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Alrifai MT, Alrumayyan Y, Baarmah D, Alrumayyan A, Altuwaijri W, AlMuqbil M, Eyaid W, Swaid A, Almutairi F, Alfadhel M. Genetic Microcephaly in a Saudi Population: Unique Spectrum of Affected Genes Including a Novel One. J Child Neurol 2024; 39:209-217. [PMID: 38847106 DOI: 10.1177/08830738241252848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Background: Genetic microcephaly is linked to an increased risk of developmental disabilities, epilepsy, and motor impairment. The aim of this study is to describe the spectrum of identifiable genetic etiologies, clinical characteristics, and radiologic features of genetic microcephaly in patients referred to a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia. Method: This is a retrospective chart review study of all patients with identifiable genetic microcephaly presenting to a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia. The patients' demographics, clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and molecular findings were collected. Results: Of the total 128 cases referred, 52 cases (40%) had identifiable genetic causes. Monogenic disorders were found in 48 cases (92%), whereas chromosomal disorders were found in only 4 cases (8%). Developmental disability was observed in 40 cases (84%), whereas only 8 cases (16%) had borderline IQ or mild developmental delay. Epilepsy was seen in 29 cases (56%), and motor impairment was seen in 26 cases (50%). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormalities in 26 (50%) of the cohort. Hereditary neurometabolic disorders were seen in 7 (15%) of the 48 cases with monogenic disorders. The most common gene defect was ASPM, which is responsible for primary microcephaly type 5 and was seen in 10 cases (19%). A novel PLK1 gene pathogenic mutation was seen in 3 cases (6%). Conclusion: Single gene defect is common in this Saudi population, with the ASPM gene being the most common. Hereditary neurometabolic disorders are a common cause of genetic microcephaly. Furthermore, we propose the PKL1 gene mutation as a possible novel cause of genetic microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Talal Alrifai
- Neurology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousof Alrumayyan
- Neurology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duaa Baarmah
- Neurology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alrumayyan
- Neurology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Altuwaijri
- Neurology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlMuqbil
- Neurology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Eyaid
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Swaid
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Almutairi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Masih S, Moirangthem A, Shambhavi A, Rai A, Mandal K, Saxena D, Nilay M, Agrawal N, Srivastava S, Sait H, Phadke SR. Deciphering the molecular landscape of microcephaly in 87 Indian families by exome sequencing. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104520. [PMID: 35568357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly is a frequent feature of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Our study presents the heterogeneous spectrum of genetic disorders in patients with microcephaly either in isolated form or in association with other neurological and extra-neural abnormalities. We present data of 91 patients from 87 unrelated families referred to our clinic during 2016-2020 and provide a comprehensive clinical and genetic landscape in the studied cohort. Molecular diagnosis using exome sequencing was made in 45 families giving a yield of 51.7%. In 9 additional families probable causative variants were detected. We identified disease causing variations in 49 genes that are involved in different functional pathways Among these, 36 had an autosomal recessive pattern, 8 had an autosomal dominant pattern (all inherited de novo), and 5 had an X-linked pattern. In 41 probands where sequence variations in autosomal recessive genes were identified 31 were homozygotes (including 16 from non-consanguineous families). The study added 28 novel pathogenic/likely pathogenic variations. The study also calls attention to phenotypic variability and expansion in spectrum as well as uncovers genes where microcephaly is not reported previously or is a rare finding. We here report phenotypes associated with the genes for ultra-rare NDDs with microcephaly namely ATRIP, MINPP1, PNPLA8, AIMP2, ANKLE2, NCAPD2 and TRIT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzena Masih
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Amita Moirangthem
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Arya Shambhavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Archana Rai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Kausik Mandal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepti Saxena
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Mayank Nilay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Neha Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Somya Srivastava
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Haseena Sait
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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Heide M, Huttner WB. Human-Specific Genes, Cortical Progenitor Cells, and Microcephaly. Cells 2021; 10:1209. [PMID: 34063381 PMCID: PMC8156310 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, human-specific genes have received increasing attention as potential major contributors responsible for the 3-fold difference in brain size between human and chimpanzee. Accordingly, mutations affecting these genes may lead to a reduction in human brain size and therefore, may cause or contribute to microcephaly. In this review, we will concentrate, within the brain, on the cerebral cortex, the seat of our higher cognitive abilities, and focus on the human-specific gene ARHGAP11B and on the gene family comprising the three human-specific genes NOTCH2NLA, -B, and -C. These genes are thought to have significantly contributed to the expansion of the cerebral cortex during human evolution. We will summarize the evolution of these genes, as well as their expression and functional role during human cortical development, and discuss their potential relevance for microcephaly. Furthermore, we will give an overview of other human-specific genes that are expressed during fetal human cortical development. We will discuss the potential involvement of these genes in microcephaly and how these genes could be studied functionally to identify a possible role in microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heide
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstr. 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstr. 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Makhdoom EUH, Waseem SS, Iqbal M, Abdullah U, Hussain G, Asif M, Budde B, Höhne W, Tinschert S, Saadi SM, Yousaf H, Ali Z, Fatima A, Kaygusuz E, Khan A, Jameel M, Khan S, Tariq M, Anjum I, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Höning S, Baig SM, Nürnberg P, Hussain MS. Modifier Genes in Microcephaly: A Report on WDR62, CEP63, RAD50 and PCNT Variants Exacerbating Disease Caused by Biallelic Mutations of ASPM and CENPJ. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:731. [PMID: 34068194 PMCID: PMC8153008 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital microcephaly is the clinical presentation of significantly reduced head circumference at birth. It manifests as both non-syndromic-microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH)-and syndromic forms and shows considerable inter- and intrafamilial variability. It has been hypothesized that additional genetic variants may be responsible for this variability, but data are sparse. We have conducted deep phenotyping and genotyping of five Pakistani multiplex families with either MCPH (n = 3) or Seckel syndrome (n = 2). In addition to homozygous causal variants in ASPM or CENPJ, we discovered additional heterozygous modifier variants in WDR62, CEP63, RAD50 and PCNT-genes already known to be associated with neurological disorders. MCPH patients carrying an additional heterozygous modifier variant showed more severe phenotypic features. Likewise, the phenotype of Seckel syndrome caused by a novel CENPJ variant was aggravated to microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII) in conjunction with an additional PCNT variant. We show that the CENPJ missense variant impairs splicing and decreases protein expression. We also observed centrosome amplification errors in patient cells, which were twofold higher in MOPDII as compared to Seckel cells. Taken together, these observations advocate for consideration of additional variants in related genes for their role in modifying the expressivity of the phenotype and need to be considered in genetic counseling and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtisham Ul Haq Makhdoom
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Syeda Seema Waseem
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Maria Iqbal
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Maria Asif
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Birgit Budde
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
| | - Wolfgang Höhne
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
| | - Sigrid Tinschert
- Zentrum Medizinische Genetik, Medizinische Universität, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Saadia Maryam Saadi
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Hammad Yousaf
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Zafar Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan;
| | - Ambrin Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan;
| | - Emrah Kaygusuz
- Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gülümbe Campus, Bilecik 11230, Turkey;
| | - Ayaz Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Muhammad Jameel
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Sheraz Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Iram Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
| | - Stefan Höning
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.M.S.); (H.Y.); (A.K.); (M.J.); (S.K.); (M.T.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan;
- Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), 1- Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (E.U.H.M.); (S.S.W.); (M.I.); (M.A.); (B.B.); (W.H.); (J.A.); (H.T.); (P.N.)
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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