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Degens H, Onambélé-Pearson GL. A simple framework to distinguish 'individualistic' from a 'uniform rate' of ageing within or between study populations. GeroScience 2024; 46:2765-2769. [PMID: 37432608 PMCID: PMC10828250 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by a progressive decline in physiological functions. It is often argued that the rate of ageing differs between people and is 'highly individualistic'. This view is not unequivocally shared, and others have argued that the rate of ageing is rather 'uniform'. Distinguishing conclusively between these views requires longitudinal data, but these are difficult to obtain as they require decades of data collection from individuals. Here, a simple framework is proposed to assess in cross-sectional data whether in a given population the rate is 'highly individualistic' or rather 'uniform'. It is illustrated that an age-related decrease in the standard deviation (SD) of a certain parameter combined with a non-changing coefficient of variation (COVAR) reflects a 'uniform' rate of ageing, whilst an increase or decrease in COVAR with or without a concomitant increase in SD reflects a 'highly individualistic' rate of ageing. This framework is applied to some published data, focussing on muscle strength, power and physical function for the sake of illustration, and it is suggested that most studies do in fact show a 'highly individualistic' rate of ageing, perhaps apart from a 'uniform' rate of ageing in master athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Gladys L Onambélé-Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Nikolaidis PT, Valero D, Weiss K, Villiger E, Thuany M, Sousa CV, Andrade M, Knechtle B. Predicting overall performance in Ironman 70.3 age group triathletes through split disciplines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11492. [PMID: 37460563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowing which discipline contributes most to a triathlon performance is important to plan race pacing properly. To date, we know that the running split is the most decisive discipline in the Olympic distance triathlon, and the cycling split is the most important discipline in the full-distance Ironman® triathlon. However, we have no knowledge of the Ironman® 70.3. This study intended to determine the most crucial discipline in age group athletes competing from 2004 to 2020 in a total of 787 Ironman® 70.3 races. A total of 823,459 athletes (198,066 women and 625,393 men) from 240 different countries were analyzed and recorded in 5-year age groups, from 18 to 75 + years. Correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, and two-way ANOVA were applied, considering p < 0.05. No differences in the regression analysis between the contributions of the swimming, cycling, and running splits could be found for all age groups. However, the correlation analysis showed stronger associations of the cycling and running split times than the swimming split times with overall race times and a smaller difference in swimming performance between males and females in age groups 50 years and older. For age group triathletes competing in Ironman® 70.3, running and cycling were more predictive than swimming for overall race performance. There was a progressive reduction in the performance gap between men and women aged 50 years and older. This information may aid triathletes and coaches in planning their race tactics in an Ironman® 70.3 race.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Valero
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elias Villiger
- Klinik Für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Marilia Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Neurofisiologia e Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Graber TG, Maroto R, Thompson JK, Widen SG, Man Z, Pajski ML, Rasmussen BB. Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Alterations Related to Declining Physical Function in Older Mice. JOURNAL OF AGEING AND LONGEVITY 2023; 3:159-178. [PMID: 37876943 PMCID: PMC10597580 DOI: 10.3390/jal3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
One inevitable consequence of aging is the gradual deterioration of physical function and exercise capacity, driven in part by the adverse effect of age on muscle tissue. We hypothesized that relationships exist between age-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in skeletal muscle and age-associated declines in physical function and exercise capacity. Previously, male C57BL/6mice (6m, months old, 24m, and 28m) were tested for physical function using a composite scoring system (comprehensive functional assessment battery, CFAB) comprised of five well-validated tests of physical function. In this study, total RNA was isolated from tibialis anterior samples (n = 8) randomly selected from each age group in the parent study. Using Next Generation Sequencing RNAseq to determine DEGs during aging (6m vs. 28m, and 6m vs. 24m), we found a greater than five-fold increase in DEGs in 28m compared to the 24m. Furthermore, regression of the normalized expression of each DEG with the CFAB score of the corresponding mouse revealed many more DEGs strongly associated (R ≥ |0.70|) with functional status in the older mice. Gene ontology results indicate highly enriched axon guidance and acetyl choline receptor gene sets, suggesting that denervation/reinnervation flux might potentially play a critical role in functional decline. We conclude that specific age-related DEG patterns are associated with declines in physical function, and the data suggest accelerated aging occurring between 24 and 28 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted G. Graber
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Rosario Maroto
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jill K. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Steven G. Widen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Zhaohui Man
- Bioinformatics and Analytics Research Collaborative, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Megan L. Pajski
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Van Hooren B, Lepers R. A physiological comparison of the new-over 70 years of age-marathon record holder and his predecessor: A case report. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122315. [PMID: 36860525 PMCID: PMC9969103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, fiber type and mitochondrial function, and training characteristics of a 71-year-old runner who broke the world record marathon of the men's 70-74 age category and held several other world records. The values were compared to those of the previous world-record holder. Methods: Body fat percentage was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. V ˙ O 2 max , running economy, and maximum heart rate were measured during treadmill running. Muscle fiber typology and mitochondrial function were evaluated using a muscle biopsy. Results: Body fat percentage was 13.5%, V ˙ O 2 max was 46.6 ml kg-1 min-1, and maximum heartrate was 160 beats∙min-1. At the marathon pace (14.5 km h-1), his running economy was 170.5 ml kg-1 km-1. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point occurred at 75.7% and 93.9% of the V ˙ O 2 max , i.e., 13 km h-1 and 15 km h-1, respectively. The oxygen uptake at the marathon pace corresponded to 88.5% of V ˙ O 2 max . Vastus lateralis fiber content was 90.3% type I and 9.7% type II. Average distance was 139 km∙w-1 in the year prior to the record. Conclusion: The 71-year-old world-record holder marathon showed a relatively similar V ˙ O 2 max , lower percentage of V ˙ O 2 max at marathon pace, but a substantially better running economy than his predecessor. The better running economy may result from an almost double weekly training volume compared to the predecessor and a high type I fiber content. He trained every day in the last ∼1.5 years and achieved international performance in his age group category with a small (<5% per decade) age-related decline in marathon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Bas Van Hooren,
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Wolff C, Steinheimer P, Warmerdam E, Dahmen T, Slusallek P, Schlinkmann C, Chen F, Orth M, Pohlemann T, Ganse B. Effects of age, body height, body weight, body mass index and handgrip strength on the trajectory of the plantar pressure stance-phase curve of the gait cycle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1110099. [PMID: 36873371 PMCID: PMC9975497 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of gait patterns and plantar pressure distributions via insoles is increasingly used to monitor patients and treatment progress, such as recovery after surgeries. Despite the popularity of pedography, also known as baropodography, characteristic effects of anthropometric and other individual parameters on the trajectory of the stance phase curve of the gait cycle have not been previously reported. We hypothesized characteristic changes of age, body height, body weight, body mass index and handgrip strength on the plantar pressure curve trajectory during gait in healthy participants. Thirty-seven healthy women and men with an average age of 43.65 ± 17.59 years were fitted with Moticon OpenGO insoles equipped with 16 pressure sensors each. Data were recorded at a frequency of 100 Hz during walking at 4 km/h on a level treadmill for 1 minute. Data were processed via a custom-made step detection algorithm. The loading and unloading slopes as well as force extrema-based parameters were computed and characteristic correlations with the targeted parameters were identified via multiple linear regression analysis. Age showed a negative correlation with the mean loading slope. Body height correlated with Fmeanload and the loading slope. Body weight and the body mass index correlated with all analyzed parameters, except the loading slope. In addition, handgrip strength correlated with changes in the second half of the stance phase and did not affect the first half, which is likely due to stronger kick-off. However, only up to 46% of the variability can be explained by age, body weight, height, body mass index and hand grip strength. Thus, further factors must affect the trajectory of the gait cycle curve that were not considered in the present analysis. In conclusion, all analyzed measures affect the trajectory of the stance phase curve. When analyzing insole data, it might be useful to correct for the factors that were identified by using the regression coefficients presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolff
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Patrick Steinheimer
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elke Warmerdam
- Werner Siemens-Endowed Chair for Innovative Implant Development (Fracture Healing), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Dahmen
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Slusallek
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Fei Chen
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel Orth
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Werner Siemens-Endowed Chair for Innovative Implant Development (Fracture Healing), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Rauer T, Pape HC, Stehlin Z, Heining S, Knobe M, Pohlemann T, Ganse B. Performance Increases in Pair Skating and Ice Dance at International Championships and Olympic Games. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11806. [PMID: 36142074 PMCID: PMC9517212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In pair skating and ice dance, performance seems to have increased at international competitions, which is potentially associated with changes in athlete age. We hypothesized increasing age, numbers of total points and more complex jumps of the best elite couples at international championships in recent years. Corresponding data were assessed via the results databases of the European and World Championships, as well as the Winter Olympics since 2005. Linear regression statistics were conducted, and significance was assessed via one-way ANOVAs. There were no significant changes in age. Increases in total points were found in both disciplines (World and European Championships both p < 0.001 for both disciplines, Olympics pair skating p = 0.003, ice dance n/a). Significant increases were found in the number of double and triple twist jumps at the European Championships (Double p = 0.046, triple p = 0.041), but not at the World Championships or the Olympics. At the World Championships, single solo jumps decreased (p = 0.031) in favor of triple jumps, which increased (p = 0.020), without a similar effect at the European Championships or Olympics. In conclusion, increases in total points and more complex jumps were observed at international championships without associated changes in age. Attention should be given to possible changes in the incidence of acute and overuse injuries following this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rauer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Stehlin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Heining
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Knobe
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, 6000 Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Werner Siemens Foundation Endowed Chair of Innovative Implant Development, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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Rothschild CE. Exercise Considerations for the Masters Female Athlete. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ganse B, Braczynski AK, Hoog Antink C, Knobe M, Pohlemann T, Degens H. Acceleration of Longitudinal Track and Field Performance Declines in Athletes Who Still Compete at the Age of 100 Years. Front Physiol 2021; 12:730995. [PMID: 34650443 PMCID: PMC8505806 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.730995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While physical performance decline rates accelerate after around the age of 70 years, longitudinal athletic performance trends in athletes older than 95 years are unknown. We hypothesized a further accelerated decline in human performance in athletes who still perform at the age of 100 years. To investigate this, longitudinal data of all athletes with results at or over the age of 100 years were collected from the “World Master Rankings” data base spanning 2006–2019 (138 results from 42 athletes; 5 women, 37 men; maximum 105 years) and compared to previously published longitudinal data from 80- to 96-year-old athletes from Sweden (1,134 results from 374 athletes). Regression statistics were used to compare performance decline rates between disciplines and age groups. On average, the individual decline rate of the centenarian group was 2.53 times as steep (100 m: 8.22x; long jump: 0.82x; shot put: 1.61x; discus throw: 1.04x; javelin throw: 0.98x) as that seen in non-centenarians. The steepest increase in decline was found in the 100-m sprint (t-test: p < 0.05, no sign. difference in the other disciplines). The pooled regression statistics of the centenarians are: 100 m: R = 0.57, p = 0.004; long jump: R = 0.90, p < 0.001; shot put: R = 0.65, p < 0.001; discus throw: R = 0.73, p < 0.001; javelin throw: R = 0.68, p < 0.001. This first longitudinal dataset of performance decline rates of athletes who still compete at 100 years and older in five athletics disciplines shows that there is no performance plateau after the age of 90, but rather a further acceleration of the performance decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergita Ganse
- Division of Surgery, Werner Siemens Foundation Endowed Chair of Innovative Implant Development, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kristin Braczynski
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Hoog Antink
- KISMED - AI Systems in Medicine, Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Knobe
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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