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Meyer S, Evers M, Jansen JHM, Buijs J, Broek B, Reitsma SE, Moerer P, Amini M, Kretschmer A, Ten Broeke T, den Hartog MT, Rijke M, Klein C, Valerius T, Boross P, Leusen JHW. New insights in Type I and II CD20 antibody mechanisms-of-action with a panel of novel CD20 antibodies. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:808-820. [PMID: 29468712 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on their mechanisms-of-action, CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are grouped into Type I [complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)] and Type II [programmed cell death (PCD) and ADCC] mAbs. We generated 17 new hybridomas producing CD20 mAbs of different isotypes and determined unique heavy and light chain sequence pairs for 13 of them. We studied their epitope binding, binding kinetics and structural properties and investigated their predictive value for effector functions, i.e. PCD, CDC and ADCC. Peptide mapping and CD20 mutant screens revealed that 10 out of these 11 new mAbs have an overlapping epitope with the prototypic Type I mAb rituximab, albeit that distinct amino acids of the CD20 molecule contributed differently. Binding kinetics did not correlate with the striking differences in CDC activity among the mIgG2c mAbs. Interestingly, chimerization of mAb m1 resulted in a mAb displaying both Type I and II characteristics. PCD induction was lost upon introduction of a mutation in the framework of the heavy chain affecting the elbow angle, supporting that structural changes within this region can affect functional activities of CD20 mAbs. Together, these new CD20 mAbs provide further insights in the properties dictating the functional efficacy of CD20 mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Meyer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell Evers
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Jansen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Blanca Broek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie E Reitsma
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Moerer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mojtaba Amini
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Kretschmer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Boross
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Stanglmaier M, Faltin M, Ruf P, Bodenhausen A, Schröder P, Lindhofer H. Bi20 (fBTA05), a novel trifunctional bispecific antibody (anti-CD20 x anti-CD3), mediates efficient killing of B-cell lymphoma cells even with very low CD20 expression levels. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1181-9. [PMID: 18546289 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trifunctional bispecific antibodies can efficiently mediate tumor cell killing by redirecting T cells and immune accessory cells to the tumor cell. Here, we describe the new trifunctional antibody, Bi20 (FBTA05, anti-CD20 x anti-CD3), that connects B cells and T cells via its variable regions and recruits FcgammaRI(+) accessory immune cells via its Fc region. Bi20 mediated efficient and specific lysis of B-cell lines and of B cells with low CD20 expression levels that were derived from CLL patients. Remarkably, T-cell activation and tumor cell killing occurred in an entirely autologous setting without additional effector cells in 5 of 8 samples. In comparison, rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal CD20 antibody, demonstrated a significantly lower B-cell eradication rate. Additionally, Bi20, but not rituximab, upregulated the activation markers CD25 and CD69 on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the presence of accessory immune cells. CD14(+) accessory cells and the monocyte cell line THP-1 were activated via binding of the Fc region of Bi20, given that T cells were simultaneously engaged by the antibody. Bi20 induced a strong Th1 cytokine pattern characterized by high IFN-gamma and very low IL-4 secretion. In conclusion, Bi20 may offer new immunotherapeutic options for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas.
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Stopar TG, Mlinaric-Rascan I, Fettich J, Hojker S, Mather SJ. 99mTc-rituximab radiolabelled by photo-activation: a new non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma imaging agent. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 33:53-9. [PMID: 16172899 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-1838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rituximab was the first chimeric monoclonal antibody to be approved for treatment of indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It is directed against the CD20 antigen, which is expressed by 95% of B-cell NHLs. The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of radiolabelling rituximab with (99m)Tc for use as an imaging agent in NHL for early detection, staging, remission assessment, monitoring for metastatic spread and tumour recurrence, and assessment of CD20 expression prior to (radio)immunotherapy. METHODS Rituximab was purified from Mabthera solution (Roche), photo-activated at 302 nm by UV irradiation and radiolabelled with (99m)Tc. The effectiveness of the labelling method was evaluated by determination of the number of free thiol groups per photoreduced antibody, radiochemical purity and in vitro stability of (99m)Tc-rituximab. RESULTS On average, 4.4 free thiol groups per photoreduced antibody were determined. Radiolabelling yields greater than 95% were routinely observed after storage of the photo-activated antibody at -80 degrees C for 195 days. The direct binding assay showed preserved ability of (99m)Tc-rituximab to bind to CD20, with an average immunoreactive fraction of 93.3%. The internalisation rate was proven to be low, with only 5.3% of bound (99m)Tc-rituximab being internalised over 4 h at 37 degrees C. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that (99m)Tc-rituximab of high radiochemical purity and with preserved binding affinity for the antigen can be prepared by photoreduction and that the method shows good reproducibility. (99m)Tc-rituximab will be further explored as an imaging agent applicable in NHL for the purposes mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gmeiner Stopar
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1525 Ljubljana. Slovenia.
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Stel AJ, Kroesen BJ, Jacobs S, Groen H, de Leij LFMH, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Withoff S. The role of B cell-mediated T cell costimulation in the efficacy of the T cell retargeting bispecific antibody BIS20x3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6009-16. [PMID: 15528335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of the naturally occurring B cell-mediated T cell costimulation in the antitumor efficacy of the bispecific Ab BIS20x3. BIS20x3 has a dual specificity for both CD20 and CD3 and has previously been shown to effectively direct the lytic potential of cytolytic T cells toward malignant, CD20(+) B cells. BIS20x3 instigated T cell-B cell interaction caused a dose-dependent activation of T cells that was 30 times stronger when compared with T cell activation induced by monovalent anti-CD3 Abs. The activation of T cells by BIS20x3 and B cells appeared functional and resulted in the rapid induction of high lytic potential in freshly isolated peripheral T cells. BIS20x3-mediated T cell-B cell interaction resulted in a significant up-regulation of ICAM-1 on B cells and the activation of T cells was found to be dependent on the interaction of ICAM-1 with LFA-1 and trans-activation by the NF-kappaB pathway. Also, the lytic potential of freshly isolated T cells activated via BIS20x3 appeared to be dependent on NF-kappaB signaling in the target B cells. Interestingly, the costimulatory signaling effects described in this study appeared specifically related to the targeting against CD20 because targeting against CD19, by a CD3xCD19-directed bispecific Ab, was significantly less effective in inducing T cell activation and T cell-mediated B cell lysis. Together these results demonstrate that the malignant B cells actively contribute to their own demise upon CD20-directed bispecific Ab-mediated T cell targeting.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/physiology
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Cross-Linking Reagents/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Cooperation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/physiology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja J Stel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section Medical Biology-Laboratory Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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