1
|
Wang X, He J, Wang YN, Zhao Z, Jiang K, Yang W, Zhang T, Jia S, Zhong K, Niu L, Lan Y. Strategies and Mechanisms of First-Row Transition Metal-Regulated Radical C-H Functionalization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10192-10280. [PMID: 39115179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Radical C-H functionalization represents a useful means of streamlining synthetic routes by avoiding substrate preactivation and allowing access to target molecules in fewer steps. The first-row transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) are Earth-abundant and can be employed to regulate radical C-H functionalization. The use of such metals is desirable because of the diverse interaction modes between first-row transition metal complexes and radical species including radical addition to the metal center, radical addition to the ligand of metal complexes, radical substitution of the metal complexes, single-electron transfer between radicals and metal complexes, hydrogen atom transfer between radicals and metal complexes, and noncovalent interaction between the radicals and metal complexes. Such interactions could improve the reactivity, diversity, and selectivity of radical transformations to allow for more challenging radical C-H functionalization reactions. This review examines the achievements in this promising area over the past decade, with a focus on the state-of-the-art while also discussing existing limitations and the enormous potential of high-value radical C-H functionalization regulated by these metals. The aim is to provide the reader with a detailed account of the strategies and mechanisms associated with such functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Innovation, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Q, Song S, Zeng T, Wang L, Li Z, Wu J, Zhu J. 1,3-Butadiene Dicarbofunctionalization Enabled by the Dual Role of Diaryl Ketone in Photo-HAT/Chromium Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:1550-1555. [PMID: 38364868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We report a three-component Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi type reaction of 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-butadienes, and aldehydes to access masked aldehyde-incorporated homoallylic alcohols, facilitated by photo-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/chromium dual catalysis. The diaryl ketone serves dual roles both in the HAT process and in facilitating the turnover of the chromium catalyst. A range of functional groups are tolerated owing to the mild conditions. Both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes are suitable substrates for coupling with several 1,3-butadienes and 1,3-dioxolane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shuo Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Tianlong Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhongxian Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu H, Shi Z, Guo X, Zhang FH, Wang Z. A Radical Approach for Asymmetric α-C-H Addition of N-Sulfonyl Benzylamines to Aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5316-5323. [PMID: 38364304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Efficient synthesis of enantioenriched amines is of great importance due to their significant synthetic and biological applications. Photoredox-mediated asymmetric α-amino C(sp3)-H functionalization offers an atom-economical and sustainable approach to access chiral amines. However, the development of analogous reactions is in its early stages, generally affording chiral amines with a single stereocenter. Herein, we present a novel synergistic triple-catalysis approach for the asymmetric α-C-H addition of readily available N-sulfonyl amines to aldehydes under mild conditions. This method allows for the efficient synthesis of a diverse array of valuable β-amino alcohols bearing vicinal stereocenters. Unlike previous reports, our protocol employs a radical approach using earth-abundant Cr catalysis. Quinuclidine plays a dual role by facilitating highly selective hydrogen-atom transfer to generate α-amino radicals and promoting the dissociation of the Cr-O bond, which is crucial for the overall catalytic cycle as evidenced by control, NMR, and DFT experiments. Preliminary mechanistic studies, including radical trapping, nonlinear effect, Stern-Volmer plot, kinetic isotope effect, and Hammett plot, offer valuable insights into the reaction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| | - Zhaoxin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
| | - Xiaochong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
| | - Feng-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou ,Zhejiang Province 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Delos Reyes AMV, Nieves Escobar CS, Muñoz A, Huffman MI, Tan DS. Direct conversion of amino acids to oxetanol bioisosteres via photoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10524-10531. [PMID: 37799988 PMCID: PMC10548506 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00936j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are an important structural feature in many drugs, but are associated with a number of unfavorable pharmacological properties. To address this problem, carboxylic acids can be replaced with bioisosteric mimics that interact similarly with biological targets but avoid these liabilities. Recently, 3-oxetanols have been identified as useful carboxylic acid bioisosteres that maintain similar hydrogen-bonding capacity while decreasing acidity and increasing lipophilicity. However, the installation of 3-oxetanols generally requires multistep de novo synthesis, presenting an obstacle to investigation of these promising bioisosteres. Herein, we report a new synthetic approach involving direct conversion of carboxylic acids to 3-oxetanols using a photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative addition to 3-oxetanone. Two versions of the transformation have been developed, in the presence or absence of CrCl3 and TMSCl cocatalysts. The reactions are effective for a variety of N-aryl α-amino acids and have excellent functional group tolerance. The Cr-free conditions generally provide higher yields and avoid the use of chromium reagents. Further, the Cr-free conditions were extended to a series of N,N-dialkyl α-amino acid substrates. Mechanistic studies suggest that the Cr-mediated reaction proceeds predominantly via in situ formation of an alkyl-Cr intermediate while the Cr-free reaction proceeds largely via radical addition to a Brønsted acid-activated ketone. Chain propagation processes provide quantum yields of 5 and 10, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avelyn Mae V Delos Reyes
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Christopher S Nieves Escobar
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Maya I Huffman
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Summer Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Derek S Tan
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Summer Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
- Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York 10065 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu H, Wang Z. Cr-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cross Aza-Pinacol Couplings for β-Amino Alcohol Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20775-20781. [PMID: 37703906 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Chiral β-amino alcohols are crucial structural motifs found in pharmaceuticals, natural products, and chiral ligands in asymmetric catalysis. Despite previous advances, the development of catalytic approaches to access β-amino alcohols bearing vicinal stereocenters from readily available chemicals remains a prominent challenge. Herein, we describe the Cr-catalyzed asymmetric cross aza-pinacol coupling of aldehydes and N-sulfonyl imines. This protocol proceeds in a radical-polar crossover manner from the intermediacy of an α-amino radical instead of a ketyl radical. Key to the success is using a chiral chromium catalyst, which plays a triple role in the chemoselective single-electron reduction of the imine, fast radical interception to inhibit radical addition to imines, and chemo- and stereoselective addition to aldehydes instead of imines. This method provides a modular and efficient approach to accessing diverse β-amino alcohols bearing vicinal stereocenters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Here we show that a primary amine can engage in the nucleophilic addition to an aldehyde to synthesize an alcohol following preactivation of the amine. The enabling reagent for this radical-polar crossover process is CrCl2. This reaction is selective for aldehydes and compatible with numerous functional groups, which are not tolerated under classical Grignard-type conditions. Complementary to the well-established imine synthesis, this deaminative alcohol synthesis can broadly expand the chemical space constructed by aldehydes and amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengqiang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng P, Zhong Y, Zhou C, Tao Y, Li D, Lu Q. Unlocking the Nucleophilicity of Strong Alkyl C-H Bonds via Cu/Cr Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:756-762. [PMID: 37122460 PMCID: PMC10141608 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of inert C-H bonds is one of the most attractive yet challenging strategies for constructing molecules in organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented and Earth abundant Cu/Cr catalytic system in which unreactive alkyl C-H bonds are transformed into nucleophilic alkyl-Cr(III) species at room temperature, enabling carbonyl addition reactions with strong alkyl C-H bonds. Various aryl alkyl alcohols are furnished under mild reaction conditions even on a gram scale. Moreover, this new radical-to-polar crossover approach is further applied to the 1,1-difunctionalization of aldehydes with alkanes and different nucleophiles. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the aldehyde not only acts as a reactant but also serves as a photosensitizer to recycle the Cu and Cr catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Peng
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key
Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials,
College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo X, Shi Z, Zhang FH, Wang Z. Cr-Catalyzed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Reductive Couplings of Ketones and Propargyl Halides. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Zhaoxin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Feng-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xia X, Wang Z. Cr-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxy Sulfides and Selenides. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Irie Y, Chen H, Fuse H, Mitsunuma H, Kanai M. Linear‐Selective Allylation of Aldehydes with Simple Alkenes Mediated by Quadruple Hybrid Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Irie
- The University of Tokyo JAPAN
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|