1
|
Pulze L, Baranzini N, Acquati F, Marcolli G, Grimaldi A. Dynamic relationship among extracellular matrix and body wall cells in Hirudo verbana morphogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:213-229. [PMID: 38424269 PMCID: PMC11055932 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A great bulk of recent experimental evidence suggests the key role of the complex crosstalk between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cellular component of tissues during morphogenesis and embryogenesis. In particular, remodeling of the ECM and of its physical interactions pattern with surrounding cells represent two crucial processes that might be involved in muscle development. However, little information is available on this topic, especially on invertebrate species. To obtain new insights on how tuning the ECM microenvironment might drive cellular fate during embryonic development, we used the invertebrate medicinal leech Hirudo verbana as a valuable experimental model, due to its simple anatomy and the recapitulation of many aspects of the basic biological processes of vertebrates. Our previous studies on leech post-embryonic development have already shown the pivotal role of ECM changes during the growth of the body wall and the role of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in mechanotransduction. Here, we suggest that the interactions between stromal cell telocytes and ECM might be crucial in driving the organization of muscle layers during embryogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a possible role of the pleiotropic enzyme HvRNASET2 as a possible modulator of collagen deposition and ECM remodeling not only during regenerative processes (as previously demonstrated) but also in embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pulze
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
- ILFARM s.r.l., via Guicciardini 14, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
- ILFARM s.r.l., via Guicciardini 14, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
- ILFARM s.r.l., via Guicciardini 14, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Gaia Marcolli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
- ILFARM s.r.l., via Guicciardini 14, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaygorodova IA. Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Immunity of Parasitic Leeches. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 511:183-195. [PMID: 37833572 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes the current state of knowledge about leech immunity, with emphasis on the special role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and highlights the wide variety of primary AMP structures, which seem to correlate with a variety of life strategies and the ecology of ectoparasites. Antimicrobial proteins and AMPs are a diverse class of natural molecules that are produced in all living organisms in response to an attack by a pathogen and are essential components of the immune system. AMPs can have a wide range of antibiotic activities against foreign and opportunistic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. AMPs play an important role in selection of colonizing bacterial symbionts, thus helping multicellular organisms to cope with certain environmental problems. AMPs are especially important for invertebrates, which lack an adaptive immune system. Although many AMPs are similar in physicochemical properties (a total length from 10 to 100 amino acids, a positive total charge, or a high cysteine content), their immunomodulatory activities are specific for each AMP type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Kaygorodova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alesci A, Capillo G, Fumia A, Albano M, Messina E, Spanò N, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Coelomocytes of the Oligochaeta earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) as evolutionary key of defense: a morphological study. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:5. [PMID: 36871038 PMCID: PMC9985225 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metazoans have several mechanisms of internal defense for their survival. The internal defense system evolved alongside the organisms. Annelidae have circulating coelomocytes that perform functions comparable to the phagocytic immune cells of vertebrates. Several studies have shown that these cells are involved in phagocytosis, opsonization, and pathogen recognition processes. Like vertebrate macrophages, these circulating cells that permeate organs from the coelomic cavity capture or encapsulate pathogens, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, they produce a range of bioactive proteins involved in immune response and perform detoxification functions through their lysosomal system. Coelomocytes can also participate in lithic reactions against target cells and the release of antimicrobial peptides. Our study immunohistochemically identify coelomocytes of Lumbricus terrestris scattered in the epidermal and the connective layer below, both in the longitudinal and in the smooth muscle layer, immunoreactive for TLR2, CD14 and α-Tubulin for the first time. TLR2 and CD14 are not fully colocalized with each other, suggesting that these coelomocytes may belong to two distinct families. The expression of these immune molecules on Annelidae coelomocytes confirms their crucial role in the internal defense system of these Oligochaeta protostomes, suggesting a phylogenetic conservation of these receptors. These data could provide further insights into the understanding of the internal defense system of the Annelida and of the complex mechanisms of the immune system in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164, Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spatio-Temporal Changes of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Stiffness in the Development of the Leech Hirudo verbana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415953. [PMID: 36555595 PMCID: PMC9787456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The invertebrate leech Hirudo verbana represents a powerful experimental animal model for improving the knowledge about the functional interaction between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells within the tissue microenvironment (TME), and the key role played by ECM stiffness during development and growth. Indeed, the medicinal leech is characterized by a simple anatomical organization reproducing many aspects of the basic biological processes of vertebrates and in which a rapid spatiotemporal development is well established and easily assessed. Our results show that ECM structural organization, as well as the amount of fibrillar and non-fibrillar collagen are deeply different from hatching leeches to adult ones. In addition, the changes in ECM remodelling occurring during the different leech developmental stages, leads to a gradient of stiffness regulating both the path of migratory cells and their fates. The ability of cells to perceive and respond to changes in ECM composition and mechanics strictly depend on nuclear or cytoplasmic expression of Yes-Associated Protein 1 (YAP1), a key mediator converting mechanical signals into transcriptional outputs, expression, and activation.
Collapse
|
5
|
de Eguileor M, Grimaldi A, Pulze L, Acquati F, Morsiani C, Capri M. Amyloid fil rouge from invertebrate up to human ageing: a focus on Alzheimer Disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 206:111705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
Introduction Neutrophilic granulocytes are short‐lived cells continuously circulating in the vascular system of vertebrates. They play a basic and decisive role in the innate immune defence of the hosts against all types of pathogenic microorganisms. Methods Based on a literature study, the functions of neutrophils and cells with similar functions are described. The study places special emphasis on organisms in the aquatic environment and the pathogens occurring in that particular environment. Results The evolutionary origin of this specific cell type is not clear, but its most basic traits (recognition of foreign elements, extracellular trap release, phagocytosis and elimination of ingested material) are found in phagocytes in members of evolutionary ancient invertebrate groups spanning from amoebae, sponges, sea‐anemones, mollusks (snails and mussels), arthropods (crustaceans and insects) to echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins). Their functions as innate immune sentinels and effector cells in these groups are well described. Neutrophilic granulocytes with elongated and lobed nuclei (possibly allowing cell movements through narrow extracellular spaces and leaving space for phagosomes) occur in vertebrates including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals although the morphology of the nucleus, stainability of cytoplasmic granula, and the antimicrobial armament vary among groups. Following the pathogen invasion of a fish host, the neutrophils migrates from the vascular system into the infection focus. They apply their PRRs (including TLRs) to recognize the invader as non‐self, produce netosis by casting extracellular chromatin containing traps in the microenvironment. These nets assist the immobilization of invading microbes and prevents their further spread. The cells attach to and engulf the microbes by phagocytosis, whereafter they eliminate the pathogen in phagolysosomes equipped with a range of killing mechanisms and attract, by release of chemokines, additional immune cells (monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes) to the site of invasion. Their role in innate immunity of fish hosts towards aquatic pathogens has been elucidated by in vivo and in vitro studies. Neutrophils interact with virus (e.g. IPNV and VHSV), bacteria (e.g. Aeromonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Mycobacterium and Renibacterium) and parasites, including monogeneans (Gyrodactylus), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium), trematodes (Diplostomum) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius and Philasterides). Despite the decisive function of neutrophils in innate immunity and early protection, the excessive production of ROS, RNS and NETs may lead to pathological disturbances in the host, which are exacerbated if the pathogens evolve immune evasion mechanisms. Conclusion Neutrophils in aquatic organisms play a central role in innate immunity but may serve as a toll and a support in acquired protection. The strong impact of the cellular reactions not only on pathogen but also on host tissues emphasizes that an optimal immune reaction is balanced, involves targeted and specific effector mechanisms, which leaves a minimum of collateral damage in host organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baranzini N, Pulze L, Reguzzoni M, Roncoroni R, Orlandi VT, Tettamanti G, Acquati F, Grimaldi A. 3D Reconstruction of HvRNASET2 Molecule to Understand Its Antibacterial Role. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9722. [PMID: 33352806 PMCID: PMC7767213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies performed on the invertebrate model Hirudo verbana (medicinal leech) suggest that the T2 ribonucleic enzyme HvRNASET2 modulates the leech's innate immune response, promoting microbial agglutination and supporting phagocytic cells recruitment in challenged tissues. Indeed, following injection of both lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and Staphylococcus aureus in the leech body wall, HvRNASET2 is expressed by leech type I granulocytes and induces bacterial aggregation to aid macrophage phagocytosis. Here, we investigate the HvRNASET2 antimicrobial role, in particular assessing the effects on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. For this purpose, starting from the three-dimensional molecule reconstruction and in silico analyses, the antibacterial activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The changes induced in treated bacteria, such as agglutination and alteration in wall integrity, were observed by means of light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, immunogold, AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding assays were carried out to evaluate HvRNASET2 interaction with the microbial envelopes and the ensuing ability to affect microbial viability. Finally, in vivo experiments confirmed that HvRNASET2 promotes a more rapid phagocytosis of bacterial aggregates by macrophages, representing a novel molecule for counteracting pathogen infections and developing alternative solutions to improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (L.P.); (R.R.); (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Laura Pulze
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (L.P.); (R.R.); (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Rossella Roncoroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (L.P.); (R.R.); (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (L.P.); (R.R.); (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (L.P.); (R.R.); (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (L.P.); (R.R.); (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (L.P.); (R.R.); (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bodó K, Baranzini N, Girardello R, Kokhanyuk B, Németh P, Hayashi Y, Grimaldi A, Engelmann P. Nanomaterials and Annelid Immunity: A Comparative Survey to Reveal the Common Stress and Defense Responses of Two Sentinel Species to Nanomaterials in the Environment. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100307. [PMID: 32977601 PMCID: PMC7598252 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanotechnology is a dynamically developing field producing large amounts of nanocompounds that are applied in industry, daily life, and health care. During production, use, and waste these materials could end up in water or soil. Large scale contaminations of our environment are a threat to public health. Pollution can have harmful effects on the immune system, as revealed by numerous studies in humans and other vertebrates. The relative simplicity of invertebrate immune functions offers potentially sensitive and accessible means of monitoring the effects and complex interactions of nanoparticles which ultimately affect host resistance. Among terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates, earthworms and leeches are the “keystone” species to evaluate the health of our ecosystems. In this review we compare the conserved stress and immune responses of these invertebrate model organisms toward nanoparticles. The obtained knowledge provides exciting insights into the conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms of nanomaterial-related toxicity in invertebrates and vertebrates. Understanding the unique characteristics of engineered nanoproducts and their interactions with biological systems in our environment is essential to the safe realization of these materials in novel biomedical applications. Abstract Earthworms and leeches are sentinel animals that represent the annelid phylum within terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, respectively. One early stress signal in these organisms is related to innate immunity, but how nanomaterials affect it is poorly characterized. In this survey, we compare the latest literature on earthworm and leeches with examples of their molecular/cellular responses to inorganic (silver nanoparticles) and organic (carbon nanotubes) nanomaterials. A special focus is placed on the role of annelid immunocytes in the evolutionarily conserved antioxidant and immune mechanisms and protein corona formation and probable endocytosis pathways involved in nanomaterial uptake. Our summary helps to realize why these environmental sentinels are beneficial to study the potential detrimental effects of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Nicoló Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Bohdana Kokhanyuk
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Yuya Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baranzini N, De Vito A, Orlandi VT, Reguzzoni M, Monti L, de Eguileor M, Rosini E, Pollegioni L, Tettamanti G, Acquati F, Grimaldi A. Antimicrobial Role of RNASET2 Protein During Innate Immune Response in the Medicinal Leech Hirudo verbana. Front Immunol 2020; 11:370. [PMID: 32210967 PMCID: PMC7068815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response represents a first-line defense against pathogen infection that has been widely conserved throughout evolution. Using the invertebrate Hirudo verbana (Annelida, Hirudinea) as an experimental model, we show here that the RNASET2 ribonuclease is directly involved in the immune response against Gram-positive bacteria. Injection of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a key component of Gram-positive bacteria cell wall, into the leech body wall induced a massive migration of granulocytes and macrophages expressing TLR2 (the key receptor involved in the response to Gram-positive bacteria) toward the challenged/inoculated area. We hypothesized that the endogenous leech RNASET2 protein (HvRNASET2) might be involved in the antimicrobial response, as already described for other vertebrate ribonucleases, such as RNase3 and RNase7. In support of our hypothesis, HvRNASET2 was mainly localized in the granules of granulocytes, and its release in the extracellular matrix triggered the recruitment of macrophages toward the area stimulated with LTA. The activity of HvRNASET2 was also evaluated on Staphylococcus aureus living cells by means of light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. HvRNASET2 injection triggered the formation of S. aureus clumps following a direct interaction with the bacterial cell wall, as demonstrated by immunogold assay. Taken together, our data support the notion that, during the early phase of leech immune response, granulocyte-released HvRNASET2 triggers bacterial clumps formation and, at the same time, actively recruits phagocytic macrophages in order to elicit a rapid and effective eradication of the infecting microorganisms from inoculated area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Vito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Monti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Recombinant HvRNASET2 protein induces marked connective tissue remodelling in the invertebrate model Hirudo verbana. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:565-579. [PMID: 32043208 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The RNASET2 ribonuclease, belonging to the highly conserved RH/T2/s RNase gene family, has been recently shown to modulate inflammatory processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Indeed, the RNASET2 protein acts as a chemoattractor for macrophages in both in vitro and in vivo experimental settings and its expression significantly increases following bacterial infections. Moreover, we recently observed that injection of human recombinant RNASET2 protein in the body wall of the medicinal leech (a consolidated invertebrate model for both immune response and tissue regeneration) not only induced immune cell recruitment but also apparently triggered massive connective tissue remodelling as well. Based on these data, we evaluate here a possible role of leech recombinant RNASET2 protein (rHvRNASET2) in connective tissue remodelling by characterizing the cell types involved in this process through histochemical, morphological and immunofluorescent assays. Moreover, a time-course expression analysis of newly synthesized pro-collagen1α1 (COL1α1) and basic FGF receptor (bFGFR, a known fibroblast marker) following rHvRNASET2 injection in the leech body wall further supported the occurrence of rHvRNASET2-mediated matrix remodelling. Human MRC-5 fibroblast cells were also investigated in order to evaluate their pattern of collagen neosynthesis driven by rHvRNASET2 injection.Taken together, the data reported in this work provide compelling evidence in support of a pleiotropic role for RNASET2 in orchestrating an evolutionarily conserved crosstalk between inflammatory response and regenerative process, based on macrophage recruitment and fibroblast activation, coupled to a massive extracellular reorganization.
Collapse
|
11
|
The medicinal leech as a valuable model for better understanding the role of a TLR4-like receptor in the inflammatory process. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:245-257. [PMID: 30919048 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigation focused on both the molecular characteristics and the expression level of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) during the inflammatory response in vertebrates, few data are available in the literature on the role of these proteins in invertebrate's immune response. Here, we propose the medicinal leech as a valuable model to better elucidate the role of TLR4 and its related products, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), after activation of the leech peripheral immune system with the endogenous medicinal leech recombinant allograft inflammatory factor-1 (rHmAIF-1) or with an exogenous stimulus, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results indicate that activated macrophages (HmAIF-1+) and granulocytes (CD11b+) express both TLR4 and its coreceptor CD14. Moreover, functional studies performed by injecting a cyanobacterium selective TLR4 antagonist CyP demonstrated that only the TLR4 pathway was blocked, while the immune response caused by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) treatment is not affected. These results are consistent with literature on vertebrates, indicating that TLR4 functions as a LPS receptor while the recognition of LTA may involve other pathways.
Collapse
|
12
|
Baranzini N, Monti L, Vanotti M, Orlandi VT, Bolognese F, Scaldaferri D, Girardello R, Tettamanti G, de Eguileor M, Vizioli J, Taramelli R, Acquati F, Grimaldi A. AIF-1 and RNASET2 Play Complementary Roles in the Innate Immune Response of Medicinal Leech. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:150-167. [PMID: 30368505 DOI: 10.1159/000493804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) and RNASET2 act as chemoattractants for macrophages and modulate the inflammatory processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The expression of these proteins significantly increases after bacterial infection; however, the mechanisms by which they regulate the innate immune response are still poorly defined. Here, we evaluate the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide injection on the expression pattern of these genes and the interrelation between them during innate immune response in the medicinal leech, an invertebrate model with a simple anatomy and a marked similarity with vertebrates in inflammatory processes. Collectively, prokaryotic-eukaryotic co-cultures and in vivo infection assays suggest that RNASET2 and AIF-1 play a crucial role in orchestrating a functional cross-talk between granulocytes and macrophages in leeches, resulting in the activation of an effective response against pathogen infection. RNASET2, firstly released by granulocytes, likely plays an early antibacterial role. Subsequently, AIF-1+ RNASET2-recruited macrophages further recruit other macrophages to potentiate the antibacterial inflammatory response. These experimental data are in keeping with the notion of RNA-SET2 acting as an alarmin-like molecule whose role is to locally transmit a "danger" signal (such as a bacterial infection) to the innate immune system in order to trigger an appropriate host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Monti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marta Vanotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Viviana T Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Debora Scaldaferri
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Roberto Taramelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A new cellular type in invertebrates: first evidence of telocytes in leech Hirudo medicinalis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13580. [PMID: 29051571 PMCID: PMC5648783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes, a peculiar cell type, were recently found in vertebrates. Hence this cell system has been reported as ubiquitous in the bodies of mammals and interpreted as an important player in innate immunity and tissue regeneration, it is reasonable to look for it also in invertebrates, that rely their integrity solely by innate immunity. Here we describe, at morphological and functional level, invertebrate telocytes from the body of leech Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida), suggesting how these cells, forming a resident stromal 3D network, can influence or participate in different events. These findings support the concepts that leech telocytes: i) are organized in a cellular dynamic and versatile 3D network likewise the vertebrate counterpart; ii) are an evolutionarily conserved immune-neuroendocrine system; iii) form an immuno-surveillance system of resident cells responding faster than migrating immunocytes recruited in stimulated area; iv) communicate with neighbouring cells directly and indirectly, via cell-cell contacts and soluble molecules secreted by multivesicular bodies; v) present within neo-vessels, share with immunocytes the mesodermal lineage; vi) are involved in regenerative processes. In conclusion, we propose that HmTCs, integrating so different functions, might explain the innate immune memory and can be associated with several aged related diseases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Marden JN, McClure EA, Beka L, Graf J. Host Matters: Medicinal Leech Digestive-Tract Symbionts and Their Pathogenic Potential. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1569. [PMID: 27790190 PMCID: PMC5061737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive-tract microbiota exert tremendous influence over host health. Host-symbiont model systems are studied to investigate how symbioses are initiated and maintained, as well as to identify host processes affected by resident microbiota. The medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, is an excellent model to address such questions owing to a microbiome that is consistently dominated by two species, Aeromonas veronii and Mucinivorans hirudinis, both of which are cultivable and have sequenced genomes. This review outlines current knowledge about the dynamics of the H. verbana microbiome. We discuss in depth the factors required for A. veronii colonization and proliferation in the leech crop and summarize the current understanding of interactions between A. veronii and its annelid host. Lastly, we discuss leech usage in modern medicine and highlight how leech-therapy associated infections, often attributable to Aeromonas spp., are of growing clinical concern due in part to an increased prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah N Marden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | - Emily A McClure
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | - Lidia Beka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, StorrsCT, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, StorrsCT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Girardello R, Tasselli S, Baranzini N, Valvassori R, de Eguileor M, Grimaldi A. Effects of Carbon Nanotube Environmental Dispersion on an Aquatic Invertebrate, Hirudo medicinalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144361. [PMID: 26636582 PMCID: PMC4670124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent widespread applications of nanomaterials, because of their properties, opens new scenarios that affect their dispersal in the environment. In particular multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), despite their qualities, seem to be harmful for animals and humans. To evaluate possible toxic effects caused by carbon nanotube environmental dispersion, with regard to aquatic compartment, we proposed as experimental model a freshwater invertebrate: Hirudo medicinalis. In the present study we analyse acute and chronic immune responses over a short (1, 3, 6 and 12 hours) and long time (from 1 to 5 weeks) exposure to MWCNTs by optical, electron and immunohistochemical approaches. In the exposed leeches angiogenesis and fibroplasia accompanied by massive cellular migration occur. Immunocytochemical characterization using specific markers shows that in these inflammatory processes the monocyte-macrophages (CD45+, CD68+) are the most involved cells. These immunocompetent cells are characterized by sequence of events starting from the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (in particular IL-18), and amyloidogenensis. Our combined experimental approaches, basing on high sensitive inflammatory response can highlight adverse effects of nanomaterials on aquatic organisms and could be useful to assess the MWCNTs impact on aquatic, terrestrial animal and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Tasselli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Valvassori
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schorn T, Drago F, Tettamanti G, Valvassori R, de Eguileor M, Vizioli J, Grimaldi A. Homolog of allograft inflammatory factor-1 induces macrophage migration during innate immune response in leech. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:853-64. [PMID: 25435328 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a 17-kDa cytokine-inducible calcium-binding protein that, in vertebrates, plays an important role in the allograft immune response. Its expression is mostly limited to the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Until recently, AIF-1 was assumed to be a novel molecule involved in inflammatory responses. To clarify this aspect, we have investigated the expression of AIF-1 after bacterial challenge and its potential role in regulating the innate immune response in an invertebrate model, the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis). Analysis of an expressed sequence tag library from the central nervous system of Hirudo revealed the presence of the gene Hmaif-1/alias Hmiba1, showing high homology with vertebrate aif-1. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-HmAIF-1 polyclonal antibody revealed the constitutive presence of this protein in spread CD68(+) macrophage-like cells. A few hours after pathogen (bacterial) injection into the body wall, the amount of these immunopositive cells co-expressing HmAIF-1 and the common leucocyte marker CD45 increased at the injected site. Moreover, the recombinant protein HmAIF-1 induced massive angiogenesis and was a potent chemoattractant for macrophages. Following rHmAIF-1 stimulation, macrophage-like cells co-expressed the macrophage marker CD68 and the surface glycoprotein CD45, which, in vertebrates, seems to have a role in the integrin-mediated adhesion of macrophages and in the regulation of the functional responsiveness of cells to chemoattractants. CD45 is therefore probably involved in leech macrophage-like cell activation and migration towards an inflammation site. We have also examined its potential effect on HmAIF-1-induced signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Schorn
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Macagno ER, Gaasterland T, Edsall L, Bafna V, Soares MB, Scheetz T, Casavant T, Da Silva C, Wincker P, Tasiemski A, Salzet M. Construction of a medicinal leech transcriptome database and its application to the identification of leech homologs of neural and innate immune genes. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:407. [PMID: 20579359 PMCID: PMC2996935 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is an important model system for the study of nervous system structure, function, development, regeneration and repair. It is also a unique species in being presently approved for use in medical procedures, such as clearing of pooled blood following certain surgical procedures. It is a current, and potentially also future, source of medically useful molecular factors, such as anticoagulants and antibacterial peptides, which may have evolved as a result of its parasitizing large mammals, including humans. Despite the broad focus of research on this system, little has been done at the genomic or transcriptomic levels and there is a paucity of openly available sequence data. To begin to address this problem, we constructed whole embryo and adult central nervous system (CNS) EST libraries and created a clustered sequence database of the Hirudo transcriptome that is available to the scientific community. Results A total of ~133,000 EST clones from two directionally-cloned cDNA libraries, one constructed from mRNA derived from whole embryos at several developmental stages and the other from adult CNS cords, were sequenced in one or both directions by three different groups: Genoscope (French National Sequencing Center), the University of Iowa Sequencing Facility and the DOE Joint Genome Institute. These were assembled using the phrap software package into 31,232 unique contigs and singletons, with an average length of 827 nt. The assembled transcripts were then translated in all six frames and compared to proteins in NCBI's non-redundant (NR) and to the Gene Ontology (GO) protein sequence databases, resulting in 15,565 matches to 11,236 proteins in NR and 13,935 matches to 8,073 proteins in GO. Searching the database for transcripts of genes homologous to those thought to be involved in the innate immune responses of vertebrates and other invertebrates yielded a set of nearly one hundred evolutionarily conserved sequences, representing all known pathways involved in these important functions. Conclusions The sequences obtained for Hirudo transcripts represent the first major database of genes expressed in this important model system. Comparison of translated open reading frames (ORFs) with the other openly available leech datasets, the genome and transcriptome of Helobdella robusta, shows an average identity at the amino acid level of 58% in matched sequences. Interestingly, comparison with other available Lophotrochozoans shows similar high levels of amino acid identity, where sequences match, for example, 64% with Capitella capitata (a polychaete) and 56% with Aplysia californica (a mollusk), as well as 58% with Schistosoma mansoni (a platyhelminth). Phylogenetic comparisons of putative Hirudo innate immune response genes present within the Hirudo transcriptome database herein described show a strong resemblance to the corresponding mammalian genes, indicating that this important physiological response may have older origins than what has been previously proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Macagno
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rio RVM, Anderegg M, Graf J. Characterization of a catalase gene from Aeromonas veronii, the digestive-tract symbiont of the medicinal leech. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1897-1906. [PMID: 17526846 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The catalase gene katA of the medicinal leech symbiont Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria was cloned, sequenced, and functionally characterized. Southern hybridization, using an A. veronii katA-specific hybridization probe, suggested the presence of a single gene copy in many Aeromonas species. A. veronii katA consisted of 1446 nt encoding a protein with a high degree of similarity to the small-subunit group III bacterial catalases. A catalase-null mutant (JG186) was constructed through gene-replacement mutagenesis. In the parent strain (HM21R), catalase activity was only detected in extracts of cells grown to early exponential phase following H(2)O(2) induction, in which the ability to induce activity was inversely related to optical density. In contrast, induced JG186 cells were very sensitive to oxidative stress, with survival being affected even at low H(2)O(2) concentrations. In contrast to the findings of previous reports of other symbiotic systems, the catalase mutant was not defective in its ability to competitively colonize or persist within its host, in both co-inoculation and sole-colonization assays. This body of evidence suggests either that oxidative stress, in the form of H(2)O(2) exposure, is not encountered by the microbial partner under the examined symbiotic conditions or that compensatory mechanisms exist. The data suggest that although many colonization factors reoccur, each symbiotic system has also evolved specific mechanisms that affect symbiont-host dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita V M Rio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Matthias Anderegg
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Berne, Friedbühlstr. 51, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Graf
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Berne, Friedbühlstr. 51, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sabella C, Faszewski E, Himic L, Colpitts KM, Kaltenbach J, Burger MM, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Cyclosporin A Suspends Transplantation Reactions in the Marine SpongeMicrociona prolifera. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5927-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Engelmann P, Cooper EL, Németh P. Anticipating innate immunity without a Toll. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:931-42. [PMID: 15829285 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Earthworm innate immunity depends upon small and large leukocytes (coelomocytes) that synthesize and secrete humoral antimicrobial molecules (e.g. lysenin, fetidin, eiseniapore, coelomic cytolytic factor [CCF]; Lumbricin I). Small coelomocytes (cytotoxic) are positive (CD11a, CD45RA, CD45RO, CDw49b, CD54, beta(2)-m and Thy-1 [CD90]; CD24; TNF-alpha) but negative using other mammalian markers. Large coelomocytes (phagocytic) are uniformly negative. Specific earthworm anti-EFCC 1, 2, 3, 4 mAbs are negative for Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes and mammalian cells but positive those of earthworms. Coelomocytes contain several lysosomal enzymes involved in phagocytosis and a pattern recognition molecule (CCF) that may trigger the prophenoloxidase cascade a crucial innate immune response. Earthworms and other invertebrates possess natural, non-specific, non-clonal, and non-anticipatory immune response governed by germ line genes. Toll and Toll-like receptor signaling is essential for phagocytosis and antimicrobial peptide synthesis and secretion in insects and vertebrates but has not yet been shown to be essential in earthworm innate responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12, H-7643 Pécs, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Engelmann P, Pálinkás L, Cooper EL, Németh P. Monoclonal antibodies identify four distinct annelid leukocyte markers. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 29:599-614. [PMID: 15784291 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the production and characterization of a library of monoclonal antibodies (anti-EFCC clones) raised against coelomocyte (leukocyte) markers of Eisenia fetida earthworm. Leukocyte subgroups are components of earthworm innate immunity that require a more precise characterization using immunological markers. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation analyzed and confirmed the specificity of anti-EFCC clones. Anti-EFCC mAbs revealed different leukocyte subpopulations and various staining patterns on tissues. Two functional assays (e.g. phagocytosis and encapsulation) further characterized EFCC clusters revealing a common coelomocyte marker and three subpopulation-specific markers. No crossreactivity was found on human, mouse, rat or cells from Drosophila melanogaster but immunoreactivity was detected on snail (Planorbarius corneus) tissues. Immunohistochemical results suggest mesodermal origin of all coelomocyte subgroups that agree with classical morphological analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7643, Pécs, Szigeti u.12, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cabrera PV, Blanco G, Ernst G, Alvarez E, Cooper EL, Hajos S. Coelomocyte locomotion in the sipunculan Themiste petricola induced by exogenous and endogenous chemoattractants: role of a CD44-like antigen--HA interaction. J Invertebr Pathol 2002; 79:111-9. [PMID: 12095240 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a key event in the invertebrate immuno-defense system. Microbial products like lipopolysacharide (LPS) and formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) promote cell recruitment to sites of infection. In mammals, complement activation by factors such as zymosan induces C5a production, which influences leukocyte migration. The endogenous factor hyaluronic acid (HA), an extracellular matrix component, also promotes cell migration through its receptor CD44. We evaluated whether coelomocytes from the sipunculan worm T. petricola migrated towards LPS, fMLP, or zymosan treated plasma (ZTP) and if HA was involved in coelomocyte migration and adhesion. We also evaluated if antibodies specific for mouse HA receptor CD44 inhibited any of the effects induced by HA. Using microchemotaxis chambers we found that coelomocytes migrated towards exogenously and endogenously derived chemoattractants. We also observed that HA was a potent chemotactic signal and that coelomocytes adhered strongly to plates coated with LMW-HA but not with HMW-HA. In addition we found that these HA mediated effects were blocked by the monoclonal antibody IM7 directed to mouse CD44, suggesting that a CD44-like cross-reactive antigen might play a role in HA mediated coelomocyte locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Cabrera
- Department of Immunology, IDEHU-National Research Council (CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Eguileor M, Grimaldi A, Tettamanti G, Congiu T, Protasoni M, Reguzzoni M, Valvassori R, Lanzavecchia G. Ultrastructure and functional versatility of hirudinean botryoidal tissue. Tissue Cell 2001; 33:332-41. [PMID: 11521948 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2001.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In leeches, the botryoidal tissue is composed of two different cell types--granular botryoidal cells and flattened endothelial-like cells--localized in the loose connective tissue between the gut and the body wall sac. We have observed that the botryoidal tissue undergoes functional and structural modifications in response to the different needs arising during the life-cycle of the animal. In healthy, untreated leeches, botryoidal cells are organized in cords or clusters, sometimes surrounding few, small lacunae. Conversely, in wounded animals we have observed the transition of the botryoidal tissue from cluster/cord-like structures to a hollow/tubular architecture, typical of pre-vascular structures. We have documented in botryoidal cell cytoplasm the presence of large calcium storage. Moreover, the cytoplasm of botryoidal cells was filled with granules of different form and size, containing iron or melanin, as tested by classic histochemical methods. The presence of elements like iron and calcium was confirmed by the well-established EDS analysis. In response to a surgical wound, botryoidal tissue cells changed their shape and formed new capillary vessels. Concurrently, botryoidal cells secreted iron from cytoplasmic granules into the new cavity: this secretory activity appeared to be related to intracellular calcium fluctuations. At the end of the angiogenic process, botryoidal cells lost their contact with the basal lamina and moved freely in the circulating fluid towards the lesioned area. Interestingly, circulating botryoidal cells were found to carry melanin in the wounded area. This function is probably involved in defense processes. Thus, we have shown that stimulated botryoidal tissue displays a variety of striking structural, secretory and defensive activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M de Eguileor
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
de Eguileor M, Grimaldi A, Tettamanti G, Valvassori R, Cooper EL, Lanzavecchia G. Lipopolysaccharide-dependent induction of leech leukocytes that cross-react with vertebrate cellular differentiation markers. Tissue Cell 2000; 32:437-45. [PMID: 11201283 DOI: 10.1054/tice.2000.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have designed experiments to characterise leech leukocytes that mediate inflammatory responses. Shortly after inflicting injury to the body wall in the presence of lipopolysaccharides, many cells resembling macrophages, NK cells and granulocytes of vertebrates and many invertebrates migrated to the lesioned area. Nuclei of migrating cells incorporated bromodeoxyuridine. Using human monoclonal antibodies, macrophage-like cells were positive for CD25, CD14, CD61, CD68, CD11b and CD11c. NK-like cells were positive for CD25, CD56, CD57 and CD16, and granulocytes were positive for CD11b and CD11c. In blots of leech extracts, the CD25 monoclonal antibody recognised a band of about 55 kD; the CD56 monoclonal antibody, two bands of about 140 and 210 kD; the CD57 monoclonal antibody, two bands of about 106 and 70 kD; the CD14 monoclonal antibody, a band of about 50 kD; the CD16 monoclonal antibody, a band of about 60 kD. CD61 and CD68 both recognised a band of about 110 kD; CD11b recognised a band of 200 kD, and CD11c, a band of 180 kD.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Aphidicolin/pharmacology
- Biomarkers
- Blotting, Western
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Bromodeoxyuridine/pharmacology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Movement
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Granulocytes/cytology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Integrin alphaXbeta2/biosynthesis
- Integrin beta3
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Leeches/chemistry
- Leeches/metabolism
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/biosynthesis
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Macrophages/cytology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
Collapse
|