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Mubungu G, Roelants M, Lumaka A, Makay P, Tshika D, Lubala T, Tshilobo Lukusa P, Devriendt K. Objective evaluation of facial features in Congolese newborns by facial measurements. The need for population-specific measurements. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3063-3070. [PMID: 35986581 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of dysmorphism is often subjective because many continuous traits are not easily measured or lack normal values. Because many common morphologic profiles vary between populations, population-specific reference ranges of relevant traits are needed. We aim to evaluate the objective assessment of facial dysmorphism in 553 Congolese newborns based on facial measurements. Measurements taken with a ruler were on average larger compared to those with a caliper, but the bias did not depend on the size of the measurement. We therefore introduced a correction factor that allows to use both techniques for facial measurements interchangeably in future studies. The outer canthal distance, palpebral fissure length, and mouth width were significantly larger in Congolese newborns (respectively mean 6.59 [SD 0.48]; mean 2.20 [SD 0.24]; mean 2.78 [SD 0.26]) when compared to references based on European newborns (respectively mean 3.59 [SD 1.76]; mean 4.20 [SD 2.26]; mean 0.47 [SD 1.21]), while the rest of measurements were significantly smaller. The interpupillary distance (IPD) calculated from inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance was not significantly different. We observed a poor agreement between clinical evaluation and measured features (kappa of 0.432). Clinicians were more likely to recognize a face as having wide-spaced eyes when it had been recognized as such during the clinical examination, more than if the child had a high interpupillary distance. This suggests that the measured IPD is not precisely reflecting what is clinically evaluated as wide-spaced eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrye Mubungu
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Roelants
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aimé Lumaka
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Département des Sciences Biomédicales et Précliniques, GIGA-R, Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Prince Makay
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dahlie Tshika
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toni Lubala
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Prosper Tshilobo Lukusa
- Centre for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Yildirim Y, Sahbaz I, Kar T, Kagan G, Taner MT, Armagan I, Cakici B. Evaluation of interpupillary distance in the Turkish population. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:1413-6. [PMID: 26346840 PMCID: PMC4529256 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s85584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to report normative values and ranges of interpupillary distance (IPD) in different age groups of a Turkish population. Methods A total of 756 healthy subjects were included in this prospective study. After a complete ophthalmic evaluation, subjects were divided into four age groups to assess differences between age groups in relation to IPD. The age groups were 20–30, 31–50, 51–70, and 71–89 years. Far IPD measurements were performed using an autorefractometer (Topcon RM-8800). Results The mean age was 48.42±20.55 years, ranging from 19 to 89 years. The mean IPD was calculated as 62.5±4.1 mm (range 49–76). The mean IPD value was observed to be significantly higher among males compared to females (P<0.001). The difference among groups in terms of mean IPD was statistically significant (P<0.001). IPD increased by 4.19 mm in males and 3.11 mm in females from the young adults (20–30 years) to older adults (51–70 years), and then a decrease (2.6 and 0.19 mm for males and females, respectively) occurred between 70 and 89 years of age. Conclusion The current study offers the population-specific normative data on far IPD in different age groups. Our study showed that sex and age had a significant effect on IPD. Knowledge of normal values in this population subgroup may be useful in studying orbito-cranial growth patterns, syndrome diagnosis, surgical management of cranio-facial deformities and trauma, and manufactures of optical frames and lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildiray Yildirim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sahbaz
- Department of Opticianry, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Kar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Kagan
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tolga Taner
- Department of Healthcare Management, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Armagan
- Department of Opticianry, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Begum Cakici
- Department of Opticianry, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Moon D, Wang DH, Park SH. Anthropometric Measurements of Soft-Tissue Orbits in Korean Newborns. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2012.53.10.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daruchi Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Hee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Telecanthus and hypertelorism in frontoethmoidal meningoencephaloceles and the surgical correction of these conditions: Part I. An orbital anthropomorphometric evaluation of the Khmer subpopulation of Cambodia. J Craniofac Surg 2008; 19:137-47. [PMID: 18216679 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e318052fe7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first of the two parts of a paper concerning a novel method on the surgical treatment of orbital dysmorphisms, especially telecanthus (TC) and hypertelorism (HT). The normal orbital values of a given ethnic group is an essential factor in determining the degree of correction intended in that patient population. We did not find any data related to the normal orbital values in Khmer-Cambodians in whom we performed the corrective surgeries. Thus, the aims of this article are to evaluate the orbital morphometric data procured in Khmer-Cambodians and to analyze the contradictory definitions of TC and HT found in the literature. We measured the inner canthal distance, outer canthal distance, and interpupillary distance in 688 Khmer-Cambodians. The measured normal values are presented and compared with other Asian populations. We discovered that the Khmer-Cambodian orbital morphometry did not resemble the general conception of an Asian appearance, but rather showed a similarity to values found in Indians. Telecanthus and hypertelorism are frequent orbital dysmorphisms that, however, find conflicting definitions in the literature. By means of a short literature review, we have attempted to reorganize the multiplicity of definitions in orbital measurements, as well as clarify the confusing terminology used in TC and HT.
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