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Kasielska-Trojan A, Danilewicz M, Sitek A, Antoszewski B. Body size measurements, digit ratio (2D:4D) and oestrogen and progesterone receptors' expressions in juvenile gigantomastia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:403-408. [PMID: 32084005 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Juvenile breast hypertrophy is characterised by massive enlargement of the breast in the peri-pubertal period. We aimed to analyse body size measurements (body mass index [BMI], waist-to-hip circumference ratio [WHR]), digit ratio (ratio of II and IV digits' length [2D:4D]) and oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha (ERα) and progesterone receptors (PRs) in the breast gland in women with juvenile gigantomastia. Methods The study involved 30 women (mean age 25.7 years) (mean age of onset - 14.8 years). ERα and PR expressions were detected immunohistochemically in breast gland samples. For comparison, 100 controls (50 women and 50 men) were included. Results BMI and WHR in women with gigantomastia were higher than in control women and the former had a higher WHR than expected for their BMI. 2D:4D in the examined women did not differ from that in control women. However, left 2D:4D was negatively related to the age of gigantomastia onset. There were no correlations between ER and PR expressions and the analysed body and digit ratios. Conclusions The lack of a relationship between 2D:4D and juvenile breast hypertrophy may suggest that foetal exposure to sex hormones may not be crucial in its aetiology. However, the link between high left 2D:4D and early development of gigantomastia suggests that prenatal sex hormones have a role in its development timing. High WHR, and particularly high WHR relative to BMI, may indicate that these women had at some stage of development higher circulating androgens, which may have been converted to oestrogens in breasts due to local aromatase activity. Verification of this hypothesis could allow consideration of the role of aromatase inhibitors in juvenile breast hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kasielska-Trojan
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Institute of Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Aneta Sitek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Antoszewski
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Institute of Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Shi YD, Qi FZ, Feng ZH. Bilateral reduction mammoplasty after heart transplantation. Heart Surg Forum 2014; 17:E224-6. [PMID: 25179978 DOI: 10.1532/hsf98.2014359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a bilateral reduction mammoplasty in a 15 year old female who suffered increasing back and shoulder pain and chest wall discomfort associated with bilateral breast enlargement during a 17 month period following heart transplantation. Cardiologic evaluation confirmed a structurally normal heart with good systolic and diastolic function, and ejection fraction of 80%. We performed a bilateral mammoplasty using dermal suspension flap in vertical-scar reduction. The patient recovered satisfactorily without incident, and breast morphology was excellent at the 2 year 9 month follow-up, with no recurrence of her previous symptoms or further hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Dong Shi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fa-Zhi Qi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Hao Feng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wolfswinkel EM, Lemaine V, Weathers WM, Chike-Obi CJ, Xue AS, Heller L. Hyperplastic breast anomalies in the female adolescent breast. Semin Plast Surg 2014; 27:49-55. [PMID: 24872740 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1347167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Macromastia in adolescents is multifactorial and usually idiopathic, associated with obesity or hormonal imbalances. Less commonly, it can result from virginal or juvenile breast hypertrophy, a rare condition of unknown etiology, where an alarmingly rapid breast enlargement occurs during puberty. Breast hypertrophy in the adolescent population can have significant long-term medical and psychological impacts. Although symptoms can be severe, many plastic surgeons, pediatricians, and parents are often reluctant to surgically treat adolescent macromastia. However, reduction mammoplasty is a safe and effective treatment and may be the only way to alleviate the increased social, psychological, and physical strain caused by macromastia in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Lemaine
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Chuma J Chike-Obi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy S Xue
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lior Heller
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Yang Y, Sun J. Subcutaneous mastectomy for juvenile mammary hypertrophy: a clinical experience. Breast J 2013; 19:689-90. [PMID: 24118501 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xue AS, Wolfswinkel EM, Weathers WM, Chike-Obi C, Heller L. Breast reduction in adolescents: indication, timing, and a review of the literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2013; 26:228-33. [PMID: 23889919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent breast hypertrophy can have long-term negative medical and psychological impacts. In select patients, breast reduction surgery is the best treatment. Unfortunately, many in the general and medical communities hold certain misconceptions regarding the indications and timing of this procedure. Several etiologies of adolescent breast hypertrophy, including juvenile gigantomastia, adolescent macromastia, and obesity-related breast hypertrophy, complicate the issue. It is our hope that this paper will clarify these misconceptions through a combined retrospective and literature review. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted looking at adolescent females (≤18 years old) who had undergone bilateral breast reduction surgery. Their preoperative comorbidities, BMI, reduction volume, postoperative complications, and subjective satisfaction were recorded. In addition, a literature review was completed. RESULTS 34 patients underwent bilateral breast reduction surgery. The average BMI was 29.5 kg/m(2). The average volume resected during bilateral breast reductions was 1820.9 g. Postoperative complications include dehiscence (9%), infection (3%), and poor scarring (6%). There were no cases of recurrence or need for repeat operation. Self-reported patient satisfaction was 97%. All patients described significant improvements in self body-image and participation in social activities. The literature review yielded 25 relevant reported articles, 24 of which are case studies. CONCLUSION Reduction mammaplasty is safe and effective. It is the preferred treatment method for breast hypertrophy in the adolescent female and may be the only way to alleviate the increased social, psychological, and physical strain caused by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Xue
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Virginal mammary hypertrophy, a rapid enlargement of one or both breasts that usually presents in the adolescent years, is a rare condition that has been reported sporadically in the medical literature. Currently, there are no patient- or disease-oriented evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of this condition. This meta-analysis examines the published case reports and presents a cumulative algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of this uncommon condition. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed, with multiple keywords. Information regarding patient age, menarchal state, mass of excision, surgical technique, number of operations, pharmacologic intervention, and recurrence was extracted from each case report and analyzed using SPSS 15.1 statistical software. RESULTS A significant relationship was found (p < 0.01), as was an odds ratio of 7.0, for the likelihood of recurrence using a reduction mammaplasty as opposed to a mastectomy. CONCLUSIONS Based on the evidence presented in this article, certain interventions are more effective for the treatment of virginal mammary hypertrophy. On diagnosis of virginal mammary hypertrophy, tamoxifen therapy may be considered based on previous literature, barring any medical contraindications. A subcutaneous mastectomy with complete removal of breast tissue is the procedure least likely to lead to recurrence but is more deforming. Reduction mammaplasty gives an improved aesthetic breast, but it is important to counsel the patient on the likelihood of increased recurrence. Tamoxifen therapy following surgery may decrease the recurrence rate.
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Gentimi F, Loupatatzi AC, Euthimoglou KP, Michailidou EG, Tzovaras AA, Kaja AD, Poniros NS, Vasiliou MV. Juvenile gigantomastia in a 12-year-old girl: a case report. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35:414-7. [PMID: 20927517 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-010-9597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile gigantomastia is a rare, massive breast enlargement. It appears in adolescence and can affect one or both breasts of otherwise healthy girls. This report describes a case of a bilateral and symmetric gigantomastia in a 12-year-old girl.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gentimi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Sophia Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Ezem BU, Osuagwu CC, Opara KA. Gestational gigantomastia with complete resolution in a Nigerian woman. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:2011/feb15_1/bcr0120102632. [PMID: 22707463 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.01.2010.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological enlargement of the breasts occurs at puberty and during pregnancy. It is known as gestational gigantomastia when enlargement in pregnancy becomes excessive, uncomfortable and embarrassing. Gestational gigantomastia may have far reaching effects for the mother and fetus. This rare condition is associated with considerable morbidity but may be associated with good fetal outcome. Our case was very interesting because it was managed conservatively and postpartum there was complete spontaneous resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Ezem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu, Nigeria
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Demir K, Unuvar T, Eren S, Abaci A, Bober E. Tamoxifen as first-line treatment in a premenarchal girl with juvenile breast hypertrophy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23:e133-6. [PMID: 20813327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile breast hypertrophy is uncommon and is characterized by excessive breast enlargement in the peripubertal period. The clinical entity is thought to result from increased sensitivity of mammary tissue to normal levels of circulating hormones. CASE Here, we report a female patient, aged 12 years and 6 months, suffering from juvenile breast hypertrophy, who presented at the third month of symptoms and benefited from tamoxifen treatment. COMMENTS In experienced clinics, use of tamoxifen in the treatment of juvenile breast hypertrophy during the brisk growth period may become a medical alternative to reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korcan Demir
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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van Wingerden JJ. Gigantomastia--definition and association with hypercalcaemia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 62:112-4; author reply 114-5. [PMID: 18805078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Borsetti G, Merlino G, Bergamin F, Cerato C, Boltri M, Borsetti M. A 38 kg skin-reducing bilateral mastectomy: a unique case. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 62:133-4. [PMID: 18694661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Al-Saif AA, Al-Yahya GM, Al-Qattan MM. Juvenile mammary hypertrophy: is reduction mammaplasty always feasible? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 62:1470-2. [PMID: 18691958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile mammary hypertrophy is a rare disorder, and till date only 21 cases have been reported in the literature. The management of this condition includes screening for hormonal imbalance and reduction mammaplasty. However, we believe that the following case is worth reporting not only because of the rarity of the condition but also because it is the only case in which a bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy was performed instead of a reduction mammaplasty procedure because of massive intraoperative bleeding.
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Dancey A, Khan M, Dawson J, Peart F. Gigantomastia – a classification and review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61:493-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Massive bilateral breast reduction in an 11-year-old girl: 24% ablation of body weight. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 62:e263-6. [PMID: 18291739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old girl with massive virginal breast hypertrophy is presented. The breasts had begun to grow rapidly at puberty and had reached an enormous size within a year, to the point of causing physical impairment and respiratory compromise. Routine blood chemistry and endocrine investigation was normal, as was an MRI scan of the pituitary fossa. A bilateral reduction mammaplasty with free nipple grafts was performed, removing 12.5 kg of tissue in all (24% of the total body weight). There was no recurrence at a 2 year follow up, and no requirement for additional surgery. A review of the literature reveals that breast regrowth is less frequent when free nipple grafting is used, and this technique is recommended for these extraordinary cases.
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Govrin-Yehudain J, Kogan L, Cohen HI, Falik-Zaccai TC. Familial juvenile hypertrophy of the breast. J Adolesc Health 2004; 35:151-5. [PMID: 15261644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile (virginal) hypertrophy of the breast (JHB) is a relatively rare condition leading to gigantomastia in peripubertal females. The pathology is limited usually to the breast, with otherwise normal growth and development and without any other deformities. The rapid growth of the breast (bilateral or unilateral) in adolescent girls leads to significant physical and psychological difficulties. This gigantomastia is treated surgically by breast reduction or mastectomy and its modification. Familial JHB was described only once in the literature, and its etiology is unknown. RESULTS We report here on a familial pattern of juvenile hypertrophy of the breast accompanied by congenital anonychia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a presentation. Our study dealt with four members of the same family, related through their fathers, enduring congenital anonychia of hands and feet with no functional limitation and who showed rapid uncontrolled breast enlargement in prepubertal age. This was severe enough to cause the curtailment of their social activity and cessation of schooling. The mothers of all four patients had normal breasts and nails, whereas their fathers had anonychia. The genetic basis for the association between the two clinical findings is yet to be determined. CONCLUSION The four girls underwent breast reduction surgery.
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