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Gasser B, Frey WO, Valdivieso P, Scherr J, Kopf J, Spörri J, Flück M. Are the Positions in the Word Ranking of Competitive Alpine Skiers Explainable by Prominent Polymorphisms in Regulatory Genes of Mechanical and Metabolic Muscle Functioning? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39173035 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2387040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Background: The success of competitive alpine skiers with respective to their world ranking (WR) positions might be associated with prominent gene polymorphisms. Methods: Twenty-six competitive alpine skiers were followed from 2015 to 2019 for their WR positions (FIS-ranking). Using PCR, the genotypes of ACE-I/D, TNC, ACTN3, and PTK2 were identified. The correlations between the discipline-specific WR position (slalom-SL, giant slalom-GS, super G-SG, downhill-DH, and alpine combined-AC) and gene polymorphisms were analyzed concerning an influence with multivariate regression models. Results: The WR position and the ACE gene as well as the copy number of the ACE I-allele exhibited reciprocal relationships for speed specialists (SG and DH) but not for technical specialists (SL and GS). Similarly, the gene polymorphisms ACTN3 and (partly) PTK2 were associated with the WR position in disciplines characterized by a high number of turns (technical specialists-SL and GS) and speed (speed-specialists-SG and DH), respectively. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the contributions of aerobic and cardiovascular metabolism in fueling muscle work and recovering from muscle fatigue for competitive success in slalom-driven skiing disciplines and highlight the contributions of sequence variants in the genes ACE, TNC, and ACTN3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juana Kopf
- Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich
| | - Martin Flück
- University of Zurich
- University of Fribourg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport - BASPO
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2
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Mei T, Li Y, Li X, Yang X, Li L, Yan X, He ZH. A Genotype-Phenotype Model for Predicting Resistance Training Effects on Leg Press Performance. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:458-472. [PMID: 38122824 DOI: 10.1055/a-2234-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study develops a comprehensive genotype-phenotype model for predicting the effects of resistance training on leg press performance. A cohort of physically inactive adults (N=193) underwent 12 weeks of resistance training, and measurements of maximum isokinetic leg press peak force, muscle mass, and thickness were taken before and after the intervention. Whole-genome genotyping was performed, and genome-wide association analysis identified 85 novel SNPs significantly associated with changes in leg press strength after training. A prediction model was constructed using stepwise linear regression, incorporating seven lead SNPs that explained 40.4% of the training effect variance. The polygenic score showed a significant positive correlation with changes in leg press strength. By integrating genomic markers and phenotypic indicators, the comprehensive prediction model explained 75.4% of the variance in the training effect. Additionally, five SNPs were found to potentially impact muscle contraction, metabolism, growth, and development through their association with REACTOME pathways. Individual responses to resistance training varied, with changes in leg press strength ranging from -55.83% to 151.20%. The study highlights the importance of genetic factors in predicting training outcomes and provides insights into the potential biological functions underlying resistance training effects. The comprehensive model offers valuable guidance for personalized fitness programs based on individual genetic profiles and phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Teaching Affairs, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Academy of Sports, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malim, Malaysia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zi-Hong He
- Exercise Biology Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza A, Cacicedo J, Castañeda-Babarro A. Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training in Patients With Breast Cancer (CaRTiC Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Clin Oncol 2024; 47:161-168. [PMID: 38018533 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine supplementation is an effective ergogenic nutrient for athletes, as well as for people starting a health or fitness program. Resistance training has previously been identified as an important method of increasing muscle mass and strength, especially in people with cancer to avoid sarcopenia. The potential of creatine supplementation for adaptations produced by resistance training in patients with cancer is still unknown. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a supervised resistance training program intervention with and without creatine supplementation in patients with breast cancer. METHODS Is a multicentre, randomized, blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients will be randomly assigned to a control group and 2 experimental groups. The first training resistance group (RG) will perform resistance training, while the second experimental resistance-creatine group will perform the same resistance training as the RG and will also receive a 5 g/d creatine supplementation during the intervention. RG participants will follow the same daily dosing protocol, but in their case, with dextrose/maltodextrin. Resistance training will be a 16-week supervised workout that will consist of a series of resistance exercises (leg press, knee extension, knee bends, chest press, sit-ups, back extensions, pull-ups, and shoulder press) that involve the largest muscle groups, performed 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days. Both the RG and the resistance-creatine group will receive a supplement of soluble protein powder (20 to 30 g) daily. CONCLUSION This intervention will help to better understand the potential of nonpharmacological treatment for improving strength and well-being values in patients with breast cancer with and without creatine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Cacicedo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Group for Radiology and Physical Medicine in Oncology, Cruces University Hospital/Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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Jacques M, Landen S, Romero JA, Hiam D, Schittenhelm RB, Hanchapola I, Shah AD, Voisin S, Eynon N. Methylome and proteome integration in human skeletal muscle uncover group and individual responses to high-intensity interval training. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23184. [PMID: 37698381 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300840rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a major beneficial contributor to muscle metabolism, and health benefits acquired by exercise are a result of molecular shifts occurring across multiple molecular layers (i.e., epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome). Identifying robust, across-molecular level targets associated with exercise response, at both group and individual levels, is paramount to develop health guidelines and targeted health interventions. Sixteen, apparently healthy, moderately trained (VO2 max = 51.0 ± 10.6 mL min-1 kg-1 ) males (age range = 18-45 years) from the Gene SMART (Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Training) study completed a longitudinal study composed of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of HIIT. DNA methylation (~850 CpG sites) and proteomic (~3000 proteins) analyses were conducted at all time points. Mixed models were applied to estimate group and individual changes, and methylome and proteome integration was conducted using a holistic multilevel approach with the mixOmics package. A total of 461 proteins significantly changed over time (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks), whilst methylome overall shifted with training only one differentially methylated position (DMP) was significant (adj.p-value < .05). K-means analysis revealed cumulative protein changes by clusters of proteins that presented similar changes over time. Individual responses to training were observed in 101 proteins. Seven proteins had large effect-sizes >0.5, among them are two novel exercise-related proteins, LYRM7 and EPN1. Integration analysis showed bidirectional relationships between the methylome and proteome. We showed a significant influence of HIIT on the epigenome and more so on the proteome in human muscle, and uncovered groups of proteins clustering according to similar patterns across the exercise intervention. Individual responses to exercise were observed in the proteome with novel mitochondrial and metabolic proteins consistently changed across individuals. Future work is required to elucidate the role of these proteins in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier Alvarez Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iresha Hanchapola
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anup D Shah
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Bulgay C, Cepicka L, Dalip M, Yıldırım S, Ceylan Hİ, Yılmaz ÖÖ, Ulucan K, Badicu G, Cerit M. The relationships between ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance characteristics in professional soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:121. [PMID: 37749582 PMCID: PMC10518950 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research on athletic performance focuses on genetic variants that contribute significantly to individuals' performance. ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms are variants frequently associated with athletic performance among different populations. However, there is limited research examining the pre-and post-test results of some variants of athletic performance in soccer players. Therefore, the presented research is to examine the relationships between the ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance improvement rates in adaptations to six weeks of training in elite soccer players using some athletic performance tests. METHODOLOGY Twenty-two soccer players between the ages of 18 and 35 voluntarily participated in the study. All participants were actively engaged in a rigorous six-day-a-week training program during the pre-season preparation period. Preceding and following the training program, a battery of diverse athletic performance tests was administered to the participants. Moreover, Genomic DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells using the Invitrogen DNA isolation kit (Invitrogen, USA), following the manufacturer's protocol. Genotyping was conducted using real-time PCR. To assess the pre- and post-test performance differences of soccer players, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was employed. RESULTS Upon analyzing the results of the soccer players based on the ACTN3 genotype variable, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences in the SJ (Squat Jump), 30m sprint, CMJ (Counter Movement Jump), and DJ (Drop Jump) performance tests (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was identified in the YOYO IRT 2 (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2) and 1RM (One Repetition Maximum) test outcomes (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.028, 0.028, 0.008, 0.000, respectively; 1RM: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.010, 0.34, 0.001, respectively). Regarding the PPARA-α genotype variable, the statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the SJ, 30m sprint, CMJ, and DJ performance tests (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, a statistically significant difference was observed in the YOYO IRT 2 and 1RM test results (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CG p = 0.001, 0.020; 1RM: CC, p = 0.000) CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated significant enhancements in only YOYO INT 2 and 1RM test outcomes across nearly all gene variants following the six-day-a-week training program. Other performance tests, such as the 30m sprint, SJ, CMJ, and DJ tests did not exhibit statistically significant differences. These findings contribute novel insights into the molecular processes involving PPARA-α rs4253778 and ACTN3 rs1815739 that underpin enhancements in endurance (YOYO INT 2) and maximal strength (1RM) aspects of athletic performance. However, to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the association between these polymorphisms and athletic performance, further investigations are warranted. It is thought that the use of field and genetic analyses together to support each other will be an important detail for athletes to reach high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celal Bulgay
- Sports Science Faculty, Bingol University, Bingöl, 12000 Türkiye
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, 30100 Czech Republic
| | - Metin Dalip
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University in Tetovo, Tetova, 1200 Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Selin Yıldırım
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
| | - Halil İ. Ceylan
- Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Türkiye
| | - Özlem Ö. Yılmaz
- Institute of Health Sciences Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Korkut Ulucan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Brasov, 500068 Romania
| | - Mesut Cerit
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
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6
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Hiam D, Jones P, Pitsiladis Y, Eynon N. Genomics and Biology of Exercise, Where Are We Now? Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:e112-e114. [PMID: 37656977 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - Patrice Jones
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ash GI, Nally LM, Stults-Kolehmainen M, De Los Santos M, Jeon S, Brandt C, Gulanski BI, Spanakis EK, Baker JS, Weinzimer SA, Fucito LM. Personalized Digital Health Information to Substantiate Human-Delivered Exercise Support for Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:512-520. [PMID: 36715983 PMCID: PMC10898917 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pilot-test personalized digital health information to substantiate human-delivered exercise support for adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). DESIGN Single-group, 2-week baseline observation, then 10-week intervention with follow-up observation. SETTING Community-based sample participating remotely with physician oversight. PARTICIPANTS Volunteers aged 18 to 65 years with T1D screened for medical readiness for exercise intervention offerings. N = 20 enrolled, and N = 17 completed all outcomes with 88% to 91% biosensor adherence. INTERVENTION Feedback on personalized data from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), its intersection with other ecological data sets (exercise, mood, and sleep), and other informational and motivational elements (exercise videos, text-based exercise coach, and self-monitoring diary). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Feasibility (use metrics and assessment completion), safety (mild and severe hypoglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis), acceptability (system usability scale, single items, and interview themes), and standard clinical and psychosocial assessments. RESULTS Participants increased exercise from a median of 0 (Interquartile range, 0-21) to 64 (20-129) minutes per week ( P = 0.001, d = 0.71) with no severe hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis. Body mass index increased (29.5 ± 5.1 to 29.8 ± 5.4 kg/m 2 , P = 0.02, d = 0.57). Highest satisfaction ratings were for CGM use (89%) and data on exercise and its intersection with CGM and sleep (94%). Satisfaction was primarily because of improved exercise management behavioral skills, although derived motivation was transient. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was feasible, safe, and acceptable. However, there is a need for more intensive, sustained support. Future interventions should perform analytics upon the digital health information and molecular biomarkers (eg, genomics) to make exercise support tools that are more personalized, automated, and intensive than our present offerings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett I Ash
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen
- Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
- Teachers College - Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Cynthia Brandt
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Barbara I Gulanski
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elias K Spanakis
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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Konopka MJ, Sperlich B, Rietjens G, Zeegers MP. Genetics and athletic performance: a systematic SWOT analysis of non-systematic reviews. Front Genet 2023; 14:1232987. [PMID: 37621703 PMCID: PMC10445150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1232987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise genetics/genomics is a growing research discipline comprising several Strengths and Opportunities but also deals with Weaknesses and Threats. This "systematic SWOT overview of non-systematic reviews" (sSWOT) aimed to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats linked to exercise genetics/genomics. A systematic search was conducted in the Medline and Embase databases for non-systematic reviews to provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature/research area. The extracted data was thematically analyzed, coded, and categorized into SWOT clusters. In the 45 included reviews five Strengths, nine Weaknesses, six Opportunities, and three Threats were identified. The cluster of Strengths included "advances in technology", "empirical evidence", "growing research discipline", the "establishment of consortia", and the "acceptance/accessibility of genetic testing". The Weaknesses were linked to a "low research quality", the "complexity of exercise-related traits", "low generalizability", "high costs", "genotype scores", "reporting bias", "invasive methods", "research progress", and "causality". The Opportunities comprised of "precision exercise", "omics", "multicenter studies", as well as "genetic testing" as "commercial"-, "screening"-, and "anti-doping" detection tool. The Threats were related to "ethical issues", "direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies", and "gene doping". This overview of the present state of the art research in sport genetics/genomics indicates a field with great potential, while also drawing attention to the necessity for additional advancement in methodological and ethical guidance to mitigate the recognized Weaknesses and Threats. The recognized Strengths and Opportunities substantiate the capability of genetics/genomics to make significant contributions to the performance and wellbeing of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Gasser B, Frey WO, Valdivieso P, Scherr J, Spörri J, Flück M. Association of Gene Variants with Seasonal Variation in Muscle Strength and Aerobic Capacity in Elite Skiers. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1165. [PMID: 37372345 PMCID: PMC10298717 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The training of elite skiers follows a systematic seasonal periodization with a preparation period, when anaerobic muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and cardio-metabolic recovery are specifically conditioned to provide extra capacity for developing ski-specific physical fitness in the subsequent competition period. We hypothesized that periodization-induced alterations in muscle and metabolic performance demonstrate important variability, which in part is explained by gene-associated factors in association with sex and age. Methods: A total of 34 elite skiers (20.4 ± 3.1 years, 19 women, 15 men) underwent exhaustive cardiopulmonary exercise and isokinetic strength testing before and after the preparation and subsequent competition periods of the World Cup skiing seasons 2015-2018. Biometric data were recorded, and frequent polymorphisms in five fitness genes, ACE-I/D (rs1799752), TNC (rs2104772), ACTN3 (rs1815739), and PTK2 (rs7460, rs7843014), were determined with specific PCR reactions on collected DNA. Relative percentage changes of cardio-pulmonary and skeletal muscle metabolism and performance over the two seasonal periods were calculated for 160 data points and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify hypothesized and novel associations between performance alterations and the five respective genotypes and determine the influence of age × sex. A threshold of 0.1 for the effect size (h2) was deemed appropriate to identify relevant associations and motivate a post hoc test to localize effects. Results: The preparation and competition periods produced antidromic functional changes, the extent of which varied with increasing importance for anaerobic strength, aerobic performance, cardio-metabolic efficiency, and cardio-metabolic/muscle recovery. Only peak RER (-14%), but not anaerobic strength and peak aerobic performance, and parameters characterizing cardio-metabolic efficiency, differed between the first and last studied skiing seasons because improvements over the preparation period were mostly lost over the competition period. A number of functional parameters demonstrated associations of variability in periodic changes with a given genotype, and this was considerably influenced by athlete "age", but not "sex". This concerned age-dependent associations between periodic changes in muscle-related parameters, such as anaerobic strength for low and high angular velocities of extension and flexion and blood lactate concentration, with rs1799752 and rs2104772, whose gene products relate to sarcopenia. By contrast, the variance in period-dependent changes in body mass and peak VO2 with rs1799752 and rs2104772, respectively, was independent of age. Likely, the variance in periodic changes in the reliance of aerobic performance on lactate, oxygen uptake, and heart rate was associated with rs1815739 independent of age. These associations manifested at the post hoc level in genotype-associated differences in critical performance parameters. ACTN3 T-allele carriers demonstrated, compared to non-carriers, largely different periodic changes in the muscle-associated parameters of aerobic metabolism during exhaustive exercise, including blood lactate and respiration exchange ratio. The homozygous T-allele carriers of rs2104772 demonstrated the largest changes in extension strength at low angular velocity during the preparation period. Conclusions: Physiological characteristics of performance in skiing athletes undergo training period-dependent seasonal alterations the extent of which is largest for muscle metabolism-related parameters. Genotype associations for the variability in changes of aerobic metabolism-associated power output during exhaustive exercise and anaerobic peak power over the preparation and competition period motivate personalized training regimes. This may help to predict and maximize the benefit of physical conditioning of elite skiers based on chronological characteristics and the polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, and TNC genes investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gasser
- Department of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paola Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist Campus, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Johannes Scherr
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jörg Spörri
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.S.)
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Department of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist Campus, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport—BASPO, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
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The Effect of Selected Polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA Genes on the Immediate Supercompensation Training Effect of Elite Slovak Endurance Runners and Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091525. [PMID: 36140693 PMCID: PMC9498790 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of selected polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes on the immediate supercompensation training effect of elite Slovak endurance runners and football players compared with a sedentary control group. Adaptation effect levels were evaluated by 10 s continuous vertical jump test parameters measured by Optojump. Genetic polymorphisms were determined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. We found significant differences in the effect of PPARA genotypes in the experimental group. C allele genotypes represented an advantage in immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05). We observed a significant combined effect of multiple genes on immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05): the RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene, the ID genotype of the ACE gene, the Pro/Pro genotype of HIF1A, and the GC and GG genotypes of PPARA genes. In the control group, we found a significant effect (p < 0.05) on immediate supercompensation of the II genotype of the ACE gene and the Pro/Ser genotype of the HIF1A gene. We found significant differences in genotype frequency of ACE (p < 0.01) and PPARA (p < 0.001) genes. We confirmed that individual genetic polymorphisms of ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes have a different effect on the level of immediate supercompensation of the lower limbs depending on the training adaptation of the probands and the combination of genotypes.
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Herold F, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Budde H, Zou L, Strobach T, Müller NG, Gronwald T. Causes and Consequences of Interindividual Response Variability: A Call to Apply a More Rigorous Research Design in Acute Exercise-Cognition Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682891. [PMID: 34366881 PMCID: PMC8339555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The different responses of humans to an apparently equivalent stimulus are called interindividual response variability. This phenomenon has gained more and more attention in research in recent years. The research field of exercise-cognition has also taken up this topic, as shown by a growing number of studies published in the past decade. In this perspective article, we aim to prompt the progress of this research field by (i) discussing the causes and consequences of interindividual variability, (ii) critically examining published studies that have investigated interindividual variability of neurocognitive outcome parameters in response to acute physical exercises, and (iii) providing recommendations for future studies, based on our critical examination. The provided recommendations, which advocate for a more rigorous study design, are intended to help researchers in the field to design studies allowing them to draw robust conclusions. This, in turn, is very likely to foster the development of this research field and the practical application of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, German University for Health and Sports (DHGS), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Kittilsen HT, Goleva-Fjellet S, Freberg BI, Nicolaisen I, Støa EM, Bratland-Sanda S, Helgerud J, Wang E, Sæbø M, Støren Ø. Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636972. [PMID: 33679448 PMCID: PMC7925619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of age, gender, baseline strength, and selected candidate polymorphisms on maximal strength training (MST) adaptations. Methods A total of 49 subjects (22 men and 27 women) aged 20–76 years, divided into five age groups, completed an 8 weeks MST intervention. Each MST session consisted of 4 sets with 4 repetitions at ∼85–90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) intensity in leg-press, three times per week. 1RM was tested pre and post the intervention and blood samples were drawn to genotype candidate polymorphisms ACE I/D (rs1799752), ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678). Results All age groups increased leg-press 1RM (p < 0.01), with a mean improvement of 24.2 ± 14.0%. There were no differences in improvements between the five age groups or between male and female participants, and there were no non-responders. Baseline strength status did not correlate with 1RM improvements. PPARGC1A rs8192678 T allele carriers had a 15% higher age- and gender corrected baseline 1RM than the CC genotype (p < 0.05). C allele carriers improved 1RM (%) by 34.2% more than homozygotes for the T allele (p < 0.05). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report improvement in leg-press maximal strength regardless of gender, baseline strength status in all age groups. The present study is also first to demonstrate an association between the PPARGC1A rs8192678 and maximal strength and its trainability in a moderately trained cohort. MST may be beneficial for good health and performance of all healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Torvild Kittilsen
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Sannija Goleva-Fjellet
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Baard Ingegerdsson Freberg
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway.,The Norwegian Biathlon Association, Oslo, Norway.,Top Sports Medical Office, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Iver Nicolaisen
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Støa
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mona Sæbø
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
| | - Øyvind Støren
- Department of Sport and Outdoor Life Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
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