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van den Berg MF, Bechmann N, Kooistra HS, van Wolferen ME, Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Peitzsch M, Galac S. Metabolomic profiling of pheochromocytomas in dogs: Catecholamine phenotype and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2415-2424. [PMID: 39115145 PMCID: PMC11423489 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans with pheochromocytomas (PCCs), targeted metabolomics is used to determine the catecholamine phenotype or to uncover underlying pathogenic variants in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle genes such as succinate dehydrogenase subunits (SDHx). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To analyze catecholamine contents and TCA cycle metabolites of PCCs and normal adrenals (NAs). ANIMALS Ten healthy dogs, 21 dogs with PCC. METHODS Prospective observational study. Dogs diagnosed with PCC based on histopathological and immunohistochemical confirmation were included. Tissue catecholamine contents and TCA metabolites in PCCs and NAs were measured by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry or electrochemical detection. RESULTS Compared to NAs, PCCs had significantly higher tissue proportion of norepinephrine (88% [median: range, 38%-98%] vs 14% [11%-26%]; P < .001), and significantly lower tissue proportion of epinephrine (12% [1%-62%] vs 86% [74%-89%]; P < .001). Pheochromocytomas exhibited significantly lower fumarate (0.4-fold; P < .001), and malate (0.5-fold; P = .008) contents than NAs. Citrate was significantly higher in PCCs than in NAs (1.6-fold; P = .015). One dog in the PCC group had an aberrant succinate : fumarate ratio that was 25-fold higher than in the other PCCs, suggesting an SDHx mutation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study reveals a distinct catecholamine content and TCA cycle metabolite profile in PCCs. Metabolite profiling might be used to uncover underlying pathogenic variants in TCA cycle genes in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F van den Berg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang X, Sun J, Feng G, Tian X, Zhao Y, Gao Z, Sun W. Proteomic characterization of head and neck paraganglioma and its molecular classification. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1391568. [PMID: 39234408 PMCID: PMC11371750 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1391568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that pose significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenic mechanism remains unclear, and there is no proteomic analysis-based molecular classification. Therefore, gaining a deeper understanding of this disease from the protein level is crucial because proteins play a fundamental role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Methods We collected 44 tumor samples from patients diagnosed with HNPGL. The adrenal paraganglioma tissue (N = 46) was used as the disease control group and the chorda tympani nerves (N = 18) were used as the control group. High-pH reversed-phase liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analyses were used to build an integrated protein database of tumor samples. We then obtained two sets of differentially expressed proteins between the tumor group and the control group to identify the unique proteomic signatures of HNPGLs. Ingenuity pathway analysis annotations were used to perform the functional analysis. Subsequently, we developed a clinically relevant molecular classification for HNPGLs that connected the clinical characteristics with meaningful proteins and pathways to explain the varied clinical manifestations. Results We identified 6,640 proteins in the HNPGL group, and 314 differentially expressed proteins unique to HNPGL were discovered via inter-group comparison. We identified two HNPGL subgroups that significantly differed in clinical manifestation and proteomic characteristics. On the basis of the proteomic results, we proposed a pathogenic mechanism underlying HNPGL. Conclusion We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms of HNPGL to build, for the first time, a clinically relevant molecular classification. By focusing on differential proteomic analyses between different types of paragangliomas, we were able to obtain a comprehensive description of the proteomic characteristics of HNPGL, which will be valuable for the search for significant biomarkers as a new treatment method for HNPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiameng Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Uher O, Hadrava Vanova K, Taïeb D, Calsina B, Robledo M, Clifton-Bligh R, Pacak K. The Immune Landscape of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Current Advances and Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:521-552. [PMID: 38377172 PMCID: PMC11244254 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from neural crest cells from adrenal medullary chromaffin tissues and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Although the current treatment for PPGLs is surgery, optimal treatment options for advanced and metastatic cases have been limited. Hence, understanding the role of the immune system in PPGL tumorigenesis can provide essential knowledge for the development of better therapeutic and tumor management strategies, especially for those with advanced and metastatic PPGLs. The first part of this review outlines the fundamental principles of the immune system and tumor microenvironment, and their role in cancer immunoediting, particularly emphasizing PPGLs. We focus on how the unique pathophysiology of PPGLs, such as their high molecular, biochemical, and imaging heterogeneity and production of several oncometabolites, creates a tumor-specific microenvironment and immunologically "cold" tumors. Thereafter, we discuss recently published studies related to the reclustering of PPGLs based on their immune signature. The second part of this review discusses future perspectives in PPGL management, including immunodiagnostic and promising immunotherapeutic approaches for converting "cold" tumors into immunologically active or "hot" tumors known for their better immunotherapy response and patient outcomes. Special emphasis is placed on potent immune-related imaging strategies and immune signatures that could be used for the reclassification, prognostication, and management of these tumors to improve patient care and prognosis. Furthermore, we introduce currently available immunotherapies and their possible combinations with other available therapies as an emerging treatment for PPGLs that targets hostile tumor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Uher
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
| | - Katerina Hadrava Vanova
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
| | - David Taïeb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de La Timone, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Bruna Calsina
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Familiar Cancer Clinical Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney 2065, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney 2065, NSW, Australia
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Uchihara M, Tanabe A, Kojima Y, Shimoi T, Maeshima AM, Umamoto K, Shimomura A, Shimizu C, Yamazaki Y, Nakamura E, Matsui Y, Takemura N, Miyazaki H, Sudo K, Yonemori K, Kajio H. Immunohistochemical Profiling of SSTR2 and HIF-2α with the Tumor Microenvironment in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2191. [PMID: 38927897 PMCID: PMC11201597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare endocrine malignancies with limited effective treatment options. The association between the tumor microenvironment (TME) with somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) and hypoxia-induced factor-2α (HIF-2α) in PPGLs, critical for optimizing combination therapeutic strategies with immunotherapy, remains largely unexplored. To evaluate the association of SSTR2 and HIF-2α immunoreactivity with the TME in patients with PPGLs, we analyzed the expression of SSTR2A, HIF-2α, and TME components, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (CD4 and CD8), tumor-associated macrophages (CD68 and CD163), and PD-L1, using immunohistochemistry in patients with PPGLs. The primary outcome was to determine the association of the immune profiles with SSTR2A and HIF-2α expression. Among 45 patients with PPGLs, SSTR2A and HIF2α were positively expressed in 21 (46.7%) and 14 (31.1%) patients, respectively. The median PD-L1 immunohistochemical score (IHS) was 2.0 (interquartile range: 0-30.0). Positive correlations were observed between CD4, CD8, CD68, and CD163 levels. A negative correlation was found between the CD163/CD68 ratio (an indicator of M2 polarization) and SSTR2A expression (r = -0.385, p = 0.006). HIF-2α expression showed a positive correlation with PD-L1 IHS (r = 0.348, p = 0.013). The co-expression of PD-L1 (HIS > 10) and HIF-2α was found in seven patients (15.6%). No associations were observed between SDHB staining results and the CD163/CD68 ratio, PD-L1, or SSTR2A expression. Our data suggest the potential of combination therapy with immunotherapy and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy or HIF-2α inhibitors as a treatment option in selected PPGL populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchihara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (M.U.)
- Course of Advanced and Specialized Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongoh, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (C.S.)
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Oncological Endocrinology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akiyo Tanabe
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (M.U.)
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Tatsunori Shimoi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Akiko Miyagi Maeshima
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kotaro Umamoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (M.U.)
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Oncological Endocrinology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shimomura
- Course of Advanced and Specialized Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongoh, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (C.S.)
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimizu
- Course of Advanced and Specialized Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongoh, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (C.S.)
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Eijiro Nakamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan (T.S.)
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsui
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takemura
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hideyo Miyazaki
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sudo
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Kan Yonemori
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Kajio
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (M.U.)
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King TFJ, Mok Y, Dacay LM, Wong HS, Hsu PP, Tan A, Wong KM, Saffari SE, Lenders JWM, Puar TH. Plasma Metanephrines Yield Fewer False-Positive Results Than Urine Metanephrines in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:844-851. [PMID: 37721483 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased nocturnal sympathetic activity. In OSA patients, elevations in metanephrines may lead to false-positive tests when evaluating for pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma (PPGL). OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether morning plasma metanephrines would lead to fewer false-positive results than 24-hour urinary metanephrines in OSA patients. METHODS Patients undergoing polysomnography for suspected OSA were recruited. Plasma free and 24-hour urinary metanephrines were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Patients with elevated levels had repeat measurements, abdominal imaging, and follow-up to diagnose or exclude a PPGL. RESULTS Seventy-six patients completed polysomnography and biochemical testing; 68 (89.5%) patients had OSA, of whom 19 (27.9%) had elevated plasma and/or urinary metanephrines. On follow-up, one patient had a bladder paraganglioma, while PPGL was excluded in the remaining patients. OSA patients had more false-positive urinary metanephrines (17 of 67, 25.4%) than plasma metanephrines (2 of 67, 3.0%), P < .01, and this was more common in severe OSA (13 of 34, 38.2%), compared to moderate/mild OSA (4 of 33, 12.1%), P < .01. Both plasma and urinary metanephrines decreased after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. On multivariable analysis, severe OSA, obesity, and family history of hypertension were positive predictors for false-positive urinary metanephrines in patients with suspected OSA. CONCLUSION In OSA patients, plasma metanephrines are less likely to yield false-positive results for the diagnosis of PPGL than 24-hour urinary metanephrines. In patients with suspected OSA, obesity, or a family history of hypertension, plasma metanephrines may be the preferred first-line test to avoid unnecessary anxiety or follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F J King
- Department of Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169547, Singapore
| | - Yingjuan Mok
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Surgery and Science, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Lily Mae Dacay
- Department of Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Hang Siang Wong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Surgery and Science, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Pon Poh Hsu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Alvin Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Kang Min Wong
- Department of Radiology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Seyed Ehsan Saffari
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169547, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Troy H Puar
- Department of Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169547, Singapore
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van den Berg MF, Kooistra HS, Grinwis GCM, Nicoli S, Golinelli S, Stammeleer L, van Wolferen ME, Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Zandvliet MMJM, van Steenbeek FG, Galac S. Whole transcriptome analysis of canine pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155804. [PMID: 37691636 PMCID: PMC10484483 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Local invasion, concurrent disorders, and metastases prevent surgical removal, which is the most effective treatment to date. Given the current lack of effective medical treatment, there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies. To identify druggable pathways driving PPGL development, we performed RNA sequencing on PPGLs (n = 19) and normal adrenal medullas (NAMs; n = 10) of dogs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PPGLs clearly clustered apart from NAMs. In total, 4,218 genes were differentially expressed between PPGLs and NAMs. Of these, 232 had a log2 fold change of >3 or < -3, of which 149 were upregulated in PPGLs, and 83 were downregulated. Compared with NAMs, PPGLs had increased expression of genes related to the cell cycle, tumor development, progression and metastasis, hypoxia and angiogenesis, and the Wnt signaling pathway, and decreased expression of genes related to adrenal steroidogenesis. Our data revealed several overexpressed genes that could provide targets for novel therapeutics, such as Ret Proto-Oncogene (RET), Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2), and Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 2 (SFRP2). Based on the PCA, PPGLs were classified into 2 groups, of which group 1 had significantly higher Ki67 scores (p = 0.035) and shorter survival times (p = 0.04) than group 2. Increased expression of 1 of the differentially expressed genes between group 1 and 2, pleiotrophin (PTN), appeared to correlate with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. This study has shed light on the transcriptomic profile of canine PPGL, yielding new insights into the pathogenesis of these tumors in dogs, and revealed potential novel targets for therapy. In addition, we identified 2 transcriptionally distinct groups of PPGLs that had significantly different survival times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F. van den Berg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans S. Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Stefania Golinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Monique E. van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Maurice M. J. M. Zandvliet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Bechmann N, Westermann F, Eisenhofer G. HIF and MYC signaling in adrenal neoplasms of the neural crest: implications for pediatrics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1022192. [PMID: 37361539 PMCID: PMC10286580 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1022192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neural crest-derived adrenal neoplasms include neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. Both entities are associated with a high degree of clinical heterogeneity, varying from spontaneous regression to malignant disease with poor outcome. Increased expression and stabilization of HIF2α appears to contribute to a more aggressive and undifferentiated phenotype in both adrenal neoplasms, whereas MYCN amplification is a valuable prognostic marker in neuroblastoma. The present review focuses on HIF- and MYC signaling in both neoplasms and discusses the interaction of associated pathways during neural crest and adrenal development as well as potential consequences on tumorigenesis. Emerging single-cell methods together with epigenetic and transcriptomic analyses provide further insights into the importance of a tight regulation of HIF and MYC signaling pathways during adrenal development and tumorigenesis. In this context, increased attention to HIF-MYC/MAX interactions may also provide new therapeutic options for these pediatric adrenal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Celada L, Cubiella T, San-Juan-Guardado J, Gutiérrez G, Beiguela B, Rodriguez R, Poch M, Astudillo A, Grijalba A, Sánchez-Sobrino P, Tous M, Navarro E, Serrano T, Paja M, Valdés N, Chiara MD. Pseudohypoxia in paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma is associated with an immunosuppressive phenotype. J Pathol 2023; 259:103-114. [PMID: 36314599 PMCID: PMC10107524 DOI: 10.1002/path.6026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) have poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. The recent advent of immunotherapies showing remarkable clinical efficacies against various cancer types offers the possibility of novel opportunities also for metastatic PPGL. Most PPGLs are pathogenically linked to inactivating mutations in genes encoding different succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits. This causes activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF2)-mediated transcriptional program in the absence of decreased intratumoral oxygen levels, a phenomenon known as pseudohypoxia. Genuine hypoxia in a tumor creates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. However, the impact of pseudohypoxia in the immune landscape of tumors remains largely unexplored. In this study, tumoral expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and HIF2α and tumor infiltration of CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) were examined in PPGL specimens from 102 patients. We assessed associations between PD-L1, CTL infiltration, HIF2α expression, and the mutational status of SDH genes. Our results show that high PD-L1 expression levels in tumor cells and CTL tumor infiltration were more frequent in metastatic than nonmetastatic PPGL. However, this phenotype was negatively associated with SDH mutations and high HIF2α protein expression. These data were validated by analysis of mRNA levels of genes expressing PD-L1, CD8, and HIF2α in PPGL included in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Further, PD-L1 and CD8 expression was lower in norepinephrine than epinephrine-secreting PPGL. This in silico analysis also revealed the low PD-L1 or CD8 expression levels in tumors with inactivating mutations in VHL or activating mutations in the HIF2α-coding gene, EPAS1, which, together with SDH-mutated tumors, comprise the pseudohypoxic molecular subtype of PPGL. These findings suggest that pseudohypoxic tumor cells induce extrinsic signaling toward the immune cells promoting the development of an immunosuppressive environment. It also provides compelling support to explore the differential response of metastatic PPGL to immune checkpoint inhibitors. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Celada
- Institute of Sanitary Research of the Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,CIBERONC (Network of Biomedical Research in Cancer), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Oncology of the Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tamara Cubiella
- Institute of Sanitary Research of the Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,CIBERONC (Network of Biomedical Research in Cancer), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Oncology of the Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Gala Gutiérrez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - Brenda Beiguela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - Raúl Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - María Poch
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Institute of Sanitary Research of the Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Grijalba
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez-Sobrino
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Maria Tous
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Teresa Serrano
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Paja
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nuria Valdés
- Institute of Oncology of the Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chiara
- Institute of Sanitary Research of the Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,CIBERONC (Network of Biomedical Research in Cancer), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Oncology of the Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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9
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Ogasawara T, Fujii Y, Kakiuchi N, Shiozawa Y, Sakamoto R, Ogawa Y, Ootani K, Ito E, Tanaka T, Watanabe K, Yoshida Y, Kimura N, Shiraishi Y, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Miyano S, Ogawa S. Genetic Analysis of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Complicating Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2545-2555. [PMID: 35730597 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) may appear as a complication of cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD-PPGL) with frequent EPAS1 mutations, suggesting a close link between EPAS1 mutations and tissue hypoxia in CCHD-PPGL pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to further investigate the role of EPAS1 mutations in the hypoxia-driven mechanism of CCHD-PPGL pathogenesis, particularly focusing on metachronous and/or multifocal CCHD-PPGL tumors. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) for somatic and germline mutations in 15 PPGL samples from 7 CCHD patients, including 3 patients with metachronous and/or multifocal tumors, together with an adrenal medullary hyperplasia (AMH) sample. RESULTS We detected EPAS1 mutations in 15 out of 16 PPGL/AMH samples from 7 cases. Conspicuously, all EPAS1 mutations in each of 3 cases with multifocal or metachronous tumors were mutually independent and typical examples of parallel evolution, which is suggestive of strong positive selection of EPAS1-mutated clones. Compared to 165 The Cancer Genome Atlas non-CCHD-PPGL samples, CCHD-PPGL/AMH samples were enriched for 11p deletions (13/16) and 2p amplifications (4/16). Of particular note, the multiple metachronous PPGL tumors with additional copy number abnormalities developed 18 to 23 years after the resolution of hypoxemia, suggesting that CCHD-induced hypoxic environments are critical for positive selection of EPAS1 mutants in early life, but may no longer be required for development of PPGL in later life. CONCLUSION Our results highlight a key role of activated hypoxia-inducible factor 2α due to mutated EPAS1 in positive selection under hypoxic environments, although hypoxemia itself may not necessarily be required for the EPAS1-mutated clones to progress to PPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Fujii
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuki Ootani
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562,Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562,Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Watanabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8660, Japan
| | - Yusaku Yoshida
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Noriko Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research Pathology Division, National Hospital Organization Hakodate Hospital, Hakodate 041-8512, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Analysis Platform Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kenichi Chiba
- Division of Genome Analysis Platform Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tanaka
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8315, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
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10
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Hypermetabolism and Substrate Utilization Rates in Pheochromocytoma and Functional Paraganglioma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081980. [PMID: 36009527 PMCID: PMC9406117 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The overproduction of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) induces a hypermetabolic state. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of a hypermetabolic state and differences in substrate metabolism in consecutive PPGL patients divided by catecholamine phenotype. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured in 108 consecutive PPGL patients and 70 controls by indirect calorimetry. Hypermetabolic state was defined according to the Mifflin St. Jeor Equation as a ratio above 110%. Hypermetabolic state was confirmed in 70% of PPGL patients, regardless of phenotype. Older age, prevalence of diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension were correlated with hypermetabolic PPGL as compared to normometabolic form. Analysis according to overproduced catecholamine showed differences in VCO2 (p < 0.05) and RQ (p < 0.01) and thus different substate metabolism between phenotypes in hypermetabolic form of PPGL. Lipid utilization was higher in the adrenergic phenotype (p = 0.001) and positively associated with the percentage of REE ratio (R = 0.48, p < 0.001), whereas the noradrenergic phenotype preferentially oxidizes carbohydrates (P = 0.001) and is correlated with the percentage of REE ratio (R = 0.60, p < 0.001). Hypermetabolic state in PPGL is a common finding in both catecholamine phenotypes. Hypermetabolic PPGL patients are older and suffer more from diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Under basal conditions, the noradrenergic type preferentially metabolizes carbohydrates, whereas the adrenergic phenotype preferentially metabolizes lipids.
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11
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Differential HIF2α Protein Expression in Human Carotid Body and Adrenal Medulla under Physiologic and Tumorigenic Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122986. [PMID: 35740651 PMCID: PMC9221385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) 2α and 1α are the major oxygen-sensing molecules in eukaryotic cells. HIF2α has been pathogenically linked to paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma (PPGL) arising in sympathetic paraganglia or the adrenal medulla (AM), respectively. However, its involvement in the pathogenesis of paraganglioma arising in the carotid body (CB) or other parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck (HNPGL) remains to be defined. Here, we retrospectively analyzed HIF2α by immunohistochemistry in 62 PPGL/HNPGL and human CB and AM, and comprehensively evaluated the HIF-related transcriptome of 202 published PPGL/HNPGL. We report that HIF2α is barely detected in the AM, but accumulates at high levels in PPGL, mostly (but not exclusively) in those with loss-of-function mutations in VHL and genes encoding components of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. This is associated with upregulation of EPAS1 and the HIF2α-regulated genes COX4I2 and ADORA2A. In contrast, HIF2α and HIF2α-regulated genes are highly expressed in CB and HNPGL, irrespective of VHL and SDH dysfunctions. We also found that HIF2α and HIF1α protein expressions are not correlated in PPGL nor HNPGL. In addition, HIF1α-target genes are almost exclusively overexpressed in VHL-mutated HNPGL/PPGL. Collectively, the data suggest that involvement of HIF2α in the physiology and tumor pathology of human paraganglia is organ-of-origin-dependent and HIF1α-independent.
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12
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Treatment of Pheochromocytoma Cells with Recurrent Cycles of Hypoxia: A New Pseudohypoxic In Vitro Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030560. [PMID: 35159368 PMCID: PMC8834104 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous activation of hypoxia pathways in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) is associated with higher disease aggressiveness, for which effective treatment strategies are still missing. Most of the commonly used in vitro models lack characteristics of these pseudohypoxic tumors, including elevated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 2α. To address this shortcoming, we investigated whether recurrent hypoxia cycles lead to continuous activation of hypoxia pathways under normoxic conditions and whether this pseudohypoxia is associated with increased cellular aggressiveness. Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) were incubated under hypoxia for 24 h every 3–4 days, up to 20 hypoxia–reoxygenation cycles, resulting in PC12 Z20 cells. PC12 Z20 control cells were obtained by synchronous cultivation under normoxia. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of HIF2α in PC12 Z20 cells and a pseudohypoxic gene signature that overlapped with the gene signature of pseudohypoxic PPGLs. PC12 Z20 cells showed a higher growth rate, and the migration and adhesion capacity were significantly increased compared with control cells. Changes in global methylation, together with the pseudohypoxic conditions, may be responsible for the increased aggressiveness of this new model. The established sub-cell line with characteristics of pseudohypoxic PPGLs represent a complementary model for further investigations, for example, with regard to new therapeutic approaches.
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13
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Kuo MJM, Nazari MA, Jha A, Pacak K. Pediatric Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis, Genetics, and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:936178. [PMID: 35903274 PMCID: PMC9314859 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.936178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pediatric pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare, they have important differences compared to those in adults. Unfortunately, without timely diagnosis and management, these tumors have a potentially devastating impact on pediatric patients. Pediatric PPGLs are more often extra-adrenal, multifocal/metastatic, and recurrent, likely due to these tumors being more commonly due to a genetic predisposition than in adults. This genetic risk results in disease manifestations at an earlier age giving these tumors time to advance before detection. In spite of these problematic features, advances in the molecular and biochemical characterization of PPGLs have heralded an age of increasingly personalized medicine. An understanding of the genetic basis for an individual patient's tumor provides insight into its natural history and can guide clinicians in management of this challenging disease. In pediatric PPGLs, mutations in genes related to pseudohypoxia are most commonly seen, including the von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL) and succinate dehydrogenase subunit (SDHx) genes, with the highest risk for metastatic disease associated with variants in SDHB and SDHA. Such pathogenic variants are associated with a noradrenergic biochemical phenotype with resultant sustained catecholamine release and therefore persistent symptoms. This is in contrast to paroxysmal symptoms (e.g., episodic hypertension, palpitations, and diaphoresis/flushing) as seen in the adrenergic, or epinephrine-predominant, biochemical phenotype (due to episodic catecholamine release) that is commonly observed in adults. Additionally, PPGLs in children more often present with signs and symptoms of catecholamine excess. Therefore, children, adolescents, and young adults present differently from older adults (e.g., the prototypical presentation of palpitations, perspiration, and pounding headaches in the setting of an isolated adrenal mass). These presentations are a direct result of genetic determinants and highlight the need for pediatricians to recognize these differences in order to expedite appropriate evaluations, including genetic testing. Identification and familiarity with causative genes inform surveillance and treatment strategies to improve outcomes in pediatric patients with PPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey J. M. Kuo
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew A. Nazari
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Karel Pacak,
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14
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Watts D, Jaykar MT, Bechmann N, Wielockx B. Hypoxia signaling pathway: A central mediator in endocrine tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1103075. [PMID: 36699028 PMCID: PMC9868855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1103075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate oxygen levels are essential for the functioning and maintenance of biological processes in virtually every cell, albeit based on specific need. Thus, any change in oxygen pressure leads to modulated activation of the hypoxia pathway, which affects numerous physiological and pathological processes, including hematopoiesis, inflammation, and tumor development. The Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) are essential transcription factors and the driving force of the hypoxia pathway; whereas, their inhibitors, HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHDs) proteins are the true oxygen sensors that critically regulate this response. Recently, we and others have described the central role of the PHD/HIF axis in various compartments of the adrenal gland and its potential influence in associated tumors, including pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent findings on the hypoxia signaling pathway in vivo, including its role in the endocrine system, especially in adrenal tumors.
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15
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Special situations in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: pregnancy, metastatic disease, and cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Clin Exp Med 2021; 22:359-370. [PMID: 34591219 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the most complex pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PGL) cases, including pheochromocytoma/PGL during pregnancy, in cyanotic congenital heart diseases (CCHDs), and metastatic pheochromocytoma. The English and Spanish literature was thoroughly evaluated searching for articles reporting clinical studies, case reports, or reviews of pheochromocytoma/PGL in pregnancy and in CCHD and metastatic pheochromocytoma/PGL. Particular settings in the diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma and PGLs remain challenging. Those special situations include the diagnosis during pregnancy or in the context of CCHD since the typical clinical features of pheochromocytoma may be confounded with preeclampsia during pregnancy and with the complications commonly observed in CCHD. In addition, although some clinical and genetic features have been associated with higher risk of metastatic pheochromocytoma, the detection and prediction of the development of metastatic disease involve another complex situation that may require special hormonal determinations as plasmatic 3-methoxytyramine and nuclear medicine studies including 18FDG PET-CT or 18F-FDOPA PET-CT, among others. Furthermore, the selection of the most appropriate treatment in these situations, as well as the moment to carry it out, requires special care as limited evidence is available. This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the pheochromocytoma/PGL during pregnancy, metastatic pheochromocytoma/PGL, and pheochromocytoma/PGL in CCHD. The diagnosis, and especially the treatment, of metastatic pheochromocytomas and pheochromocytoma/PGL during pregnancy and in CCHD is challenging. Thus, these cases should be management in reference centres by multidisciplinary teams specialized in the pheochromocytoma/PGL treatment.
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