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Oliva R, Grassi S, Marchetti C, Cazzato F, Marinelli R, Scambia G, Fagotti A. Medicolegal and insurance issues regarding BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene tests in high income countries. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2024; 34:935-941. [PMID: 38642925 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome is an autosomal dominant cancer susceptibility syndrome mainly due to variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Patients presenting with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations have a lifetime risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer (80% and 40%, respectively). Genetic testing to explore the predisposition to develop cancer represents a pivotal factor in such cases, and this review wants to explore the main implications in terms of medicolegal liability and insurance issues. Medicolegal issues related to these diagnostic processes include: (a) failure to recommend the test; (b) failure to properly interpret the test; (c) failure to correctly translate results into clinical practice; (d) lack of informed consent; and (e) failure to refer patients to specialized genetic counseling. Such errors may lead to compensation since the legal burden inherent in the efficacy of prophylactic interventions is a proof that requires the so-called 'preponderance of the evidence'. Concerning insurance issues, the carriers of such alleles without cancer are healthy because the genetic predisposition is not a disease per se but represents a (relevant) health risk. However, disclosure of these conditions can be impelled by insurers. It can lead to so-called 'genetic discrimination' because insurance companies might use genetic information to limit insurance options or increase their costs. Many private and public healthcare funders do not cover risk reducing surgeries, even when recommended as part of a risk reduction management plan for BRCA gene mutation carriers. Here, positions on these matters from different high income countries are discussed, stressing the importance of a common supranational or international regulatory framework to reach a trade-off between the economic interests of insurers and the rights of carriers not to disclose extremely sensitive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Oliva
- Department of Women's and Child Health and Public Health Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Campus di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Grassi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Forensic Medical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Marchetti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Campus di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Department of Women's and Child Health and Public Health Sciences, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Cazzato
- Section Legal Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Campus di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Marinelli
- Section Legal Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Campus di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Campus di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Department of Women's and Child Health and Public Health Sciences, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Fagotti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Campus di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Department of Women's and Child Health and Public Health Sciences, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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Hansson E, Brorson F, Löfstrand J, Elander A, Svensson M. Systematic review of cost-effectiveness in breast reconstruction: deep inferior epigastric perforator flap vs. implant-based breast reconstruction. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2024; 59:1-13. [PMID: 38189784 DOI: 10.2340/jphs.v59.19649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several techniques for reconstructing breasts after mastectomy, but little scientific evidence for which technique is superior. The aim of this systematic review was to compare the cost-effectiveness of implant-based and autologous reconstruction and to evaluate the overall certainty of evidence, as well as the quality of reporting of the included studies. METHODS Studies investigating the cost-effectiveness of breast reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap compared to implant-based reconstruction, meeting criteria defined in a PICO (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome), were included. Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, CinahL, EconLit, and NHS EED databases were searched. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence, and the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standard (CHEERS) 2022 was used to evaluate the quality of reporting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A total of 256 abstracts were retrieved from the search, and after scrutiny, seven studies were included. The findings of this present systematic review should be interpreted with caution as the overall certainty of evidence is low (GRADE ƟƟОО). The included studies suggest that DIEP-flaps are cost-effective compared with implant-based breast reconstruction when the applied cost-effectiveness thresholds of $50,000 to $100,000 per quality-adjusted life years are used. It is noteworthy that no high level evidence exists regarding cost-effeciency, to support recommendations and decision in breast reconstruction. Methodological issues that can be improved in future studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hansson
- Department of Plastic surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Brorson
- Department of Plastic surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Löfstrand
- Department of Plastic surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Elander
- Department of Plastic surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Svensson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fancellu A, Deiana G, Sanna V, Rubino C, Cossu A, Cottu P, Giuliani G, Sant L, Norcia G, Porcu A. Rising age-specific rates of immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy: Report from an Italian Breast Unit. J Surg Oncol 2023; 128:1227-1234. [PMID: 37592864 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) represents a fundamental part in the management of patients receiving mastectomy. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the use of IBR in all age groups. The study aims were to evaluate the age-specific trend of IBR, and to discuss its effects in work organization at an Italian Breast Unit. METHODS We searched for women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2010 and 2019, focusing on IBR rates in patients who received mastectomy. Age-specific trends were assessed using the Cochrane-Armitage test. Differences in operative times and hospital stay between women undergoing mastectomy + IBR (Ma + IBR) or mastectomy alone (Ma) were evaluated by Student's t test or χ2 test. RESULTS Among 1915 patients, 62.4% underwent breast conserving surgery (BCS), and 37.6% mastectomy. Overall, rates of Ma + IBR increased from 32% in 2010 to 58% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Although rates of IBR rose in all age groups, the trend was significantly increased among patients aged 50-59 (p < 0.001), 60-69 (p < 0.0001), and 70-79 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rates of Ma + IBR have increased over years, especially among older women. Ma + IBR resulted in longer operative times and hospital stay than Ma alone. These findings imply that, in the near future, resources should be implemented to improve and strengthen the surgical activity of Breast Units, to support the increasing use of IBR in women of all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fancellu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of General Surgery 2-Clinica Chirurgica, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulia Deiana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of General Surgery 2-Clinica Chirurgica, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valeria Sanna
- AOU Sassari, Department of Oncohematology, Unit of Medical Oncology, Sassari, Italy
| | - Corrado Rubino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of Plastic Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of Pathology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pietrina Cottu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of General Surgery 2-Clinica Chirurgica, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of General Surgery 2-Clinica Chirurgica, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lisa Sant
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Sassari Medical School, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Norcia
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Sassari Medical School, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of General Surgery 2-Clinica Chirurgica, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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von Fritschen U, Seidenstücker K, Sigalove S. Current trends in postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2023; 35:73-79. [PMID: 36165007 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Breast reconstruction is established as integral part of the treatment. New materials, indications and surgical techniques are subject to rapid modification to further improve safety, quality and longevity. RECENT FINDINGS Skin-sparing-mastectomy is accepted as an appropriate alternative in risk-reducing and many breast cancer patients, further reducing conventional mastectomy patterns.Radiation in combination with reconstruction is still challenging with no clear advances reducing skin-toxicity.Autologous reconstructions, not only in radiation settings, are turning to a first line approach. A trend driven by improved techniques to minimize morbidity and flap-variations.Breast implant surfaces associated with a high risk of Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) are now withdrawn. The residual risk for the remaining implant styles is not known, but can be expected considerably lower than estimations published presently.In order to reduce local complications, supplemental material often in combination with prepectoral implant placement is advertised. The present evidence on long-term outcome is limited.Super-microsurgery treating lymphedema is evolving rapidly. Refinements of various techniques and their differential indication are under evaluation to standardize the procedures. SUMMARY Breast reconstruction evolved to a complex, specialized field with a multitude of options. A multidisciplinary team is required to fully utilize todays potential and offer optimal individual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe von Fritschen
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Berlin
| | - Katrin Seidenstücker
- Sana Kliniken Düsseldorf, Department of Plastic Surgery
- University of Düsseldorf (UKD) - Department of Gynecology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steven Sigalove
- Scottsdale Center for Plastic Surgery, Paradise Valley, Arizona, USA
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Kantelhardt C, Frank K, Kohler L, Cotofana S, Alfertshofer M, Hagen CS, Walbrun A, Karcz K, Giunta RE, Möllhoff N. [Change of Gaze Pattern depending on the Stage of DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: a Preliminary Eye-Tracking Investigation]. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 2022; 54:356-362. [PMID: 35944538 DOI: 10.1055/a-1794-5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast reconstruction using autologous tissue is an integral part of breast cancer treatment. While many studies have elucidated the impact of breast reconstruction on patients' quality of life, self-esteem, sexuality and more, there is a lack of objective data regarding the effects on external observers. Aim of this study was to investigate the change in gaze pattern of independent observers depending on the stage of DIEP-flap breast reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eye-tracking technology was utilized to analyze the eye movements of 58 study participants while viewing 2 D photographs of a patient after mastectomy and different stages of DIEP-flap breast reconstruction. Time until first fixation and total time of fixation were recorded and con- secutively analyzed for the right and left breast on each image. RESULTS Overall, the total time of fixation of the operated breast decreased significantly over the different stages of breast reconstruction, with p<0.001. At the same time, there was no statistically significant change in total time of fixation of the non-operated breast, with p=0.174. The time until first fixation showed a significant increase over the different stages of reconstruction for the reconstructed breast, with p<0.001, while no significant differences were found for the opposite breast, with p=0.344. CONCLUSION Mastectomy and the individual steps of breast reconstruction alter the perception of breast cancer patients. Over the course of breast reconstruction, the deviation of gaze in the direction of the affected breast is reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Kantelhardt
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
| | - Konstantin Frank
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
| | - Lukas Kohler
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
| | - Sebastian Cotofana
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Department of Clinical Anatomy
| | - Michael Alfertshofer
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
| | - Christine Sophie Hagen
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
| | - Alina Walbrun
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
| | - Konrad Karcz
- Klinikum der Universität München, Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, und Transplantationschirurgie
| | - Riccardo E Giunta
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
| | - Nicholas Möllhoff
- Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München Abteilung für Hand-, Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie
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Moellhoff N, Arnez T, Athanasopoulos E, Costa H, De Santis G, De Mortillet S, Demirdöver C, Benedetto GD, Dzonov B, Elander A, Hansson E, Henley M, Jecan CR, Kaartinen I, Karabeg R, Kharkov A, Kneafsey B, Gjorgova ST, Palencar D, Portincasa A, Psaras G, Rakhorst H, Alonso MER, Rouif M, Saboye J, Pompeo FSD, Spendel S, Stepic N, Vasar O, Zic R, Giunta RE. ESPRAS Survey on Continuing Education in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery in Europe. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 2022; 54:365-373. [PMID: 35944539 DOI: 10.1055/a-1894-7436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialty training in plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery is a prerequisite for safe and effective provision of care. The aim of this study was to assess and portray similarities and differences in the continuing education and specialization in plastic surgery in Europe. MATERIAL AND METHODS A detailed questionnaire was designed and distributed utilizing an online survey administration software. Questions addressed core items regarding continuing education and specialization in plastic surgery in Europe. Participants were addressed directly via the European Leadership Forum (ELF) of the European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (ESPRAS). All participants had detailed knowledge of the organization and management of plastic surgical training in their respective country. RESULTS The survey was completed by 29 participants from 23 European countries. During specialization, plastic surgeons in Europe are trained in advanced tissue transfer and repair and aesthetic principles in all parts of the human body and within several subspecialties. Moreover, rotations in intensive as well as emergency care are compulsory in most European countries. Board certification is only provided for surgeons who have had multiple years of training regulated by a national board, who provide evidence of individually performed operative procedures in several anatomical regions and subspecialties, and who pass a final oral and/or written examination. CONCLUSION Board certified plastic surgeons meet the highest degree of qualification, are trained in all parts of the body and in the management of complications. The standard of continuing education and qualification of European plastic surgeons is high, providing an excellent level of plastic surgical care throughout Europe. HINTERGRUND Die Facharzt-Weiterbildung für Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für sichere und effektive Patientenversorgung. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Darstellung von Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden in der Weiterbildung für Plastische Chirurgie innerhalb von Europa. MATERIALIEN UND METHODEN Ein internetbasierter Fragebogen wurde mit Hilfe eines kostenlosen Formularerstellungstools erstellt und verteilt. Die Fragen betrafen Kernpunkte der Weiterbildung für Plastische Chirurgie in Europa. Die Teilnehmer wurden direkt über das European Leadership Forum (ELF) der European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (ESPRAS) kontaktiert. Alle Teilnehmer hatten weitreichende Kenntnisse über die Organisation und Struktur der plastisch-chirurgischen Weiterbildung in ihrem jeweiligen Land. ERGEBNISSE 29 Teilnehmer*innen aus 23 europäischen Ländern nahmen an der Umfrage teil. Die Weiterbildung für Plastische Chirurgie beinhaltet grundlegende Prinzipien und Techniken zur Wiederherstellung von Form und Funktion innerhalb der verschiedenen Säulen der Plastischen Chirurgie, sowie in allen Körperregionen. In den meisten europäischen Ländern ist eine Rotation in der Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin und die Behandlung kritisch kranker Patienten obligatorisch. Voraussetzung für die Facharztbezeichnung ist die mehrjährige, national organisierte Weiterbildung, der Nachweis einer festgelegten Anzahl selbstständig durchgeführter Operationen, sowie die mündliche und/oder schriftliche Abschlussprüfung. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG Fachärzte für Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie sind hochqualifiziert und auch im Umgang mit Komplikationen geschult. Der Standard der Weiterbildung der europäischen Plastischen Chirurgen ist hoch, so dass innerhalb Europas eine hohe Qualität plastisch-chirurgischer Versorgung gewährleistet ist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Moellhoff
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Tine Arnez
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and Burns, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elias Athanasopoulos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Horacio Costa
- Aveiro University Plastic Reconstructive Craniomaxillofacial Hand and Microsurgical Unit, Gaia Hospital Center, Portugal
| | - Giorgio De Santis
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stephane De Mortillet
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni di Benedetto
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Boro Dzonov
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Anna Elander
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emma Hansson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mark Henley
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University St Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Uni. Clinic for plastic and reconstructive surgery, Vodnjanska bb, Skopje, N. Macedonia
| | - Cristian Radu Jecan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Kaartinen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals, United Kingdom
| | - Reuf Karabeg
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, "Prof Dr Agrippa Ionescu" Clinic Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrey Kharkov
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Drahomir Palencar
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelio Portincasa
- University Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skopje, N. Macedonia
| | - Georgios Psaras
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Faculty of Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hinne Rakhorst
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Foggia Medical School, University of Foggia , Italy
| | | | | | - Jacques Saboye
- Plastic and reconstructive surgery, ZGT, Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nenad Stepic
- Clinique Médipôle Garonne, 45, rue de Gironis, 31036 Toulouse, France
| | - Olavi Vasar
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, School of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rado Zic
- Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Burns Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Riccardo E Giunta
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Fat Grafting following Internal Tissue Expansion: An Option for Breast Reconstruction after Total Mastectomy. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2022; 10:e4088. [PMID: 35169521 PMCID: PMC8835577 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breast reconstruction is currently performed as standard practice. Methods: A prospective study was performed of patients after total mastectomy who underwent autologous breast reconstruction with fat grafting (FG) combined with internal tissue expansion between September 2015 and December 2020. The patients were classified into groups A to F depending on the steps of breast reconstruction. Groups A and B described patients with completed breast reconstruction with FG and expander removal, with or without nipple/areola complex reconstruction. C described patients during deflation of the expander combined with simultaneous FG. D described patients after expander implantation and refilling. E described patients after first FG, and F included patients who discontinued reconstruction with the described method and converted to reconstruction with a breast implant. Results: Among 22 treated patients‚ two were after first FG (9.09%‚ group E), two were after expander implantation and refilling (9.09%‚ group D), three were during deflation of the expander combined with simultaneous FG (13.63%‚ group C), and four (18.18%) had completed breast reconstruction—two (9.09%) without NAC reconstruction and symmetrization (group B) and two (9.09%) with completed breast reconstruction (group A). In 11 patients (50%), breast reconstruction was abandoned after expander implantation and one to three FG procedures (group F), converting to breast reconstruction with a breast implant. Conclusions: This study demonstrated successful breast reconstruction using FG and expander implantation. Breast reconstruction using this method is safe and enables possible abandonment at any treatment stage, as well as conversion to breast reconstruction with implants.
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