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Wieland LS, Feinberg TM, Ludeman E, Prasad NK, Amri H. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Susan Wieland
- Center for Integrative Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | | | - Nikhil K Prasad
- Epidemiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Hakima Amri
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington District of Columbia USA
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2
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Eisvand F, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of
Ginkgo biloba
on metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1798-1811. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Eisvand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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3
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Cao G, Wang N, He D, Wang X, Tian Y, Wan N, Yan W, Ye H, Hao H. Intestinal mucosal metabolites-guided detection of trace-level ginkgo biloba extract metabolome. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1608:460417. [PMID: 31416627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of metabolome for poorly absorptive natural medicines is challenging. Previous identification strategy often relies on nontargeted scanning biological samples from animals administered with natural medicines in a data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode by LC-MS/MS. Substances that displayed significant increases following drug administration are thus assigned as potential metabolites. The accurate m/z of precursors and the corresponding MS/MS fragment ions are used to match with herbal ingredients and to infer possible metabolic reactions. Nevertheless, the low concentration of these metabolites within complex biological matrices has often hampered the detection. Herein we developed a strategy termed intestinal mucosal metabolome-guided detection (IMMD) to tackle this challenge using ginkgo biloba (GBE) as an example. The rationale is that poorly absorptive natural products are usually concentrated and extensively metabolized by enterocytes before they enter the blood stream and distribute to other organs. Therefore, we firstly identified the metabolites from intestinal mucosa of GBE-treated rats, and then used the identified intestinal mucosal GBE metabolome as targeted repository for MRM analysis. The presences of these metabolites were subsequently examined in rat plasma, liver and brain. The resultant GBE metabolome showed significantly improved coverage with 39, 45 and 6 metabolites identified in plasma, liver and brain compared to 22, 16 and 0 metabolites from the corresponding regions via the DDA-based strategy. In addition, we integrated the previously reported nontargeted diagnostic ion network analysis to facilitate the characterization of GBE components, and a chemicalome-metabolome matching approach (CMMA) to assist the identity assignment of GBE metabolome with IMMD. Combinatorially, we establish a multi-faceted platform to streamline the workflow of metabolome characterization for herbal medicines of low bioavailability. The metabolome information is expected to shed light on the elucidation of metabolic pathways for natural products, and the underlying mechanisms of their biological efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Cao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan He
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Wan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenchao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang #24, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Zuo W, Yan F, Zhang B, Li J, Mei D. Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8:812-826. [PMID: 29344418 PMCID: PMC5758353 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of degenerative disorders in public health has promoted in-depth investigations of the underlying pathogenesis and the development of new treatment drugs. Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves and has been used for thousands of years. In recent decades, both basic and clinical studies have established the effects of EGb. It is widely used in various degenerative diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, macroangiopathy and more. Here, we reviewed several pharmacological mechanisms of EGb, including its antioxidant properties, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and effect on apoptosis. We also described some clinical applications of EGb, such as its effect on neuro and cardiovascular protection, and anticancer properties. The above biological functions of EGb are mainly focused on aging-related disorders, but its effect on other diseases remains unclear. Thus, through this review, we aim to encourage further studies on EGb and discover more potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zuo
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Mei
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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5
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Rhee KJ, Lee CG, Kim SW, Gim DH, Kim HC, Jung BD. Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and High-Fat Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mice. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:987-94. [PMID: 26664261 PMCID: PMC4661298 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by either destruction of pancreatic β-cells (type 1 DM) or unresponsiveness to insulin (type 2 DM). Conventional therapies for diabetes mellitus have been developed but still needs improvement. Many diabetic patients have complemented conventional therapy with alternative methods including oral supplementation of natural products. In this study, we assessed whether Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) 761 could provide beneficial effects in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 DM and high-fat diet-induced type 2 DM murine model system. For the type 1 DM model, streptozotocin-induced mice were orally administered EGb 761 for 10 days prior to streptozotocin injection and then again administered EGb 761 for an additional 10 days. Streptozotocin-treated mice administered EGb 761 exhibited lower blood triglyceride levels, lower blood glucose levels and higher blood insulin levels compared to streptozotocin-treated mice. Furthermore, liver LPL and liver PPAR-α were increased whereas IL-1β and TNF-α were decreased in streptozotocin-injected mice treated with EGb 761 compared to mice injected with streptozotocin alone. For the type 2 DM model, mice were given high-fat diet for 60 days and then orally administered EGb 761 every other day for 80 days. We found that mice given a high-fat diet and EGb 761 showed decreased blood triglyceride levels, increased liver LPL, increased liver PPAR-α and decreased body weight compared to mice given high-fat diet alone. These results suggest that EGb 761 can exert protective effects in both type 1 and type 2 DM murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jong Rhee
- 1. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju
| | - Chang Gun Lee
- 1. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- 2. Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University
| | - Dong-Hyeon Gim
- 3. College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University
| | - Hyun-Cheol Kim
- 3. College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University
| | - Bae Dong Jung
- 2. Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University ; 3. College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University
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6
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Banin RM, Hirata BKS, Andrade IS, Zemdegs JCS, Clemente APG, Dornellas APS, Boldarine VT, Estadella D, Albuquerque KT, Oyama LM, Ribeiro EB, Telles MM. Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on insulin signaling cascade, dyslipidemia, and body adiposity of diet-induced obese rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:780-8. [PMID: 25075573 PMCID: PMC4143206 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20142983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) has been indicated as an efficient
medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. It remains unclear if its
effects are due to an improvement of the insulin signaling cascade, especially in
obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GbE on
insulin tolerance, food intake, body adiposity, lipid profile, fasting insulin, and
muscle levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein tyrosine phosphatase
1B (PTP-1B), and protein kinase B (Akt), as well as Akt phosphorylation, in
diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal fat
diet (NFD) for 8 weeks. After that, the HFD group was divided into two groups: rats
gavaged with a saline vehicle (HFD+V), and rats gavaged with 500 mg/kg of GbE diluted
in the saline vehicle (HFD+Gb). NFD rats were gavaged with the saline vehicle only.
At the end of the treatment, the rats were anesthetized, insulin was injected into
the portal vein, and after 90s, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed. The
quantification of IRS-1, Akt, and Akt phosphorylation was performed using Western
blotting. Serum levels of fasting insulin and glucose, triacylglycerols and total
cholesterol, and LDL and HDL fractions were measured. An insulin tolerance test was
also performed. Ingestion of a hyperlipidic diet promoted loss of insulin sensitivity
and also resulted in a significant increase in body adiposity, plasma
triacylglycerol, and glucose levels. In addition, GbE treatment significantly reduced
food intake and body adiposity while it protected against hyperglycemia and
dyslipidemia in diet-induced obesity rats. It also enhanced insulin sensitivity in
comparison to HFD+V rats, while it restored insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation,
increased IRS-1, and reduced PTP-1B levels in gastrocnemius muscle. The present
findings suggest that G. biloba might be efficient in preventing and
treating obesity-induced insulin signaling impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Banin
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brasil
| | - B K S Hirata
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brasil
| | - I S Andrade
- Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J C S Zemdegs
- Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A P G Clemente
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - A P S Dornellas
- Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V T Boldarine
- Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D Estadella
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Baixada Santista, SP, Brasil
| | - K T Albuquerque
- Curso de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brasil
| | - L M Oyama
- Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E B Ribeiro
- Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M M Telles
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brasil
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Antiapoptotic Effects of EGb 761. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:495703. [PMID: 23983787 PMCID: PMC3745884 DOI: 10.1155/2013/495703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts have long been used in Chinese traditional medicine for hundreds of years. The most significant extract obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves has been EGb 761, a widely used phytopharmaceutical product in Europe. EGb 761 is a well-defined mixture of active compounds, which contains two main active substances: flavonoid glycosides (24-26%) and terpene lactones (6-8%). These compounds have shown antiapoptotic effects through the protection of mitochondrial membrane integrity, inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, enhancement of antiapoptotic protein transcription, and reduction of caspase transcription and DNA fragmentation. Other effects include the reduction of oxidative stress (which has been related to the occurrence of vascular, degenerative, and proliferative diseases), coupled to strong induction of phase II-detoxifying and cellular defense enzymes by Nrf2/ARE activation, in addition to the modulation of transcription factors, such as CREB, HIF-1 α , NF- κ B, AP-1, and p53, involved in the apoptosis process. This work reviews experimental results about the antiapoptotic effects induced by the standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761).
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Hasani-Ran S, Khosravi S, Nayebi N, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Anti-aging Herbs in Animals and Human. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2012.621.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Thompson AJ, McGonigle I, Duke R, Johnston GAR, Lummis SCR. A single amino acid determines the toxicity of Ginkgo biloba extracts. FASEB J 2012; 26:1884-91. [PMID: 22253475 PMCID: PMC3336786 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-192765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts are currently used for a wide range of health-related conditions. Some of the medical benefits of these extracts are controversial, but their lack of toxicity in humans is not in doubt. These extracts are, however, highly toxic to insects. Their active components (ginkgolides and bilobalide) have structures similar to the convulsant picrotoxin, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, so their lack of toxicity in mammals is puzzling. Here, we show that the different compositions of insect and vertebrate GABA receptor pores are responsible for the differing toxicities. Insect GABA receptors contain Ala at their 2' position in the pore. Substitution with Val, which is the equivalent residue in vertebrate GABA(A) receptor α-subunits, decreases ginkgolide potency by up to 10,000-fold. The reverse mutation in vertebrate GABA(A) α1 subunits increased the sensitivity of α1β2 and α1β2γ2 receptors to ginkgolides. Mutant cycle analysis demonstrates a strong interaction between the ginkgolides and the 2' residue, a result supported by in silico docking of compounds into a model of the pore. We conclude that the insecticidal activity of G. biloba extracts can be attributed to their effects at insect GABA receptors, and the presence of a Val at the 2' position in vertebrate GABA(A) receptors explains why these compounds are not similarly toxic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian McGonigle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; and
| | - Rujee Duke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Zhang Q, Wang GJ, A JY, Wu D, Zhu LL, Ma B, Du Y. Application of GC/MS-based metabonomic profiling in studying the lipid-regulating effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1674-87. [PMID: 19960012 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the lipid-regulating effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGB) using pharmacological methods and metabonomic profiling in a rat model of diet-induced hyperlipidemia. METHODS EGB was orally administered at a dose level of 40 mg/kg in both the EGB-prevention and -treatment groups. All rat samples obtained were examined for known and potential biomarkers and enzyme activity using commercial assay kits and GC/MS-based metabonomic profiling coupled with principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS The data obtained from the assay kits indicated that EGB reduced total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in rat plasma obtained from both the EGB-prevention and -treatment groups compared with those of the diet-induced hyperlipidemia group. EGB also increased the activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase and excretion of fecal bile acid in rats from the EGB-prevention and-treatment groups. Using GC/MS-based metabonomic analysis, more than 40 endogenous metabolites were identified in rat plasma. PCA of rat plasma samples obtained using GC/MS produced a distinctive separation of the four treatment groups and sampling points within each group. Metabolic changes during hyperlipidemia formation and improvement resulting from EGB treatment were definitively monitored with PCA score plots. Furthermore, elevated levels of sorbitol, tyrosine, glutamine and glucose, and decreased levels of citric acid, galactose, palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, acetic acid, cholesterol, butyrate, creatinine, linoleate, ornithine and proline, were observed in the plasma of rats treated with EGB. CONCLUSION EGB exerts multi-directional lipid-lowering effects on the rat metabonome, including limitation of the absorption of cholesterol, inactivation of HMGCoA and favorable regulation of profiles of essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (EFA). Further experiments are warranted to explore the mechanisms of action underlying the lipid-regulating effects of EGB against hyperlipidemia.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse disease states, and may be a common pathogenic mechanism underlying many major psychiatric disorders, as the brain has comparatively greater vulnerability to oxidative damage. This review aims to examine the current evidence for the role of oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders, and its academic and clinical implications. A literature search was conducted using the Medline, Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL PLUS, BIOSIS Preview, and Cochrane databases, with a time-frame extending to September 2007. The broadest data for oxidative stress mechanisms have been derived from studies conducted in schizophrenia, where evidence is available from different areas of oxidative research, including oxidative marker assays, psychopharmacology studies, and clinical trials of antioxidants. For bipolar disorder and depression, a solid foundation for oxidative stress hypotheses has been provided by biochemical, genetic, pharmacological, preclinical therapeutic studies and one clinical trial. Oxidative pathophysiology in anxiety disorders is strongly supported by animal models, and also by human biochemical data. Pilot studies have suggested efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in cocaine dependence, while early evidence is accumulating for oxidative mechanisms in autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In conclusion, multi-dimensional data support the role of oxidative stress in diverse psychiatric disorders. These data not only suggest that oxidative mechanisms may form unifying common pathogenic pathways in psychiatric disorders, but also introduce new targets for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Ivetic V, Popovic M, Naumovic N, Radenkovic M, Vasic V. The effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on epileptic activity in rabbits. Molecules 2008; 13:2509-20. [PMID: 18927515 PMCID: PMC6245335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different animal models are used to evaluate the process of epileptogenesis. In this investigation the kindling model of epilepsy was used. The epileptic focus was induced in Chinchilla rabbits by stimulation of the hippocampus with electric stimuli. We presumed that the extracts of Ginkgo biloba affect the formation of kindling epilepsy. Bioelectric activity of the brain was registered throughout the development of kindling with and without standardized extracts from dried ginkgo leaves (EGb 761). For each animal the following has been determined: the values of the minimum current strength necessary for the origination of threshold after-discharge (AD) - discharges appearing after the cessation of stimulation; duration of the threshold AD; number of stimulations necessary for the origination of full kindling; time latency for the development of full kindling; number of spontaneous epileptogenic discharges manifested in EEG two days following the formation of full kindling during 60-minute registration. The results show that the process of epileptogenesis was influenced by EGb 761. It has been established that if the animals received EGb 761, significantly weaker minimum current strength was necessary for the development of the epileptogenic focus and the AD were longer, while the number of necessary electrostimulations for the appearance of full kindling was less and the latency was shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Ivetic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; E-mails: (N. N.); (V. V.)
| | - Mira Popovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, E-mail:
| | - Nada Naumovic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; E-mails: (N. N.); (V. V.)
| | - Mirjana Radenkovic
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Serbia; E-mail: (M. R.)
| | - Vesna Vasic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; E-mails: (N. N.); (V. V.)
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De Moffarts B, Portier K, Kirschvink N, Coudert J, Fellmann N, van Erck E, Letellier C, Motta C, Pincemail J, Art T, Lekeux P. Effects of exercise and oral antioxidant supplementation enriched in (n−3) fatty acids on blood oxidant markers and erythrocyte membrane fluidity in horses. Vet J 2007; 174:113-21. [PMID: 17110141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate in a placebo-controlled field study the effect of a (n-3)-vitamin supplementation on erythrocyte membrane fluidity (EMF), oxidant/antioxidant markers and plasmatic omega3/omega6 fatty acid ratio (FAR) in 12 eventing horses. Venous blood was sampled at rest before (PRE) and after (POST) a three week treatment period with either the supplement (group S, n=6) or a placebo (group P, n=6) as well as after 15min (POST E15') and 24h (POST E24h) after a standardised exercise test. The following markers were analysed: EMF, plasma antioxidant capacity of water and lipid soluble components, ascorbic acid, uric acid (UA), glutathione (reduced: GSH, oxidised: GSSG), vitamin E (Vit E), beta-carotene, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, selenium, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), oxidised proteins (Protox), lipid peroxides (Pool) and FAR. EMF did not differ between group S and P after treatment, but GPx remained unchanged in group S whereas it decreased in group P and plasma Cu/Zn ratio remained unchanged whereas it increased in group P. FAR were significantly increased in group S. Exercise induced a significant decrease of EMF (POST vs. E24h) in both groups, but which was significantly lower at E15' in group S than in group P. Exercise induced a significant increase of UA and ACW (POST vs. E15') and Protox (POST vs. E24h) in both groups. An exercise-related decrease in GSH and Pool (POST vs. E15') was found in group P, whereas Vit E and FAR (POST vs. E24h) significantly decreased in both groups. The study showed that exercise induced a decrease in EMF in horses associated with changes of blood oxidative balance. The (omega-3)-vitamin supplementation tested improved the oxidative balance poorly but delayed the exercise-induced decrease of EMF and increased the FAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B De Moffarts
- Department for Functional Sciences B41, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Wang Y, Wang L, Wu J, Cai J. The in vivo synaptic plasticity mechanism of EGb 761-induced enhancement of spatial learning and memory in aged rats. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:147-53. [PMID: 16547523 PMCID: PMC1617056 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It has not been uniform to date that the Ginkgo biloba extracts enhance cognitive function in aged animals, and the mechanisms of action remain difficult to elucidate. In this study, the Morris water maze task and electrophysiological methods were used to study the effects of repeated daily administration of EGb 761, a standardized extract from G. biloba leaves, on hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory and synaptic plasticity of aged rats. The adult subjects perform the Morris water maze task better than aged rats, as a cellular mechanism, the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) elicited from adult animals is robust (139.29+/-2.7%). In addition, the spatial learning and memory of aged rats that had been fed on an EGb 761-supplemented diet (60 mg kg(-1)) for 30 days were significantly better than those of control aged rats. The magnitude of LTP (116.63+/-3.6%) recorded in vivo from the hippocampus CA1 area of aged rats was significantly enhanced by EGb 761 (60 mg kg(-1)). In conclusion, the spatial learning and memory of aged rats is worse than that of young subjects, and EGb 761, acting as a 'cognitive enhancer', has benefit on synaptic plasticity and cognition in aged rats. The present data further confirmed that enhancement of synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus might ameliorate the deficit in spatial learning and memory in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Wang
- Section of Brain and Behavior, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, PR China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Section of Brain and Behavior, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Section of Brain and Behavior, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jingxia Cai
- Section of Brain and Behavior, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, PR China
- Author for correspondence:
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Williams B, Watanabe CMH, Schultz PG, Rimbach G, Krucker T. Age-related effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on synaptic plasticity and excitability. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:955-62. [PMID: 15212849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Revised: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
EGb 761 is a standardized extract from the Ginkgo biloba leaf and is purported to improve age-related memory impairment. The acute and chronic effect of EGb 761 on synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampal slices from young adult (8-12 weeks) and aged (18-24 months) C57Bl/6 mice was tested because hippocampal plasticity is believed to be a key component of memory. Acutely applied EGb 761 significantly increased neuronal excitability in slices from aged mice by reducing the population spike threshold and increased the early phase of long-term potentiation, though there was no effect in slices from young adults. In chronically treated mice fed for 30 days with an EGb 761-supplemented diet, EGb 761 significantly increased the population spike threshold and long-term potentiation in slices from aged animals, but had no effect on slices from young adults. The rapid effects of EGb 761 on plasticity indicate a direct interaction with the glutamatergic system and raise interesting implications with respect to a mechanism explaining its effect on cognitive enhancement in human subjects experiencing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Williams
- CVN-12, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sharma HS, Drieu K, Westman J. Antioxidant compounds EGB-761 and BN-52021 attenuate brain edema formation and hemeoxygenase expression following hyperthermic brain injury in the rat. BRAIN EDEMA XII 2003; 86:313-9. [PMID: 14753460 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0651-8_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Role of carbon monoxide (CO) in hyperthermic brain injury induced brain pathology was examined in a rat model using immunohistochemistry of the hemeoxygenase-2 (HO-2) enzyme. Exposure of rats to 4 h heat stress at 38 degrees C resulted in profound hyperthermia, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain edema formation, cell damage and expression of HO-2 in several brain regions. Pretreatment with potent antioxidant compounds EGB-761 and BN-52021 markedly reduced the HO-2 expression, BBB breakdown, brain edema formation and cell damage without attenuating the hyperthermic response. This effect was most marked in animals treated with EGB-761. These observations suggest that upregulation of HO-2 representing generation of CO plays important roles in hyperthermic brain injury, and oxidative stress seems to be one of the most important signals in inducing HO-2 expression in hyperthermia, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Sharma
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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