1
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Guin A, Deswal S, Harariya MS, Biju AT. Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective formal ene reaction of thioindolinones/thiolactams with bicyclobutanes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12473-12479. [PMID: 39118603 PMCID: PMC11304820 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), featuring two fused cyclopropane rings, have found widespread application in organic synthesis. Their versatile reactivity towards radicals, nucleophiles, cations, and carbenes makes them suitable for various reactions, including ring-opening and annulation strategies. Despite this versatility, their potential as enophiles in an ene reaction remains underexplored. Considering this and given the challenges of achieving diastereoselectivity in ring-opening reactions of BCBs, herein, we present a unique method utilizing BCBs as enophiles in a mild and diastereoselective Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed formal ene reaction with thioindolinones/thiolactams, delivering 1,3-disubstituted cyclobutane derivatives in high yields and excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. Notably, structurally different thiolactam derivatives underwent diastereoselective addition to BCBs, affording the corresponding cyclobutanes. The synthesized thioindole-substituted cyclobutanes could serve as a versatile tool for subsequent functional group manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Shiksha Deswal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Mahesh Singh Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
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2
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Xia PF, Zhou J, Yuan J, Zeng R, Liu Y, Tang KW, Fan JH. Oxidative Difunctionalization of N-Aryl Bicyclobutyl Amides with Aldehydes: Divergent Synthesis of Acylated and Alkylated 3-Spirocyclobutyl Oxindoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:6486-6490. [PMID: 39042855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and operationally simple oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-aryl bicyclobutyl (BCB) amides with aldehydes is described. It was found that acylated 3-spirocyclobutyl oxindoles were generated from the coupling of BCB-amides and aromatic aldehydes, while reactions gave exclusively decarbonylative alkylarylation products using alkyl aldehydes as radical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jian-Hong Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
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3
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Nugent J, López-Francés A, Sterling AJ, Tay MY, Frank N, Mousseau JJ, Duarte F, Anderson EA. α-Amino bicycloalkylation through organophotoredox catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10918-10925. [PMID: 39027309 PMCID: PMC11253163 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bridged bicycloalkanes such as bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) and bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (BCHeps) are important motifs in contemporary drug design due to their potential to act as bioisosteres of disubstituted benzene rings, often resulting in compounds with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Access to such motifs with proximal nitrogen atoms (i.e. α-amino/amido bicycloalkanes) is highly desirable for drug discovery applications, but their synthesis is challenging. Here we report an approach to α-amino BCPs and BCHeps through the visible-light enabled addition of α-amino radicals to the interbridgehead C-C bonds of [1.1.1] and [3.1.1]propellane respectively. The reaction proceeds under exceptionally mild conditions and displays broad substrate scope, providing access to an array of medicinally-relevant BCP and BCHep products. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies provide evidence for a radical chain pathway which depends critically on the stability of the α-amino radical, as well as effective catalyst turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nugent
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Adrián López-Francés
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad 7 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Min Yi Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nils Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Eastern Point Road, Groton Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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4
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Kraemer Y, Buldt JA, Kong WY, Stephens AM, Ragan AN, Park S, Haidar ZC, Patel AH, Shey R, Dagan R, McLoughlin CP, Fettinger JC, Tantillo DJ, Pitts CR. Overcoming a Radical Polarity Mismatch in Strain-Release Pentafluorosulfanylation of [1.1.0]Bicyclobutanes: An Entryway to Sulfone- and Carbonyl-Containing SF 5-Cyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319930. [PMID: 38237059 PMCID: PMC11045327 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The first assortment of achiral pentafluorosulfanylated cyclobutanes (SF5-CBs) are now synthetically accessible through strain-release functionalization of [1.1.0]bicyclobutanes (BCBs) using SF5Cl. Methods for both chloropentafluorosulfanylation and hydropentafluorosulfanylation of sulfone-based BCBs are detailed herein, as well as proof-of-concept that the logic extends to tetrafluoro(aryl)sulfanylation, tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)sulfanylation, and three-component pentafluorosulfanylation reactions. The methods presented enable isolation of both syn and anti isomers of SF5-CBs, but we also demonstrate that this innate selectivity can be overridden in chloropentafluorosulfanylation; that is, an anti-stereoselective variant of SF5Cl addition across sulfone-based BCBs can be achieved by using inexpensive copper salt additives. Considering the SF5 group and CBs have been employed individually as nonclassical bioisosteres, structural aspects of these unique SF5-CB "hybrid isosteres" were then contextualized using SC-XRD. From a mechanistic standpoint, chloropentafluorosulfanylation ostensibly proceeds through a curious polarity mismatch addition of electrophilic SF5 radicals to the electrophilic sites of the BCBs. Upon examining carbonyl-containing BCBs, we also observed rare instances whereby radical addition to the 1-position of a BCB occurs. The nature of the key C(sp3)-SF5 bond formation step - among other mechanistic features of the methods we disclose - was investigated experimentally and with DFT calculations. Lastly, we demonstrate compatibility of SF5-CBs with various downstream functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jón Atiba Buldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wang-Yeuk Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander M Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Abbey N Ragan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Soojun Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zane C Haidar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ansh Hiten Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rachel Shey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roee Dagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Connor P McLoughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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5
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Bai D, Guo X, Wang X, Xu W, Cheng R, Wei D, Lan Y, Chang J. Umpolung reactivity of strained C-C σ-bonds without transition-metal catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2833. [PMID: 38565533 PMCID: PMC10987681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Umpolung is an old and important concept in organic chemistry, which significantly expands the chemical space and provides unique structures. While, previous research focused on carbonyls or imine derivatives, the umpolung reactivity of polarized C-C σ-bonds still needs to explore. Herein, we report an umpolung reaction of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) with electron-deficient alkenes to construct the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond at the electrophilic position of C-C σ-bonds in BCBs without any transition-metal catalysis. Specifically, this transformation relies on the strain-release driven bridging σ-bonds in bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), which are emerged as ene components, providing an efficient and straightforward synthesis route of various functionalized cyclobutenes and conjugated dienes, respectively. The synthetic utilities of this protocol are performed by several transformations. Preliminary mechanistic studies including density functional theory (DFT) calculation support the concerted Alder-ene type process of C-C σ-bond cleavage with hydrogen transfer. This work extends the umpolung reaction to C-C σ-bonds and provides high-value structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiuli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Ruoshi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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6
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Fan JH, Yuan J, Xia PF, Zhou J, Zhong LJ, Huang PF, Liu Y, Tang KW, Li JH. Photoredox-Catalyzed Alkylarylation of N-Aryl Bicyclobutyl Amides with α-Carbonyl Alkyl Bromides: Access to 3-Spirocyclobutyl Oxindoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:2073-2078. [PMID: 38446422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced radical alkylarylation of N-aryl bicyclobutyl amides with α-carbonyl alkyl bromides for the synthesis of functionalized 3-spirocyclobutyl oxindoles is described in which β-selective radical addition of the alkyl radical to N-aryl bicyclobutyl amides forms a key radical intermediate followed by interception with intrinsic arene functional group. This approach can be applicable to a wide range of α-carbonyl alkyl bromides, including primary, secondary, and tertiary α-bromoalkyl esters, ketones, nitriles, and nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Long-Jin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Peng-Fei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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7
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Das K, Pedada A, Singha T, Hari DP. Strain-enabled radical spirocyclization cascades: rapid access to spirocyclobutyl lactones and - lactams. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3182-3191. [PMID: 38425517 PMCID: PMC10901517 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05700c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclobutane derivatives have gained significant attention in drug discovery programs due to their broad spectrum of biological activities and clinical applications. Ring-strain in organic molecules is a powerful tool to promote reactivity by releasing strain energy, allowing the construction of complex molecules selectively and efficiently. Herein, we report the first strain-enabled radical spirocyclization cascades for the synthesis of functionalized spirocyclobutyl lactones and - lactams, which are finding increasing applications in medicinal chemistry. The reaction of interelement compounds with bicyclobutane (BCB) allyl esters and - amides proceeds with high chemoselectivity under simple, catalyst-free conditions using blue light irradiation. The reaction has been successfully extended to synthesize bis-spirocycles. To introduce a more diverse set of functional groups, we have developed a dual photoredox/nickel catalytic system capable of mediating the carbosulfonylation of BCB allyl amides. The reaction shows broad applicability across various (hetero)aryl halides, aryl sulfinates, and BCB allyl amides, operates under mild conditions and demonstrates excellent functional group compatibility. The functional groups introduced during the cascade reactions served as versatile handles for further synthetic elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Abhilash Pedada
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Tushar Singha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
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8
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McNamee RE, Dasgupta A, Christensen KE, Anderson EA. Bridge Cross-Coupling of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:360-364. [PMID: 38156902 PMCID: PMC10789093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) have gained growing popularity in "strain release" chemistry for the synthesis of four-membered-ring systems and para- and meta-disubstituted arene bioisosteres as well as applications in chemoselective bioconjugation. However, functionalization of the bridge position of BCBs can be challenging due to the inherent strain of the ring system and reactivity of the central C-C bond. Here we report the first late-stage bridge cross-coupling of BCBs, mediated by directed metalation/palladium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. McNamee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ayan Dasgupta
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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9
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Dasgupta A, Bhattacharjee S, Tong Z, Guin A, McNamee RE, Christensen KE, Biju AT, Anderson EA. Stereoselective Alder-Ene Reactions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes: Facile Synthesis of Cyclopropyl- and Aryl-Substituted Cyclobutenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1196-1203. [PMID: 38157245 PMCID: PMC10786042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), strained carbocycles comprising two fused cyclopropane rings, have become well-established building blocks in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology due to their diverse reactivity profile with radicals, nucleophiles, cations, and carbenes. The constraints of the bicyclic ring system confer high p-character on the interbridgehead C-C bond, leading to this broad reaction profile; however, the use of BCBs in pericyclic processes has to date been largely overlooked in favor of such stepwise, non-concerted additions. Here, we describe the use of BCBs as substrates for ene-like reactions with strained alkenes and alkynes, which give rise to cyclobutenes decorated with highly substituted cyclopropanes and arenes. The former products are obtained from highly stereoselective reactions with cyclopropenes, generated in situ from vinyl diazoacetates under blue light irradiation (440 nm). Cyclobutenes featuring a quaternary aryl-bearing carbon atom are prepared from equivalent reactions with arynes, which proceed in high yields under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies highlight the importance of electronic effects in this chemistry, while computational investigations support a concerted pathway and rationalize the excellent stereoselectivity of reactions with cyclopropenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dasgupta
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Subrata Bhattacharjee
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Zixuan Tong
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Avishek Guin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ryan E. McNamee
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Akkattu T. Biju
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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10
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Xiao Y, Xu TT, Zhou JL, Wu F, Tang L, Liu RY, Wu WB, Feng JJ. Photochemical α-selective radical ring-opening reactions of 1,3-disubstituted acyl bicyclobutanes with alkyl halides: modular access to functionalized cyclobutenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13060-13066. [PMID: 38023515 PMCID: PMC10664698 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04457b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ring-opening reactions of bicyclobutanes bearing electron-withdrawing groups, typically with β-selectivity, have evolved as a powerful platform for synthesis of cyclobutanes, their application in the synthesis of cyclobutenes remains underdeveloped. Here, a novel visible light induced α-selective radical ring-opening reaction of 1,3-disubstituted acyl bicyclobutanes with alkyl radical precursors for the synthesis of functionalized cyclobutenes is described. In particular, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides are all suitable substrates for this photocatalytic transformation, providing ready access to cyclobutenes with a single all-carbon quaternary center, or with two contiguous centers under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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11
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Tang L, Huang QN, Wu F, Xiao Y, Zhou JL, Xu TT, Wu WB, Qu S, Feng JJ. C(sp 2)-H cyclobutylation of hydroxyarenes enabled by silver-π-acid catalysis: diastereocontrolled synthesis of 1,3-difunctionalized cyclobutanes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9696-9703. [PMID: 37736637 PMCID: PMC10510764 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-opening of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) is emerging as a powerful strategy for 1,3-difunctionalized cyclobutane synthesis. However, reported radical strain-release reactions are typically plagued with diastereoselectivity issues. Herein, an atom-economic protocol for the highly chemo- and diastereoselective polar strain-release ring-opening of BCBs with hydroxyarenes catalyzed by a π-acid catalyst AgBF4 has been developed. The use of readily available starting materials, low catalyst loading, high selectivity (up to >98 : 2 d.r.), a broad substrate scope, ease of scale-up, and versatile functionalizations of the cyclobutane products make this approach very attractive for the synthesis of 1,1,3-trisubstituted cyclobutanes. Moreover, control experiments and theoretical calculations were performed to illustrate the reaction mechanism and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Qi-Nan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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12
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Chen PF, Li DS, Ou WT, Xue F, Deng HP. 2-Isopropylthioxanthone-Catalyzed Divergent Functionalization of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes under Visible-Light Irradiation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6184-6188. [PMID: 37559181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Functionalized cyclobutane structural motifs are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Photoinduced alkylation of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) offers a step-economical strategy for accessing 1,3-functionalized cyclobutane motifs. Herein, we disclose a general and mild photocatalytic protocol of bromoallylation and alkylation of BCBs in a metal, additive-free manner by using the same photocatalyst, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, in different catalytic roles. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of these products was illustrated in the synthesis of various valuable and complex cyclobutane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Tong Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ping Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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13
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Guin A, Bhattacharjee S, Harariya MS, Biju AT. Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective carbofunctionalization of bicyclobutanes employing naphthols. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6585-6591. [PMID: 37350821 PMCID: PMC10284142 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional radical-mediated ring-opening of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) for cyclobutane synthesis suffers from poor diastereoselectivity. Although few reports on BCB ring-opening via polar mechanisms are available, the Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective ring-opening of BCBs using carbon nucleophiles is still underdeveloped. Herein, we report a mild and diastereoselective Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed ring-opening of BCBs employing 2-naphthols. The anticipated carbofunctionalized trisubstituted cyclobutanes were obtained via a bicoordinated bismuth complex and the products are formed in good to excellent yields with high regio- and diastereoselectivity. The scope of the reaction was further extended using electron-rich phenols and naphthylamine. The functionalization of the synthesized trisubstituted cyclobutanes shows the synthetic utility of the present method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
| | - Subrata Bhattacharjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
| | - Mahesh Singh Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
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14
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Fan Z, Strassfeld DA, Park HS, Wu K, Yu JQ. Formal γ-C-H Functionalization of Cyclobutyl Ketones: Synthesis of cis-1,3-Difunctionalized Cyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303948. [PMID: 37051944 PMCID: PMC10330309 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Difunctionalized cyclobutanes are an emerging scaffold in medicinal chemistry that can confer beneficial pharmacological properties to small-molecule drug candidates. However, the diastereocontrolled synthesis of these compounds typically requires complicated synthetic routes, indicating a need for novel methods. Here, we report a sequential C-H/C-C functionalization strategy for the stereospecific synthesis of cis-γ-functionalized cyclobutyl ketones from readily available cyclobutyl aryl ketones. Specifically, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-2-ol intermediate is generated from the parent cyclobutyl ketone via an optimized Norrish-Yang procedure. This intermediate then undergoes a ligand-enabled, palladium-catalyzed C-C cleavage/functionalization to produce valuable cis-γ-(hetero)arylated, alkenylated, and alkynylated cyclobutyl aryl ketones, the benzoyl moiety of which can subsequently be converted to a wide range of functional groups including amides and esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Pickford HD, Ripenko V, McNamee RE, Holovchuk S, Thompson AL, Smith RC, Mykhailiuk PK, Anderson EA. Rapid and Scalable Halosulfonylation of Strain-Release Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213508. [PMID: 36226350 PMCID: PMC10100009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonylated aromatics are commonplace motifs in drugs and agrochemicals. However, methods for the direct synthesis of sulfonylated non-classical arene bioisosteres, which could improve the physicochemical properties of drug and agrochemical candidates, are limited. Here we report a solution to this challenge: a one-pot halosulfonylation of [1.1.1]propellane, [3.1.1]propellane and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes that proceeds under practical, scalable and mild conditions. The sulfonyl halides used in this chemistry feature aryl, heteroaryl and alkyl substituents, and are conveniently generated in situ from readily available sulfinate salts and halogen atom sources. This methodology enables the synthesis of an array of pharmaceutically and agrochemically relevant halogen/sulfonyl-substituted bioisosteres and cyclobutanes, on up to multidecagram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D Pickford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Vasyl Ripenko
- Enamine Ltd, Chervonotkatska 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ryan E McNamee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Amber L Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Russell C Smith
- AbbVie Drug Discovery Science & Technology (DDST), 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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16
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Bicyclobutanes as unusual building blocks for complexity generation in organic synthesis. Commun Chem 2023; 6:9. [PMID: 36697911 PMCID: PMC9837078 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicyclobutanes are among the most highly strained isolable organic compounds and their associated low activation barriers to reactivity make them intriguing building-blocks in organic chemistry. In recent years, numerous creative synthetic strategies exploiting their heightened reactivity have been presented and these discoveries have often gone hand-in-hand with the development of more practical routes for their synthesis. Their proclivity as strain-release reagents through their weak central C-C bond has been harnessed in a variety of addition, rearrangement and insertion reactions, providing rapid access to a rich tapestry of complex molecular scaffolds. This review will provide an overview of the different options available for bicyclobutane synthesis, the main classes of compounds that can be prepared from bicyclobutanes, and the associated modes of reactivity used.
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17
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Livingstone K, Siebold K, Meyer S, Martín-Heras V, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Skeletal Ring Contractions via I(I)/I(III) Catalysis: Stereoselective Synthesis of cis-α,α-Difluorocyclopropanes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14507-14516. [PMID: 36504915 PMCID: PMC9724094 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of α,α-difluorocyclopropanes, combined with limitations in the existing synthesis portfolio, inspired the development of an operationally simple, organocatalysis-based strategy to access cis-configured derivatives with high levels of stereoselectivity (up to >20:1 cis:trans). Leveraging an I(I)/I(III)-catalysis platform in the presence of an inexpensive HF source, it has been possible to exploit disubstituted bicyclobutanes (BCBs) as masked cyclobutene equivalents for this purpose. In situ generation of this strained alkene, enabled by Brønsted acid activation, facilitates an unprecedented 4 → 3 fluorinative ring contraction, to furnish cis-α,α-difluorinated cyclopropanes in a highly stereoselective manner (up to 88% yield). Mechanistic studies are disclosed together with conformational analysis (X-ray crystallography and NMR) to validate cis-α,α-difluorocyclopropanes as isosteres of the 1,4-dicarbonyl moiety. Given the importance of this unit in biology and the foundational no → π* interactions that manifest themselves in this conformation (e.g., collagen), it is envisaged that the title motif will find application in focused molecular design.
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18
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Chen PP, Wipf P, Houk KN. How mono- and diphosphine ligands alter regioselectivity of the Rh-catalyzed annulative cleavage of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7292. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRh(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes provide a fruitful approach to cyclopropane-fused heterocycles. Products and stereochemical outcome are highly dependent on catalyst. The triphenylphosphine (PPh3) ligand provides pyrrolidines, placing substituents anti to the cyclopropyl group. The 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) ligand yields azepanes with substituents syn to the cyclopropyl group. In this work, quantum mechanical DFT calculations pinpoint a reversal of regio- and diastereoselectivity, suggesting a concerted (double) C−C bond cleavage and rhodium carbenoid formation, driven by strain-release. The ligand-influenced cleavage step determines the regioselectivity of carbometalation and product formation, and suggests new applications of bicyclobutanes.
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19
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Kelly CB, Milligan JA, Tilley LJ, Sodano TM. Bicyclobutanes: from curiosities to versatile reagents and covalent warheads. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11721-11737. [PMID: 36320907 PMCID: PMC9580472 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique chemistry of small, strained carbocyclic systems has long captivated organic chemists from a theoretical and fundamental standpoint. A resurgence of interest in strained carbocyclic species has been prompted by their potential as bioisosteres, high fraction of sp3 carbons, and limited appearance in the patent literature. Among strained ring systems, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB) stands apart as the smallest bicyclic carbocycle and is amongst the most strained carbocycles known. Despite the fact that BCBs have been synthesized and studied for well over 50 years, they have long been regarded as laboratory curiosities. However, new approaches for preparing, functionalizing, and using BCBs in "strain-release" transformations have positioned BCBs to be powerful synthetic workhorses. Further, the olefinic character of the bridgehead bond enables BCBs to be elaborated into various other ring systems and function as covalent warheads for bioconjugation. This review will discuss the recent developments in the synthesis and functionalization of BCBs as well as the applications of these strained rings in synthesis and drug discovery. An overview of the properties and the historical context of this interesting structure will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Kelly
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development LLC 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477 USA
| | - John A Milligan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University 4201 Henry Avenue Philadelphia PA 19144 USA
| | - Leon J Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College 320 Washington Street Easton MA 02357 USA
| | - Taylor M Sodano
- Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development LLC 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477 USA
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20
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Lai W, Zhong K, Liu S, Liu S, Chen H, Ni H, Zeng Z, Zhao Z, Lan Y, Bai R. How Strain-Release Determines Chemoselectivity: A Mechanistic Study of Rhodium-Catalyzed Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane Activation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7694-7701. [PMID: 35960186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB) derivatives are versatile coupling partners, and various reaction modes for their activation and transformation have been proposed. In this work, three BCB-activation modes in Rh-catalyzed BCB transformations that construct diastereoselective α-quaternary β-lactones were investigated by density functional theory calculations. Our results show that, compared with C1-C3 insertion and C-C3 oxidative addition, C2-C3 oxidative addition is more favorable. The whole catalytic cycle involves five main steps: C-H activation, oxidative addition, β-C elimination/reductive elimination, Rh walking, and aldehyde insertion/protonation. Independent gradient model, intrinsic reaction coordinate, distortion-interaction energy, and Laplacian electron-density analyses were carried out to investigate the mode of BCB activation. Our calculation also showed that aldehyde-insertion is the diastereoselectivity determining step, which is controlled by the steric effect between the ligand, methyl group, and aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Song Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Remediation Technologies, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, P. R. China
| | - Shihan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Haohua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Hao Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, CP. R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
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21
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Gao H, Guo L, Shi C, Zhu Y, Yang C, Xia W. Transition Metal‐Free Radical α‐Oxy C−H Cyclobutylation via Photoinduced Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Zhu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
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22
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Jung M, Lindsay VNG. One-Pot Synthesis of Strain-Release Reagents from Methyl Sulfones. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4764-4769. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myunggi Jung
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Vincent N. G. Lindsay
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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23
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McNamee RE, Thompson AL, Anderson EA. Synthesis and Applications of Polysubstituted Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21246-21251. [PMID: 34904841 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) are valuable substrates in the "strain release" synthesis of polysubstituted four-membered ring systems, with applications including bioconjugation agents. The introduction of substituents onto the BCB bridges is challenging due to limitations in current methods for the preparation of this bicyclic scaffold, typically necessitating linear syntheses with limited functional group tolerance and/or substituent scope. Here, we report the synthesis of tri- and tetrasubstituted BCBs via directed metalation of readily accessed BCB amides; this straightforward "late stage" approach generates a wide variety of bridge-substituted BCBs that can be easily converted into other useful small ring building blocks. Access to a monodeuterated BCB afforded unprecedented insight into the mechanism of dihalocarbene insertion into BCBs to afford bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E McNamee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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24
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Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation pioneered by Heck in 1969 has dominated medicinal chemistry development for the ensuing fifty years. As the demand for more complex three-dimensional active pharmaceuticals continues to increase, preparative enzyme-mediated assembly, by virtue of its exquisite selectivity and sustainable nature, is poised to provide a practical and affordable alternative for accessing such compounds. In this minireview, we summarize recent state-of-the-art developments in practical enzyme-mediated assembly of carbocycles. When appropriate, background information on the enzymatic transformation is provided and challenges and/or limitations are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Douglass F Taber
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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25
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Pinkert T, Das M, Schrader ML, Glorius F. Use of Strain-Release for the Diastereoselective Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7648-7654. [PMID: 33974436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the formation of quaternary carbon centers with excellent diastereoselectivity via a strain-release protocol. An organometallic species is generated by Cp*Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation, which is then coupled with strained bicyclobutanes (BCBs) and a prochiral carbon electrophile in a three-component reaction. This work illustrates a rare example of BCBs in transition metal catalysis and demonstrates their broad potential to access novel reaction pathways. The method developed exhibits ample functional group tolerance, and the products can be further transformed into valuable α-quaternary β-lactones. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest a twofold C-C bond cleavage sequence involving σ-bond insertion and an ensuing β-carbon elimination event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pinkert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malte L Schrader
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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26
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Guo L, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. α‐Selective Ring‐Opening Reactions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Boronic Ester with Nucleophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Bristol University Department of Chemistry Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Adam Noble
- Bristol University Department of Chemistry Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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27
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Zhao H, Cheng D, Xu X. Application of α-Aminoalkyl Radical in Visible Light Catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202005055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Guo L, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. α‐Selective Ring‐Opening Reactions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Boronic Ester with Nucleophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:212-216. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Bristol University Department of Chemistry Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Adam Noble
- Bristol University Department of Chemistry Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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29
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Bennett SH, Fawcett A, Denton EH, Biberger T, Fasano V, Winter N, Aggarwal VK. Difunctionalization of C-C σ-Bonds Enabled by the Reaction of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Boronate Complexes with Electrophiles: Reaction Development, Scope, and Stereochemical Origins. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16766-16775. [PMID: 32885974 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Difunctionalization reactions of C-C σ-bonds have the potential to streamline access to molecules that would otherwise be difficult to prepare. However, the development of such reactions is challenging because C-C σ-bonds are typically unreactive. Exploiting the high ring-strain energy of polycyclic carbocycles is a common strategy to weaken and facilitate the reaction of C-C σ-bonds, but there are limited examples of highly strained C-C σ-bonds being used in difunctionalization reactions. We demonstrate that highly strained bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl boronate complexes (strain energy ca. 65 kcal/mol), which were prepared by reacting boronic esters with bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl lithium, react with electrophiles to achieve the diastereoselective difunctionalization of the strained central C-C σ-bond of the bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl unit. The reaction shows broad substrate scope, with a range of different electrophiles and boronic esters being successfully employed to form a diverse set of 1,1,3-trisubstituted cyclobutanes (>50 examples) with high diastereoselectivity. The high diastereoselectivity observed has been rationalized based on a combination of experimental data and DFT calculations, which suggests that separate concerted and stepwise reaction mechanisms are operating, depending upon the migrating substituent and electrophile used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Bennett
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Fawcett
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott H Denton
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Biberger
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Valerio Fasano
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Winter
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Cornelison JL, Cato ML, Johnson AM, D'Agostino EH, Melchers D, Patel AB, Mays SG, Houtman R, Ortlund EA, Jui NT. Development of a new class of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) agonists by photoredox conjugate addition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127293. [PMID: 32631515 PMCID: PMC7701997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
LRH-1 is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism and homeostasis, making it an attractive target for the treatment of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Building on recent structural information about ligand binding from our labs, we have designed a series of new LRH-1 agonists that further engage LRH-1 through added polar interactions. While the current synthetic approach to this scaffold has, in large part, allowed for decoration of the agonist core, significant variation of the bridgehead substituent is mechanistically precluded. We have developed a new synthetic approach to overcome this limitation, identified that bridgehead substitution is necessary for LRH-1 activation, and described an alternative class of bridgehead substituents for effective LRH-1 agonist development. We determined the crystal structure of LRH-1 bound to a bridgehead-modified compound, revealing a promising opportunity to target novel regions of the ligand binding pocket to alter LRH-1 target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L Cato
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Alyssa M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Diana Melchers
- Precision Medicine Lab, Pivot Park, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Building, Office1131/lab1333, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Anamika B Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - René Houtman
- Precision Medicine Lab, Pivot Park, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Building, Office1131/lab1333, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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31
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Ociepa M, Wierzba AJ, Turkowska J, Gryko D. Polarity-Reversal Strategy for the Functionalization of Electrophilic Strained Molecules via Light-Driven Cobalt Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5355-5361. [PMID: 32105464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strain-release-driven methodology is a powerful tool for accessing structural motifs, highly desirable by the pharmaceutical industry. The reactivity of spring-loaded cyclic reagents is dominated by transformations relying on their inherent electrophilic reactivity. Herein, we present a polarity-reversal strategy based on light-driven cobalt catalysis, which enables the generation of nucleophilic radicals through strain release. The applicability of this methodology is demonstrated by the design of two distinct types of reactions: Giese-type addition and Co/Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling. Moreover, a series of electrochemical, spectroscopic, and kinetic experiments as well as X-ray structural analysis of the intermediate alkylcobalt(III) complex give deeper insight into the mechanism of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Ociepa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra J Wierzba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Turkowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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