1
|
Yang Z, Lo YT, Quan Z, He J, Chen Y, Faller A, Chua T, Wu HY, Zhang Y, Zou Q, Li F, Chang P, Swanson G, Shaw PC, Lu Z. Application of a modified tetra-primer ARMS-PCR assay for rapid Panax species identity authentication in ginseng products. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14396. [PMID: 37658082 PMCID: PMC10474259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng products can be adulterated with materials from other Panax species. The purpose of this study is to provide a rapid P. ginseng authentication method for simultaneous identification of P. ginseng and detection of adulteration in ginseng products at different processing stages. First, a tetra-primer ARMS-PCR assay was designed based on a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the trnL-trnF region and was tested at 28 PCR cycles with DNA extracted from Botanical Reference Materials (BRMs). Next, 5' end random nucleotide and 3' terminus phosphorothioates linkage modifications were incorporated into the inner primers to improve sensitivity and specificity at 40 PCR cycles. Finally, the modified assay was validated using characterized market ginseng materials and the detection limit was determined. The modified tetra-primer ARMS-PCR assay can achieve the desired sensitivity and specificity using one set of reaction conditions in ginseng materials at different stages. In validation, it was able to correctly identify target species P. ginseng and differentiate it from closely related species. This study suggests that the modified tetra-primer ARMS-PCR assay can be used for the rapid, species identity authentication of P. ginseng material in ginseng products. This assay can be used to complement chemical analytical methods in quality control, so both species identity and processing attributes of ginseng products can be efficiently addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiu Yang
- Quality Control Laboratory, Herbalife NatSource (Hunan) Natural Products Co., Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Yat Tung Lo
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK) and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Quan
- Corporate Center of Excellence Quality Laboratory, Herbalife International of America, Inc., 950 W 190th Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Junchen He
- Quality Control Laboratory, Herbalife NatSource (Hunan) Natural Products Co., Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Quality Control Laboratory, Herbalife NatSource (Hunan) Natural Products Co., Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Adam Faller
- Corporate Center of Excellence Quality Laboratory, Herbalife International of America, Inc., 950 W 190th Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Tiffany Chua
- Herbalife International of America, Inc., Corporate Quality, 990 W 190th Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Hoi Yan Wu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK) and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Herbalife International of America, Inc., Corporate Quality, 990 W 190th Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Qiang Zou
- Quality Control Laboratory, Herbalife NatSource (Hunan) Natural Products Co., Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Fan Li
- Quality Control Laboratory, Herbalife NatSource (Hunan) Natural Products Co., Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Peter Chang
- Herbalife International of America, Inc., Corporate Quality, 990 W 190th Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Gary Swanson
- Herbalife International of America, Inc., Corporate Quality, 990 W 190th Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Pang Chui Shaw
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (CUHK) and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhengfei Lu
- Corporate Center of Excellence Quality Laboratory, Herbalife International of America, Inc., 950 W 190th Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
You H, Abraham EJ, Mulligan J, Zhou Y, Montoya M, Willig J, Chen BK, Wang CK, Wang LS, Dong A, Shamtsyan M, Nguyen H, Wong A, Wallace TC. Label compliance for ingredient verification: regulations, approaches, and trends for testing botanical products marketed for "immune health" in the United States. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2441-2460. [PMID: 36123797 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the botanical product market saw a consumer interest increase in immune health supplements. While data are currently insufficient to support public health guidance for using foods and dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 and other immune disorders, consumer surveys indicate that immune support is the second-most cited reason for supplement use in the United States. Meanwhile, consumers showed increased attention to dietary supplement ingredient labels, especially concerning authenticity and ingredient claims. Top-selling botanical ingredients such as elderberry, turmeric, and functional mushrooms have been increasingly marketed toward consumers to promote immune health, but these popular products succumb to adulteration with inaccurate labeling due to the intentional or unintentional addition of lower grade ingredients, non-target plants, and synthetic compounds, partially due to pandemic-related supply chain issues. This review highlights the regulatory requirements and recommendations for analytical approaches, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and DNA approaches for ingredient claim verification. Demonstrating elderberry, turmeric, and functional mushrooms as examples, this review aims to provide industrial professionals and scientists an overview of current United States regulations, testing approaches, and trends for label compliance verification to ensure the safety of botanical products marketed for "immune health."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Eurofins Botanical Testing, US, Inc., Brea, California, USA
- Eurofins US Food, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jason Mulligan
- Eurofins Botanical Testing, US, Inc., Brea, California, USA
| | - Yucheng Zhou
- Eurofins Botanical Testing, US, Inc., Brea, California, USA
| | | | | | - Bo-Kai Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Athena Dong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea Wong
- Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Taylor C Wallace
- Think Healthy Group, LLC, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Development of Hydrolysis Probe-Based qPCR Assays for Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius for Detection of Adulteration in Ginseng Herbal Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112705. [PMID: 34828986 PMCID: PMC8618564 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius products is important to be able to mitigate instances of adulteration and substitution that exist within the international supply chain of ginseng. To address this issue, species-specific hydrolysis probe qPCR assays were developed and validated for both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius herbal dietary supplements. Performance of the probe-based assays was evaluated using analytical validation criteria, which included evaluation of: (1) specificity, in selectively identifying the target species; (2) sensitivity, in detecting the lowest amount of the target material; and (3) repeatability and reproducibility of the method in detecting the target species in raw materials on a real-time PCR platform (reliability). The species-specific probes were developed and successfully passed the validation criteria with 100% specificity, 80–120% efficiency and 100% reliability. The methods developed in this study are fit for purpose, rapid, and easy to implement in quality assurance programs; authentication of ginseng herbal supplements is possible, even with extracts where DNA is fragmented and of low quality and quantity.
Collapse
|