficial or nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the most effective agent for preventing disease recurrence, and the only therapy able to inhibit disease progression. However, recurrence rates as high as 30% and significant local and systemic toxicity have led to increased interest in alternative intravesical therapies. In patients refractory or intolerant to BCG, BCG-interferon α2b, gemcitabine, and anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin, valrubicin) have demonstrated durable clinical responses. Phase I trials investigating alternative cytotoxic agents, such as apaziquone, taxanes (docetaxel, paclitaxel), and suramin are reporting promising data. Novel immunomodulating agents have demonstrated promise as efficacious alternatives in patients refractory to BCG. Optimization of existing chemotherapeutic regimens using hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, magnetically-targeted carriers, and liposomes remains an area of active investigation. Despite enthusiasm for new intravesical agents, radical cystectomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with NMIBC who have failed intravesical therapy and selected patients with naïve T1 tumors and aggressive features. This report provides a comprehensive review of contemporary intravesical therapy for NMIBC and refractory NMIBC, with an emphasis on emerging agents and novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Tomaszewski
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc C Smaldone
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA,Correspondence: Marc C Smaldone, Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 700, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Tel +1 412 692 4100, Fax +1 412 692 4101, Email
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16
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Smaldone MC, Casella DP, Welchons DR, Gingrich JR. Investigational therapies for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:371-83. [PMID: 20078248 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903563372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently the most effective adjuvant intravesical agent at preventing disease recurrence and the only therapy shown to inhibit disease progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, recurrence rates as high as 30% and significant local/systemic toxicity have resulted in an increased interest in the use of alternative intravesical agents. AREAS COVERED IN THE REVIEW Our aim is to discuss recent clinical trial evidence utilizing novel intravesical agents for treatment of NMIBC. A systematic literature review was performed via the National Center for Biotechnology Information databases to identify pertinent studies from 2000-2009. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A durable response has been demonstrated with alternative agents in patients refractory to or intolerant of BCG. This review compares the merits and shortcomings of these emerging agents, focusing on clinical trial safety and efficacy results. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Despite recent enthusiasm for novel agents, radical cystectomy remains the treatment of choice for patients with NMIBC who have failed intravesical therapy. However, evidence is accumulating that novel agents provide an efficacious alternative in patients refractory or intolerable to BCG or unfit for cystectomy. Further randomized prospective data are required to demonstrate a recurrence- and progression-free benefit compared with BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Smaldone
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Urology, Kaufmann Building, 3471 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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17
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Damaraju S, Damaraju VL, Mowles D, Sawyer MB, Damaraju S, Cass CE. Cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine in cultured cell lines derived from histologically different types of bladder cancer: Role of thymidine kinase 2. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Estrada CR, Salanga M, Bielenberg DR, Harrell WB, Zurakowski D, Zhu X, Palmer MR, Freeman MR, Adam RM. Behavioral Profiling of Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma Ex vivo. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3078-86. [PMID: 16540657 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Outcome studies of many types of cancer have revealed that tumors of indistinguishable histologic appearance may differ significantly in aggressiveness and in their response to therapy. A strategy that would enable early identification of patients at high risk for disease progression and allow screening of multiple therapeutic agents simultaneously for efficacy would improve clinical management. We have developed an orthotopic organ culture model of bladder cancer in which quantum dot-based fluorescent imaging approaches are used to obtain quantitative measurements of tumor cell behavior. Human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells are labeled with quantum dot nanoparticles, and the cells instilled into the rat bladder in vivo, after which the bladder is excised and cultured ex vivo. Cell implantation, proliferation, and invasion into the organ wall are monitored using epifluorescence imaging and two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy. Using this approach, we were able to assign distinct phenotypes to two metastatic bladder cancer cell lines based on different patterns of invasiveness into the bladder wall. We also showed that established tumor cell masses regressed following intravesical administration of the chemotherapeutic drug thiotepa. Collectively, these findings suggest that this assay system, which we have named EViTAS (for ex vivo tumor assay system), can recapitulate salient aspects of tumor growth in the host and is amenable to behavioral profiling of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Louhelainen JP, Hurst CD, Pitt E, Nishiyama H, Pickett HA, Knowles MA. DBC1 re-expression alters the expression of multiple components of the plasminogen pathway. Oncogene 2005; 25:2409-19. [PMID: 16369496 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deleted in bladder cancer 1 (DBC1) is a candidate gene for the bladder tumour suppressor locus at 9q33.1. The function of the gene is currently unknown but a cross-species sequence comparison suggests an important role, as it is highly evolutionarily conserved. Here, we transfected a nonexpressing human bladder cancer cell line with a set of human DBC1 cDNA constructs. The effect on global expression patterns was assessed using cDNA microarrays. The cell clone with the lowest level of DBC1 expression showed induced expression of 26 genes including plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (SERPINB5; 4.6-fold), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor (DTR; 4.2-fold), small proline-rich protein 2B (SPRR2B; 3.6-fold), metallothionein 1 isoforms (MT1B/MT1A/MT-1F; from 2.9- to 3.2-fold), tissue-type plasminogen activator precursor (PLAT; 2.8-fold) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor (PLAU; 2.7-fold). In clustering analysis, both PLAT and PLAU clustered with the functionally related urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (PLAUR; 1.9-fold). Furthermore, 14 human bladder tumours were analysed by real-time quantitative PCR using gene-specific primers for selected (n=20) genes. The expression levels of SERPINB5, PLAU, PLAUR and MT1 correlated with the DBC1 levels, suggesting previously unknown involvement of DBC1 in the urokinase-plasminogen pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Louhelainen
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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20
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Ord JJ, Streeter E, Jones A, Le Monnier K, Cranston D, Crew J, Joel SP, Rogers MA, Banks RE, Roberts ISD, Harris AL. Phase I trial of intravesical Suramin in recurrent superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:2140-7. [PMID: 15928663 PMCID: PMC2361814 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin is an antitrypanosomal agent with antineoplastic activity, but with serious systemic side effects. We administered Suramin intravesically to determine a concentration with low toxicity but with evidence of a pharmacodynamic effect, to recommend a dose level for phase II trials. This was an open-labelled, nonrandomised dose-escalation phase I study. In all, 12 patients with a history of recurrent superficial bladder cancer were grouped into four dose levels (10–150 mg ml−1 in 60 ml saline). Six catheter instillations at weekly intervals were used. Cystoscopy and biopsy were performed before and 3 months after the start of treatment. Suramin was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and urinary protein profile using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionisation mass spectroscopy (SELDI). Minimal systemic absorption of Suramin was found at the highest dose of 150 mg ml−1. Urinary VEGF was affected by Suramin at doses above 50 mg ml−1, corresponding to the estimated threshold of saturation of Suramin binding to urine albumin. SELDI showed a specific disappearance of urinary protein peaks during treatment. Intravesical Suramin shows lack of toxicity and low systemic absorption. The results of this phase I trial support expanded clinical trials of efficacy at a dose of 100 mg ml−1 intravesically.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ord
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - E Streeter
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A Jones
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - K Le Monnier
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - D Cranston
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J Crew
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - S P Joel
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - M A Rogers
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - R E Banks
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - I S D Roberts
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A L Harris
- Growth Factor Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Growth Factor Group, Cancer Research UK, Room 405-411, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK. E-mail:
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21
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Brown NS, Streeter EH, Jones A, Harris AL, Bicknell R. Cooperative stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hypoxia and reactive oxygen species: the effect of targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and oxidative stress in an orthotopic xenograft model of bladder carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1696-701. [PMID: 15841086 PMCID: PMC2362032 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated thymidine phosphorylase has been shown to correlate with increased angiogenesis and poor prognosis in many cancers including transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. In vitro studies have demonstrated that thymidine phosphorylase activity causes cellular oxidative stress and increases secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. In this study, we show that thymidine phosphorylase activity also augments levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α during in vitro hypoxia, and that thymidine phosphorylase activity and hypoxia act in concert to increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. We also demonstrate that thymidine phosphorylase overexpression confers tumorigenicity on an orthotopically implanted transitional cell carcinoma cell line. Administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine together with a blocking anti-VEGF antibody abrogates the increase in tumorigenicity. Our results support the increased efficacy of combination approaches to antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Brown
- Molecular Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - E H Streeter
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - A Jones
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - A L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - R Bicknell
- Molecular Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Molecular Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. E-mail:
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22
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Su SJ, Yeh TM, Chuang WJ, Ho CL, Chang KL, Cheng HL, Liu HS, Cheng HL, Hsu PY, Chow NH. The novel targets for anti-angiogenesis of genistein on human cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 69:307-18. [PMID: 15627483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genistein has been reported to be a natural chemopreventive in several types of human cancer. In our prior study, soy isoflavones were shown to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells in the range of human urine excretion. This study was designed to identify the novel molecular basis underlying anti-angiogenic activities of soy isoflavones. An immortalized E6 and five human bladder cancer cell lines were studied by immunoassay, flow cytometry, functional activity, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and transwell co-culture in vitro. The efficacy of soy isoflavones on angiogenesis inhibition in vivo was examined by nude mice xenograft and chick chorioallantoic membrane bioassay. Factors analyzed included angiogenic factors, matrix-degrading enzymes, and angiogenesis inhibitors. Genistein was the most potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo among the isoflavone compounds tested. It may also account for most of the reduced microvessel density of xenografts observed and the suppressed endothelial migration by soy isoflavones. Genistein exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of expression/excretion of vascular endothelial growth factor165, platelet-derived growth factor, tissue factor, urokinase plasminogen activator, and matrix metalloprotease-2 and 9, respectively. On the other hand, there was an up-regulation of angiogenesis inhibitors-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, endostatin, angiostatin, and thrombospondin-1. In addition, a differential inhibitory effect between immortalized uroepithelial cells and most cancer cell lines was also observed. Altogether, we discovered that tissue factor, endostatin, and angiostatin are novel molecular targets of genistein. The current investigation provides further evidence in support of soy-based foods as natural dietary inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jem Su
- Department of Medical Technology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung Hsien 831, Taiwan
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23
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Förster Y, Meye A, Krause S, Schwenzer B. Antisense-mediated VEGF suppression in bladder and breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2004; 212:95-103. [PMID: 15246565 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the major angiogenic factors. In the study we have evaluated the efficiency of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN) against VEGF selected from computational prediction of VEGF mRNA structure. Twenty-five different AS-ODN in two different tumor cell lines were investigated. Treatment of cell line EJ28 by VEGF723 resulted in a 83.5% suppression of VEGF protein when compared with control-ODN. Three further AS-ODN reduced VEGF protein more than 45% in comparison to control-ODN. This was caused by an antisense-specific downregulation of the VEGF transcript determined by real-time PCR. Furthermore, antisense-mediated inhibition of VEGF was associated by a reduced cell viability. In MCF-7 cells VEGF protein was inhibited more than 45% by two AS-ODN. In conclusion, we found that computational prediction of potential single strand mRNA motifs is a well suitable method to elect effective AS-ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Förster
- Institute of Biochemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Behrendt N. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) and the uPAR-associated protein (uPARAP/Endo180): membrane proteins engaged in matrix turnover during tissue remodeling. Biol Chem 2004; 385:103-36. [PMID: 15101555 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of the barriers formed by extracellular matrix proteins is a pre-requisite for all processes of tissue remodeling. Matrix degradation reactions take part in specific physiological events in the healthy organism but also represent a crucial step in cancer invasion. These degradation processes involve a highly organized interplay between proteases and their cellular binding sites as well as specific substrates and internalization receptors. This review article is focused on two components, the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and the uPAR-associated protein (uPARAP, also designated Endo180), that are considered crucially engaged in matrix degradation. uPAR and uPARAP have highly diverse functions, but on certain cell types they interact with each other in a process that is still incompletely understood. uPAR is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein on the surface of various cell types that serves to bind the urokinase plasminogen activator and localize the activation reactions in the proteolytic cascade system of plasminogen activation. uPARAP is an integral membrane protein with a pronounced role in the internalization of collagen for intracellular degradation. Both receptors have additional functions that are currently being unraveled. The present discussion of uPAR and uPARAP is centered on their protein structure and molecular and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Behrendt
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Strandboulevarden 49, Bldg. 7.2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
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25
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Brown TA, Yang TM, Zaitsevskaia T, Xia Y, Dunn CA, Sigle RO, Knudsen B, Carter WG. Adhesion or plasmin regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a novel membrane glycoprotein p80/gp140/CUB domain-containing protein 1 in epithelia. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:14772-83. [PMID: 14739293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309678200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Suspension of cultured human foreskin keratinocytes (HKs) with trypsin phosphorylates tyrosine residues on an 80-kDa membrane glycoprotein, p80 (Xia, Y., Gil, S. G., and Carter, W. G. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 132, 727-740). Readhesion dephosphorylates p80. Sequencing of a p80 cDNA established identity to CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a gene elevated in carcinomas. CDCP1/p80 cDNA encodes three extracellular CUB domains, a transmembrane domain, and two putative cytoplasmic Tyr phosphorylation sites. Treatment of adherent HKs with suramin, a heparin analogue, or inhibitors of phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs; vanadate or calpeptin) increases phosphorylation of p80 and a novel 140-kDa membrane glycoprotein, gp140. Phosphorylated gp140 was identified as a trypsin-sensitive precursor to p80. Identity was confirmed by digestion and phosphorylation studies with recombinant gp140-GFP. Plasmin, a serum protease, also converts gp140 to p80, providing biological significance to the cleavage in wounds. Phosphorylation of gp140 and p80 are mediated by Src family kinases at multiple Tyr residues including Tyr(734). Dephosphorylation is mediated by PTP(s). Conversion of gp140 to p80 prolongs phosphorylation of p80 in response to suramin and changes in adhesion. This distinguishes gp140 and p80 and explains the relative abundance of phosphorylated p80 in trypsinized HKs. We conclude that phosphorylation of gp140 is dynamic and balanced by Src family kinase and PTPs yielding low equilibrium phosphorylation. We suggest that the balance is altered by conversion of gp140 to p80 and by adhesion, providing a novel transmembrane phosphorylation signal in epithelial wounds.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Fibrinolysin/chemistry
- Fibrinolysin/metabolism
- Gene Library
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Heparin/chemistry
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides/chemistry
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Interleukin-6
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Suramin/chemistry
- Suramin/pharmacology
- Trypsin/chemistry
- Trypsin/metabolism
- Tyrosine/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Tod A Brown
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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26
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27
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Pasqualini ME, Heyd VL, Manzo P, Eynard AR. Association between E-cadherin expression by human colon, bladder and breast cancer cells and the 13-HODE:15-HETE ratio. A possible role of their metastatic potential. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 68:9-16. [PMID: 12538085 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(02)00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE from different human tumor cells exposed to n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acids (EFAs) and E-cadherin expression was studied. Colon cancer cells (HRT-18) exposed to gamma linoleic acid (18:3n-6, GLA) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3, EPA) (50microM) showed an increased expression of E-cadherin. Breast cancer (MCF-7) exposed to EPA showed an increment whereas GLA had no effect on E-cadherin expression. No expression of E-cadherin was observed for urothelial cancer (T-24) after GLA or EPA treatment. Significant levels of 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE were detected after GLA or EPA treatment for all tumor lines. E-cadherin expression was inversely proportional to the 13(S)-HODE:15(S)-HETE ratio when cells were pretreated with GLA or EPA. Nevertheless, the liberation of these metabolites seems to be independent of the E-cadherin expression. The increase in the13(S)-HODE:15(S)-HETE correlates to a decrease in the expression of E-cadherin. Both factors may play a role in metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Pasqualini
- Departamento de Histologia, Embriologia y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Biologia Celular, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
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JONES ADAM, FUJIYAMA CHISATO, TURNER KEVIN, CRANSTON DAVID, WILLIAMS KAYE, STRATFORD IAN, BICKNELL ROY, HARRIS ADRIANL. ROLE OF THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE IN AN IN VITRO MODEL OF HUMAN BLADDER CANCER INVASION. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ADAM JONES
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - CHISATO FUJIYAMA
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - KEVIN TURNER
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - DAVID CRANSTON
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - KAYE WILLIAMS
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - IAN STRATFORD
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - ROY BICKNELL
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - ADRIAN L. HARRIS
- From the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford and Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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