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Merrick N, Badenhorst M, Morgan A, Fortington L. Community perspectives on spinal cord injury in rugby union: facts and fears. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37650220 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2253191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sport of rugby union, henceforth rugby, is associated with a risk of spinal cord injury (SCI). Perceived risks can impact participation. Understanding community perspectives on rugby-related SCI may provide insight for addressing concerns around risk. The aim of this study was to explore community perspectives through social media discussion about SCI in rugby union. METHODS Posts about SCI in rugby union were identified using the advanced search function on Twitter. Data (content as original post, retweet, quote tweet and comments) were included if focused on Rugby Union and written in English. Inclusion dates (July 2018 to June 2019) were chosen to capture a period when several SCI (n = 4) occurred in community rugby in Australia. Data were analysed using a thematic approach. RESULTS Four themes were derived from the collected data. The 'pendulum swing' relates to the disparate views of rugby, from being overly cautious to too dangerous to play. The 'role of rugby culture' described engrained behaviours and attitudes on and off-field toward safety. 'Media influence' describes the emotive narrative used when reporting rugby-related SCI. 'After the injury' looks at expressions of sympathy and inspiration. These findings showed how individuals' views of SCI were influenced through rugby culture, trust in governing bodies and the news media. CONCLUSION By 'listening in' to community views, their most pertinent safety concerns can be addressed. Both facts and fears on rugby-related SCI were evident, and these extreme views can be balanced with evidence-based education and sensible risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Merrick
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ashlee Morgan
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Lauren Fortington
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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2
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Cheever K, King J, Kawata K. The association between contact sport exposure and cervical sensorimotor dysfunction: a scoping review of implications for future musculoskeletal injury risk. Chiropr Man Therap 2022; 30:50. [PMID: 36434725 PMCID: PMC9701076 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-022-00458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While morphological changes to the cervical spine have been observed for over 40 years in response to contact sport participation, little is known about the secondary effects of the cervical impairment on future musculoskeletal injury and disability. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN A scoping review was performed to discuss the relationship between contact sport participation and morphological changes to the cervical spine. Moreover, the correlation between morphological changes in the musculoskeletal structures of the cervical spine and resultant deficits in cervical sensorimotor and neuromotor function are discussed. Lastly, how alterations in cervical sensorimotor function may affect overall risk of musculoskeletal injury is discussed. METHODS The scientific literature was searched in PubMed, Sport Discus, and Web of Science pertaining to contact-sport athletes and/or cervical pathology and the cervicocephalic network. The Asksey and O'Malley's framework and PRISMA for Scoping Reviews were used to conduct and report the following review. Included articles were grouped into three categories: (1) Morphological changes to the cervical spine in contact sport athletes. (2) The role of the neuromotor pathways of the cervical spine in maintenance of postural tone and coordination of the extremities. (3) The correlation between altered cervical sensorimotor function and a resultant increase in musculoskeletal injury risk. RESULTS Our search identified 566 documents, of which 405 underwent full-text screening, resulting in 54 eligible studies for the review. Widespread cervical sensorimotor dysfunction was observed in contact sport athletes. Independently, cervical sensorimotor function was demonstrated to play a critical role in postural control and limb coordination. However, limited research exists exploring the interaction between contact sport participation and altered cervical sensorimotor function, as well as an associated increase in musculoskeletal injury risk. CONCLUSIONS Limited evidence exists linking cervical injury and/or observed deficits in cervical sensorimotor and neuromotor function to musculoskeletal injury risk. Longitudinal studies combining imaging measures (e.g., MRI, DEXA), cervical functional test, and prospective injury risk are needed to further explore the correlation between resultant cervical sensorimotor deficits following contact sport impacts and future musculoskeletal injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cheever
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Health, Community and Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Cir, San Antonio, TX, 78429, USA.
| | - Jeffery King
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Keisuke Kawata
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA ,grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XProgram in Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
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3
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Patel PD, Divi SN, Canseco JA, Donnally CJ, Galetta M, Vaccaro A, Schroeder GD, Hsu WK, Hecht AC, Dossett AB, Dhanota AS, Prasad SK, Vaccaro AR. Management of Acute Subaxial Trauma and Spinal Cord Injury in Professional Collision Athletes. Clin Spine Surg 2022; 35:241-248. [PMID: 34379610 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sports-related acute cervical trauma and spinal cord injury (SCI) represent a rare but devastating potential complication of collision sport injuries. Currently, there is debate on appropriate management protocols and return-to-play guidelines in professional collision athletes following cervical trauma. While cervical muscle strains and sprains are among the most common injuries sustained by collision athletes, the life-changing effects of severe neurological sequelae (ie, quadriplegia and paraplegia) from fractures and SCIs require increased attention and care. Appropriate on-field management and subsequent transfer/workup at an experienced trauma/SCI center is necessary for optimal patient care, prevention of injury exacerbation, and improvement in outcomes. This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, immediate/long-term management, and current return-to-play recommendations of athletes who suffer cervical trauma and SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthik D Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Srikanth N Divi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Jose A Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Chester J Donnally
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Matthew Galetta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Gregory D Schroeder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Wellington K Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Srugery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Andrew C Hecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Andrew B Dossett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Carrell Clinic, Dallas, TX
| | - Arsh S Dhanota
- Department of Sports Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Srivinas K Prasad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Phiadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Phiadelphia, PA
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4
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Maroon JC, Faramand A, Agarwal N, Harrington AL, Agarwal V, Norwig J, Okonkwo DO. Management of thoracic spinal cord injury in a professional American football athlete: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY: CASE LESSONS 2021; 2:CASE21206. [PMID: 36131575 PMCID: PMC9589477 DOI: 10.3171/case21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
A case of catastrophic thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) sustained by a professional American football player with severe scoliosis is presented.
OBSERVATIONS
A 25-year-old professional football player sustained an axial loading injury while tackling. Examination revealed a T8 American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grade A complete SCI. Methylprednisolone and hypothermia protocols were initiated. Computed tomography scan of the thoracic spine demonstrated T8 and T9 facet fractures on the left at the apex of a 42° idiopathic scoliotic deformity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated T2 spinal cord hyperintensity at T9. He regained trace movement of his right lower extremity over 12 hours, which was absent on posttrauma day 2. Repeat MRI revealed interval cord compression and worsening of T2 signal change at T7-T8 secondary to hematoma. Urgent decompression and fusion from T8 to T10 were performed. Additional treatment included high-dose omega-3 fatty acids and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. A 2-month inpatient spinal cord rehabilitation program was followed by prolonged outpatient physical therapy. He currently can run and jump with minimal residual distal left lower limb spasticity.
LESSONS
This is the first known football-related thoracic SCI with idiopathic scoliosis. Aggressive medical and surgical intervention with intensive rehabilitation formed the treatment protocol, with a favorable outcome achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vikas Agarwal
- Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - John Norwig
- Pittsburgh Steelers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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5
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Lee Y, Selverian S, Hsu WK, Watkins RG, Vaccaro AR, Hecht AC. Asymptomatic Spinal Cord Compression: Is Surgery Necessary to Return to Play. Neurosurgery 2021; 88:955-960. [PMID: 33427284 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advising athletes with asymptomatic cervical canal stenosis on their return to active play is a topic of considerable debate, with no definitive guidelines in place. Once cervical canal stenosis is identified, often through imaging following other injuries, it is difficult to predict the risk of future injury upon return to play in both contact and collision sports. Consequently, the decision can be a complicated one for the athlete, family, and physician alike. In this article, we identify radiographical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based criteria that may distinguish athletes "at-risk" for more severe consequences due to asymptomatic cervical canal stenosis from those who are safe to return to play. Using a Torg-Pavlov ratio <0.7 and MRI metrics, namely a minimal disc-level canal diameter <8 mm, a cord-to-canal area ratio >0.8, or space available for the cord <1.2 mm, can help when making these difficult decisions. Counseling can be a critical asset to patients with cervical stenosis who have had a previous episode of cervical cord neuropraxia, especially when they are involved in high-risk sports such as American football and rugby. We believe that while this remains an area of continued concern and controversy, improved MRI criteria will be a useful springboard for further studies, especially in the elite athlete population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsoo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Stephen Selverian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Wellington K Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew C Hecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Alston-Knox C, Evans K. The influence of second-row players on lumbar spine kinematics of front-row players during rugby union scrummaging. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yurac R, Zamorano JJ, Quinteros G, Izquierdo G, Novoa F, Brañes R, Valencia M, Silva A, Marré B. Treatment strategies for managing cervical spine injuries in rugby players. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:6. [PMID: 33500821 PMCID: PMC7827305 DOI: 10.25259/sni_794_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical spine fractures are potentially catastrophic injuries in rugby players. Here, we reviewed seven patients who sustained rugby-related cervical spine fractures. Notably, three of seven fractures were missed on initial X-rays, but were ultimately documented on CT studies obtained an average of 10 days later. Methods Seven patients sustained cervical spine fracture attributed to rugby (2009-2016) and were followed an average of 52 posttrauma months. Most injuries occurred at the C6-C7 level, and six of seven patients required surgery. Further, only two of seven patients exhibited resultant neurological deficits (e.g., one myelopathy and one radiculopathy). Results Although the rugby injury was sufficiently documented on initial X-rays in four patients, three initial X-rays missed fractures, which were documented on the CT studies obtained an average of 10 days later. Conclusion Rugby-related cervical fractures must be considered where players continue to complain of pain following trauma. Notably, routine X-rays may miss fractures in 3 of 7 cases (43%), thus warranting supplemental CT examinations to definitively rule out fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratko Yurac
- Department of Othopedics, Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Novoa
- Department of Othopedics, Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rocío Brañes
- Department of Othopedics, Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alvaro Silva
- Department of Othopedics, Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
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Oshlag B, Ray T, Boswell B. Neck Injuries. Prim Care 2020; 47:165-176. [PMID: 32014132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neck injuries are relatively uncommon but have the potential to cause serious and permanent disability. In athletes, injuries are most common in contact sports, and occur with direct axial loading with a forward-flexed neck. Soft tissue and peripheral nerve injuries are typically minor and self-limiting, with excellent recovery potential and return to activities based on symptoms. Concern for devastating spinal cord injuries has led to routine immobilization using spine boards and hard cervical collars. This approach may provide more harm than benefit when applied universally, and a more commonsense protocol can be used to better address potential neck injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Oshlag
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, First Ave at 16th St, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Tracy Ray
- Duke Sports Medicine, Duke University, 3475 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Benjamin Boswell
- Dvision of Sports Medicine, Primary Care Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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9
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Neck and Cervical Spine Injuries in National College Athletic Association Athletes: A 5-Year Epidemiologic Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45:55-64. [PMID: 31464974 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of neck and cervical spine injuries in collegiate athletes over a 5-year period. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The incidence and etiology of neck and cervical spine injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes has not been well defined in recent years. METHODS The incidence and characteristics of neck and cervical spine injuries were identified utilizing the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program database. Rates of injury were calculated as the number of injuries divided by the total number of athlete-exposures (AEs). AEs were defined as any student participation in one NCAA-sanctioned practice or competition. RESULTS Nationally, there were an estimated 11,510 neck and cervical spine injuries over the 5-year period. These occurred at a rate of 7.05 per 100,000 athlete-exposures (AEs). The rate of neck and cervical spine injuries in men was 2.66 per 100,000 AEs, while women suffered injuries at a rate of 1.95 per 100,000 AEs. In sex-comparable sports, men were 1.36 times more likely to suffer a neck or cervical spine injury compared with women. Men's football (29.09 per 100,000 AEs) and women's field hockey (11.51 per 100,000 AEs) were the sports with the highest rates of injuries. These injuries were 3.94 times more likely to occur during competition compared with practice. In-season injury rates were the highest, at 8.18 per 100,000 AEs. CONCLUSION The vast majority of neck and cervical spine injuries in NCAA athletes are minor and uncommon. Across all sports in both sexes, the majority of injuries were new, and occurred during in-season competitions. Most athletes returned to play within 24 hours of injury. These data can inform players, parents, coaches, athletic trainers, and physicians regarding the prevalence and rates of these injuries and potentially inform decision-making regarding injury prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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10
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Abstract
For high-level athletes, most experts consider that 1-level arthrodesis in cervical spine surgery does not prevent return to play. Nevertheless, return remains controversial in cases of 2-level fusions. We report the case of a 27-year-old professional rugby player. He had had a double cervical fusion C5C6 and C6C7 for cervical hernia and was allowed to continue rugby activities afterward. Four years after this surgery, his neck was forced in hyperflexion during a match and complete tetraplegia occurred. A computed tomography scan showed a C3C4 unilateral facet dislocation. The patient was rapidly operated on. At follow-up, 2 years after the accident, the patient remained tetraplegic with no neurologic improvement. If no definitive conclusion can be established on this first observation, many precautions must be taken before a return-to-play decision, especially in contact sports.
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11
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Hope JMV, Sane JC, Diao S, Sy MH. Spinal Cord Injury Due to Cervical Disc Herniation without Bony Involvement Caused by Wrestling - A Case Report. J Orthop Case Rep 2019; 9:19-22. [PMID: 31245312 PMCID: PMC6588150 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many cases of cervical spinal disc herniation caused by sporting injury have been reported. Those cases generally accompanied high-energy trauma such as fractures and/or dislocations. The purpose is to present the case of spinal cord injury (SCI) due to cervical disc herniation without bony involvement caused by wrestling. Case Report: We report a case of a 23-year-old man who sustained a cervical SCI during the wrestling competition. He was quadriplegic with no sensory or motor function preserved in sacral segments S4-S5. Conventional radiographs and computed tomography did not reveal bony abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a free herniated cervical disc severely compressing the spinal cord from central at C3/4 level. He underwent anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion using autologous iliac crest bone graft and fixation with the cervical plate. He made an eventful recovery, and 5 years later, he was playing at high competitive level. Conclusion: Competitive wrestling-related injuries are quite high. Fortunately, the incidence of SCI among wrestlers is extremely low. Although rare, SCI due to cervical disc herniation without bony involvement is a serious debilitating injury that exerts a devastating effect on a wrestler from a physical, psychological, and socioeconomic point of view, and places an immense burden on society from a public health perspective. The MRI is the golden examination in diagnosing such lesion. The management comprises surgical decompression of neural elements, stabilization, and fusion to provide a higher recovery rate from cord damage to return to play. Wrestler who is completely pain free with full range of motion and strength may be eligible for return to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marie Vianney Hope
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Rwanda Military Hospital, University of Rwanda, East Africa
| | - Jean Claude Sane
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Grand-Yoff General Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Diao
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Grand-Yoff General Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mouhamadou Habib Sy
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Grand-Yoff General Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of cervical spine injuries in collegiate football players. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The incidence and etiology of cervical spine injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football players has not been well defined in recent years. METHODS The incidence and characteristics of cervical spine injuries were identified utilizing the NCAA-ISP database. Rates of injury were calculated as the number of injuries divided by the total number of athlete-exposures (AEs). AEs were defined as any student participation in one NCAA-sanctioned practice or competition. RESULTS An estimated 7496 cervical spine injuries were identified. Of these, 85.6% were categorized as new injuries. These occurred at a rate of 2.91 per 10000 AEs. Stingers were most common (1.87 per 10000 AEs) followed by cervical strains (0.80 per 10000 AEs). Injuries were nine times more likely to occur during competition when compared with practice settings. When compared with the regular season, the relative risks of sustaining a cervical spine injury during the preseason and postseason were 0.69 (95% CI 0.52-0.90) and 0.39 (95% CI 0.16-0.94), respectively. The rate of cervical spine injuries was highest in Division I athletes. Direct contact-related injuries were most common, representing 90.8% of all injuries sustained. Injuries were most common in linebackers (20.3%) followed secondarily by defensive linemen (18.2%). Most players returned to play within 24 hours of the initial injury (64.4%), while only 2.8% remained out of play for > 21 days. CONCLUSION Fortunately, the rate of significant and disabling cervical spine injuries appears to be low in the NCAA football athlete. The promotion of safer tackling techniques, appropriate modification of protective gear, and preventive rehabilitation in these aforementioned settings is of continued value. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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DePasse JM, Durand W, Palumbo MA, Daniels AH. Sex- and Sport-Specific Epidemiology of Cervical Spine Injuries Sustained During Sporting Activities. World Neurosurg 2018; 122:e540-e545. [PMID: 30889777 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several investigations have examined the epidemiology of cervical spine injuries in sports, few studies have analyzed the nationwide incidence and sex-specific epidemiology of cervical spine injuries. METHOD The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database, which collects information on patients presenting to the emergency department at 100 hospitals across the United States, was queried for neck sprains and cervical fractures associated with sporting activities from 2000-2015. RESULT A total of 26,380 neck sprains and 1166 fractures were identified. Compared with females, the incidence for injuries in males was 1.7 times greater for neck sprains and 3.6 times greater for fractures (P < 0.0001). Football was the most common cause of cervical sprains in males, followed by cycling and weightlifting/aerobics. Females sustained most neck sprains in weightlifting/aerobics, trampoline, and cheerleading. From 2000 to 2015, the incidence of neck sprains from aerobics increased from 15.5 to 25.3 per million person-years (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the incidence of cervical fractures from cycling increased from 0.67 to 2.7 per million (P < 0.0001). For males, cycling was the most common cause of fracture, followed by diving/swimming and football. For females, horseback riding was most common, followed by cycling and diving/swimming. CONCLUSIONS Football is the leading cause of cervical sprains in the United States. The most common cause of cervical fracture in men is cycling, while in women it is horseback riding. The incidence of sport-related cervical fractures has increased by 35% from 2000 to 2015, which has been driven by an increase in cycling-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mason DePasse
- Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | - Wesley Durand
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mark A Palumbo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Spine Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alan H Daniels
- Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Spine Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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14
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Gopinathan NR, Viswanathan VK, Crawford AH. Cervical Spine Evaluation in Pediatric Trauma: A Review and an Update of Current Concepts. Indian J Orthop 2018; 52:489-500. [PMID: 30237606 PMCID: PMC6142799 DOI: 10.4103/ortho.ijortho_607_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The clinical presentation and diagnostic workup in pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSI) are different from adults owing to the unique anatomy and relative immaturity. The current article reviews the existing literature regarding the uniqueness of these injuries and discusses the current guidelines of radiological evaluation. A PubMed search was conducted using keywords "paediatric cervical spine injuries" or "paediatric cervical spine trauma." Six hundred and ninety two articles were available in total. Three hundred and forty three articles were considered for the review after eliminating unrelated and duplicate articles. Further screening was performed and 67 articles (original articles and review articles only) related to pediatric CSI were finally included. All articles were reviewed for details regarding epidemiology, injury patterns, anatomic considerations, clinical, and radiological evaluation protocols. CSIs are the most common level (60%-80%) for pediatric Spinal Injuries (SI). Children suffer from atlantoaxial injuries 2.5 times more often than adults. Children's unique anatomical features (large head size and highly flexible spine) predispose them to such a peculiar presentation. The role of National Emergency X-Ray Utilization Study, United State (NEXUS) and Canadian Cervical Spine Rule criteria in excluding pediatric cervical injury is questionable but cannot be ruled out completely. The minimum radiological examination includes 2- or 3-view cervical X-rays (anteroposterior, lateral ± open-mouth odontoid views). Additional radiological evaluations, including computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are obtained in situations of abnormal physical examination, abnormal X-rays, inability to obtain adequate X-rays, or to assess cord/soft-tissue status. The clinical criteria for cervical spine injury clearance can generally be applied to children older than 2 years of age. Nevertheless, adequate caution should be exercised before applying these rules in younger children. Initial radiographic investigation should be always adequate plain radiographs of cervical spine. CT and MRI scans should only be performed in an appropriate group of pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Raj Gopinathan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vibhu Krishnan Viswanathan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alvin H Crawford
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Badenhorst M, Verhagen E, Lambert MI, van Mechelen W, Brown JC. ‘In a blink of an eye your life can change’: experiences of players sustaining a rugby-related acute spinal cord injury. Inj Prev 2018; 25:313-320. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThough rare, rugby union carries a risk for serious injuries such as acute spinal cord injuries (ASCI), which may result in permanent disability. Various studies have investigated injury mechanisms, prevention programmes and immediate medical management of these injuries. However, relatively scant attention has been placed on the player’s experience of such an injury and the importance of context.AimThe aim of this study was to explore the injury experience and its related context, as perceived by the catastrophically injured player.MethodsA qualitative approach was followed to explore the immediate, postevent injury experience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 (n=48) players who had sustained a rugby-related ASCI.ResultsFour themes were derived from the data. Participants described the context around the injury incident, which may be valuable to help understand the mechanism of injury and potentially minimise risk. Participants also described certain contributing factors to their injury, which included descriptions of foul play and aggression, unaccustomed playing positions, pressure to perform and unpreparedness. The physical experience included signs and symptoms of ASCI that is important to recognise by first aiders, fellow teammates, coaches and referees. Lastly, participants described the emotional experience which has implications for all ASCI first responders.SignificanceAll rugby stakeholders, including players, first responders, coaches and referees, may gain valuable information from the experiences of players who have sustained these injuries. This information is also relevant for rugby safety initiatives in shaping education and awareness interventions.
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Wolff CS, Cantu RC, Kucera KL. Catastrophic neurologic injuries in sport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 158:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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17
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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Adams R, Evans K. Cervical spine kinematics measured during rugby union scrums: Reliability of optoelectronic and electromagnetic tracking systems. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1526758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cerrito
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kerrie Evans
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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