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Lopes MP, Gonçalves IMC, da Silva JA, Sobral-Souza DF, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL. Effect of the β-tricalcium phosphate particle on dental enamel associated with 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching. J Clin Exp Dent 2024; 16:e485-e493. [PMID: 38725818 PMCID: PMC11078500 DOI: 10.4317/jced.61300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Since bleaching gels can cause adverse effects on tooth enamel, it is important to evaluate new remineralizing agents on the market and their effects. Material and Methods Seventy-five bovine enamel/dentin blocks (4x4x3mm) were randomly divided into six groups (n=10): Negative Control (NC) with no bleaching treatment or brushing; 10 CP (Carbamide Peroxide) (no brushing - Whiteness Perfect FGM); CT12 + 10 CP (Colgate Total® 12); ES + 10 CP (Elmex® Sensitive); BPC + 10 CP (Bianco® ProClinical); CMP + 10 CP (Colgate® Máxima Proteção Anticáries). The color was evaluated by reflectance spectrophotometry (∆E*ab, ∆E00, and ∆WID) at times T1 (baseline), T2 (24 hours after brushing), and T3 (24 hours after bleaching). Knoop microhardness (KHN) analysis were performed at T3. The enamel surface was qualitatively analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using generalized linear models through descriptive and exploratory analyses, and a significance level of 5% was considered. Results Significant differences were observed when the bleached groups were compared to the NC group for ∆E*ab, ∆E00, and ∆WID at time T3 (p= <0.0001). However, the bleached groups presented no significant differences regarding studied times (p> 0.05). KHN did not differ significantly among the six groups (p=0.7585). Conclusions Toothpastes with tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) do not intervene with the efficacy of bleaching treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide. Although a slight mineral deposition on enamel surface can be observed on SEM images, KHN was not significantly altered, and the polishing of the samples were maintained. Key words:Dental Bleaching, Carbamide Peroxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Dental Enamel, Tricalcium Phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina-Paparotto Lopes
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Iana-Maria-Costa Gonçalves
- DDS, MSc, Ph.D Student - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Julliana-Andrade da Silva
- DDS, MSc, Ph.D Student - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle-Ferreira Sobral-Souza
- DDS, MSc, Ph.D Student - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio-Henrique-Baggio Aguiar
- DDS, MSc, Ph.D., Associate Professor - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora-Alves-Nunes-Leite Lima
- DDS, MSc, Ph.D., Associate Professor - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Klaophimai A, Tosrisawatkasem O, Horsophonphong S. Antibacterial effects of children's and adults' toothpastes containing different amounts of fluoride: An in vitro study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2024; 18:23-28. [PMID: 38881638 PMCID: PMC11179140 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.40705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, fluoride concentrations in toothpaste for children and adults have increased. However, the effects of different concentrations on bacterial activity have rarely been compared. We aimed to investigate and compare the antibacterial activity of children's and adults' toothpaste containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride. Methods Three strains of bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus casei) were cultured in brain heart infusion agar. Thirty commercially available toothpaste products for children and adults containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride were selected and tested. Toothpaste's ability to inhibit bacterial growth was evaluated by agar diffusion assay, in which plates were incubated for 24 hours, and then the diameter of the microbial inhibition zone was measured. Comparisons between children's and adults' fluoride toothpastes were made using the Mann-Whitney U test. The association between bacterial growth inhibition and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was analyzed by the chi-square test. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results No difference in the inhibition zone was observed for different fluoride concentrations. However, there were significant differences between toothpastes for children and adults, with higher inhibition zones for adults' toothpastes. Most toothpastes for adults contained SLS, which was associated with antibacterial activity. Conclusion Fluoride concentrations ranging from 500 to 1500 ppm did not affect bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity of toothpastes for adults was significantly higher than that of toothpastes for children, which was mainly attributed to the SLS usually added to adult formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthit Klaophimai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orada Tosrisawatkasem
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sivaporn Horsophonphong
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Athanasiadou D, Eymael D, Hajhamid B, Carneiro KMM, Prakki A. Chemical and Ultrastructural Characterization of Dentin Treated with Remineralizing Dentifrices. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:25. [PMID: 38248692 PMCID: PMC10816979 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate dentin chemical and ultrastructural changes upon exposure to remineralizing dentifrices. Dentin disks were obtained from permanent human molars and treated for 7 days with the dentifrices: (1) C group-control (no dentifrice); (2) S group-Sensodyne Repair & Protect; (3) D group-Dentalclean Daily Regenerating Gel; and (4) DB group-D group + Dentalclean regenerating booster. Afterwards, samples were submitted to an additional 7 days of toothbrushing associated with daily acidic challenge. Samples were imaged and analyzed (days 1, 7, and 14) for Young's modulus by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). SEM and AFM revealed precipitate deposition on dentin surfaces in groups S, D, and DB, formed as early as day 1. Surface elemental analysis showed a Si increase on all brushed surfaces. Similar surface morphology was maintained after the acidic challenge period. Bright-field TEM/SAED revealed the formation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite inside the dentin tubules of groups S, D, and DB after day 7. Group C presented a gradual reduction of Young's modulus from days-1-14, whereas all remaining groups had increased values. All evaluated dentifrices led to successful formation of hydroxyapatite and increased dentin stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Athanasiadou
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (D.A.); (D.E.); (B.H.)
| | - Denise Eymael
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (D.A.); (D.E.); (B.H.)
| | - Beshr Hajhamid
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (D.A.); (D.E.); (B.H.)
| | - Karina M. M. Carneiro
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (D.A.); (D.E.); (B.H.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Anuradha Prakki
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (D.A.); (D.E.); (B.H.)
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Maciel JLB, Geng Vivanco R, Pires-de-Souza FDCP. Remineralization, color stability and surface roughness of tooth enamel brushed with activated charcoal-based products. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:1144-1151. [PMID: 37083113 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of activated charcoal-based (AC) products on color alteration, remineralizing potential and surface roughness of dental enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bovine incisors were cut into 6 × 6 × 2 mm fragments. Initial color (EasyShade, Vita) and surface roughness (Surfcorder SE1700, Kosakalab) readings were performed. Fragments were separated into five groups (n = 17) according to the treatment: Control: Fluoride toothpaste (Colgate Total 12, Colgate); Charcoal + NaF: AC toothpaste (ACT) with sodium fluoride (Colgate Natural Extracts, Colgate); Charcoal + MFP + n-HA: ACT with sodium monofluorophosphate and nanohydroxyapatite (Black is White, Curaprox); Charcoal: Fluoride-free ACT (ProActive, Hinode); and Charcoal powder: AC powder. Simulated toothbrushing was performed and final color and surface roughness readings were obtained. Fragments were then polished, and initial microhardness (HMV-2, Shimatzu) readings were done. Samples were artificially demineralized and brushed again. Final microhardness readings were taken. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Fluoride-free charcoal presented the lowest surface roughness alteration (p < 0.05). Charcoal powder had the lowest color change (p < 0.05) and negative values for whiteness index for dentistry alteration. All the groups presented values below whiteness acceptability threshold and negative relative microhardness values. Control showed the highest remineralizing potential (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ACPs did not produce color alteration different from the fluoride toothpaste, except for Charcoal powder that caused less color change. ACPs caused surface roughness alteration similar to the fluoride toothpaste. ACT with fluoride and AC powder did not have remineralizing potential. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Activated charcoal-based products (ACP) promise effective tooth whitening and quick results, without teeth damage. In addition, some ACPs contain fluoride in toothpaste composition and promise rehardening potential. However, ACPs are not as effective as other whitening agents and can alter the surface roughness of the enamel. Even if the ACPs contain fluoride or other remineralizing agents, they might be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lucas Borim Maciel
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rocio Geng Vivanco
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Vilhena FV, Grecco SDS, González AHM, D'Alpino PHP. Regenerative and Protective Effects on Dental Tissues of a Fluoride-Silicon-Rich Toothpaste Associated with a Calcium Booster: An In Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:153. [PMID: 37366676 DOI: 10.3390/dj11060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium boosters have been used as a supplement for fluoride toothpastes to repair the dental tissues and reduce dentin permeability. This in vitro study aimed to characterize the regenerative and protective effects of the treatment of dental tissues with a fluoride-silicon-rich toothpaste associated with a calcium booster. Bovine enamel and dentin blocks (n = 5) were obtained (4 × 4 × 6 mm). A fluoride-silicon-rich toothpaste and a calcium booster were used to brush the enamel and dentin both immediately and five days afterwards. The outcomes were then compared to those of the untreated control group. After that, the specimens were cross-sectioned. SEM was used to evaluate the micromorphology of the surface and cross-section. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to determine the elemental analyses (weight%). After treatment for 5 days with a booster/silicon-rich toothpaste, EDS analysis demonstrated that it induced a significant mineral change. It was also able to form a protective silicon-enriched mineral layer on both enamel and dentin surfaces. It was demonstrated in vitro that a fluoride-silicon-rich toothpaste associated with a calcium booster regenerates the dental tissues, remineralizing the enamel structure and occluding the dentin tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Vieira Vilhena
- Trials Research and Development, Rua Maria Benedita de Oliveira, 1-25, Bauru 17018-776, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Henrique Perlatti D'Alpino
- Triplet Biotechnology Solutions, Av. Nossa Senhora de Fatima, 11-31, Bauru 17017-337, Brazil
- School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
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Wang Y, Xiong K, Chen X, Chi Y, Han Q, Zou L. The remineralization effect of GERM CLEAN on early human enamel caries lesions in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4178. [PMID: 36914750 PMCID: PMC10011381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the remineralization effect of GERM CLEAN, a novel antibacterial peptide, on early enamel caries. Thirty human enamel blocks from thirty teeth were randomly divided into three groups: double distilled water (DDW group), GERM CLEAN (GC group), and 1000 ppm fluoride (NaF group). Specimens were demineralized for 3 days (pH 4.6) followed by pH cycling twice daily for 14 days. For a pH cycle, specimens received corresponding treatments for 5 min, then were immersed in demineralizing solution for 1 h, received corresponding treatments again, and finally were immersed in remineralizing solution (pH 7.0) for approximately 11 h. Specimens were washed with DDW after each treatment. Microindentation tests, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transverse micro-radiography (TMR) were conducted to analyze enamel blocks. GC demonstrated a lower percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR%) (p < 0.0001), rougher surfaces (p < 0.0001), deeper lesion depth (p = 0.001), and more mineral loss (p = 0.001) than NaF, but showed higher SMHR% (p < 0.0001), smoother surfaces (p < 0.0001), shallower lesion depth (p = 0.049), and less mineral loss (p = 0.001) than DDW. As a result, GERM CLEAN has the potential to promote the remineralization of demineralized enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kaixin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaqi Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Shubbar M, Addie A, Al-Taee L. The Effect of a Bioactive Oral System and CO2 Laser on Enamel Susceptibility to Acid Challenge. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061087. [PMID: 36980395 PMCID: PMC10047757 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the structural changes of enamel treated by the Regenerate system and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser against acid challenge. Thirty human enamel slabs were prepared and assigned into three groups: Group I: untreated (control); Group II: treated with the Regenerate system; and Group III exposed to CO2 laser. All specimens were subjected to an acid challenge (pH 4.5–7.0) for 14 days. Specimens were evaluated and compared at 120 points using five Raman microspectroscopic peaks; the phosphate vibrations ν1, ν2, ν3, and ν4 at 960, 433, 1029, and 579 cm−1, respectively, and the carbonate at 1070 cm−1, followed by Vickers microhardness test. The ratio of carbonate to phosphate was correlated to the equivalent microhardness numbers. The intensities of phosphate peaks ν1, ν2, and ν4 were reduced in all groups post-acid challenge, while the carbonate and ν3 were significantly increased (p < 0.000). Surfaces treated by Regenerate exhibited higher peak intensity of phosphate and carbonate before and after pH-cycling (p < 0.05). The mineral content in enamel had a direct effect on tissue microhardness, and the CO2-lased surfaces showed a reduced carbonate content and higher microhardness values. Both approaches induced surface changes that can protect enamel against acid challenge resulting in a significant benefit for dental healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Shubbar
- Department of Conservative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Baghdad College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad P.O. Box 1417, Iraq
| | - Ali Addie
- Center of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad P.O. Box 0765, Iraq
| | - Lamis Al-Taee
- Department of Conservative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Baghdad College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad P.O. Box 1417, Iraq
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +964-772-812-0182
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Garcia RM, Vieira Junior WF, Sobral-Souza DF, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL. Characterization of whitening toothpastes and their effect on the physical properties of bulk-fill composites. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20220428. [PMID: 37194790 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize activated charcoal and 2% hydrogen peroxide-based toothpastes and investigate their effects on roughness, color change, and gloss of bulk-fill composite resin. Composite resin specimens (Aura Bulk Fill, SDI) were subjected to 5,000 brushing cycles with regular toothpaste (Colgate Total 12, [RT]), activated charcoal toothpaste (Bianco Dental Carbon, [AC]), or hydrogen peroxide-containing toothpaste (Colgate Luminous White Advanced, [HP]), with or without coffee exposure. The pH, particle characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and weight% of solid particles in the toothpaste were assessed. Roughness (Ra) was evaluated using a surface profile-measuring device, color change (∆Eab/∆E00) by reflectance spectrophotometer, and gloss unit (GU) by glossmeter. Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Friedman, and Nemenyi tests were used, and the correlation coefficient test was performed between Ra and GU (α=0.05). RT presented a higher Ra after brushing and did not change after staining with coffee; moreover, the ∆Eab/∆E00 values were higher for RT than HP. Regarding gloss, AC and HP obtained higher values compared to RT. A significant negative correlation between gloss and Ra was found for RT exposed to coffee. All toothpastes had a neutral pH; however, RT had the largest percentage of solids by weight. SEM images showed particles of many sizes: irregular shape (RT), more regular particles (AC), and spherical clusters (HP). Although surface roughness, color change, and gloss may compromise the longevity of restorations, the whitening toothpastes tested did not promote more morphology changes than regular toothpastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Manoel Garcia
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Danielle Ferreira Sobral-Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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Fernandes NLS, Silva JGVC, de Sousa EBG, D'Alpino PHP, de Oliveira AFB, de Jong EDJ, Sampaio FC. Effectiveness of fluoride-containing toothpastes associated with different technologies to remineralize enamel after pH cycling: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:489. [PMID: 36376830 PMCID: PMC9664592 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of fluoride-containing toothpastes with different technologies to remineralize artificial caries lesions in enamel. METHODS Bovine enamel blocks were divided into three thirds: intact (untreated), demineralized (artificial caries lesion), and treated (caries lesion, pH cycling with dentifrices). Enamel blocks were randomly distributed into five groups (n = 12): Fluoride-free toothpaste, Colgate Oral Care (NC); Arginine-containing toothpaste, Colgate Total Daily Repair (PC); Silicate-based fluoride toothpaste: REFIX technology, regenerador + sensitive (RDC), NR-5 technology, Regenerate Enamel Science (RES), and NOVAMIN technology, Sensodyne Repair and Protect (SRP). The specimens were submitted to a pH cycling model for 6 days. The efficacy of the toothpastes was estimated by calculating the surface microhardness recovery (%SMHR) and the fluorescence recovery (ΔFRE) with quantitative light-induced fluorescence. The cross-sectional micromorphology of the enamel surface was also assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Elemental analyses (weight%) were determined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results were compared to that of the control (NC). Data were statistically analyzed (5%). RESULTS %SMHR could be ranked as follows: RDC = PC = RES = SRP > NC. Significantly higher %SMHR and ΔFRE means were observed after enamel treatment with RDC (22.7 and 46.9, respectively). PC (%SMHR = 18.8) was as efficacious as RDC to recover the surface microhardness with a significantly lower mean of ΔFRE (19.5). Only RDC was able to promote the formation of a mineralized layer on the surface of enamel enriched with silicon on the surface. CONCLUSIONS The silicate-based fluoride toothpaste containing REFIX technology demonstrated greater efficacy in the remineralizing artificial caries than the other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanna Lana Soares Fernandes
- Stricto Sensu Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Clinical and Community Dentistry, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Henrique Perlatti D'Alpino
- Triplet Biotechnology Solution, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- POSMAT - Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Technology, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Correia Sampaio
- Stricto Sensu Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Clinical and Community Dentistry, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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Mohabatpour F, Chen X, Papagerakis S, Papagerakis P. Novel trends, challenges and new perspectives for enamel repair and regeneration to treat dental defects. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3062-3087. [PMID: 35543379 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dental enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body, providing external protection for the tooth against masticatory forces, temperature changes and chemical stimuli. Once enamel is damaged/altered by genetic defects, dental caries, trauma, and/or dental wear, it cannot repair itself due to the loss of enamel producing cells following the tooth eruption. The current restorative dental materials are unable to replicate physico-mechanical, esthetic features and crystal structures of the native enamel. Thus, development of alternative approaches to repair and regenerate enamel defects is much needed but remains challenging due to the structural and functional complexities involved. This review paper summarizes the clinical aspects to be taken into consideration for the development of optimal therapeutic approaches to tackle dental enamel defects. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging acellular and cellular approaches proposed for enamel remineralization and regeneration. Acellular approaches aim to artificially synthesize or re-mineralize enamel, whereas cell-based strategies aim to mimic the natural process of enamel development given that epithelial cells can be stimulated to produce enamel postnatally during the adult life. The key issues and current challenges are also discussed here, along with new perspectives for future research to advance the field of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohabatpour
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, S7N 5E4, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, S7N 5A9, SK, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd B419, S7N 0 W8, SK, Canada
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, S7N 5E4, SK, Canada
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Effectiveness of Experimental Whitening Toothpastes Containing Colorants on the Optical Properties of Enamel. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:4576912. [PMID: 35401059 PMCID: PMC8989585 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4576912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. This in vitro study investigated the whitening potential of experimental toothpastes containing optical colorants in their formulations in comparison with commercial products. The chemical and physical characteristics of the toothpastes, the morphology, and elemental analysis of the enamel surface after treatment were also analyzed. Materials and Methods. One hundred twenty-five bovine incisor teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the treatment: (i) experimental PHTALOX dental gel (PHT); (ii) experimental blue silica dental gel (SDG); (iii) Sensodyne Whitening Repair & Protect (WRP); (iv) Sensodyne True White (STW); (v) Snow White Toothpaste (SWS). The whiteness index differences (ΔWID) and color alteration (CIELab-ΔE, CIEDE2000-ΔE00) were calculated after color change analysis using a spectrophotometer before and after the enamel treatment (n = 25). The surface and cross-sectional micromorphology were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The elemental analyses were determined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The pH, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of toothpaste were evaluated. Data was statistically analyzed (ANOVA/Tukey, 5%). Results. Whitening toothpastes containing optical colorants were effective for whitening the enamel, as whiter teeth were observed following treatment (higher means of ΔWID). In addition, when the parameters ΔEab and ΔE00 were evaluated, these toothpastes were graded as very good effectiveness (grade 4). Other toothpastes were graded as 3 (good effectiveness). PHT had a neutral pH and a larger mean particle size (412.8 nm). Elemental analysis demonstrated enamel with a silicon-enriched mineral layer on the enamel surface treated with SDG. The Ca/P ratio after enamel treatment varied from 1.74 (SWS) to 2.04 (SDG and WRP). Conclusions. Experimental whitening toothpastes containing optical colorants are effective at bleaching the enamel. The synergism among the different parameters analyzed seems to positively affect the color change after brushing with whitening toothpastes containing optical colorants.
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Forcin LV, Oliveira TDS, Tomaz PLS, Matochek MHM, Polassi MR, Vilhena FV, Svizero NDR, D'Alpino PHP. Enamel remineralization and surface roughness after treatment with herbal-containing toothpastes. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e849-e858. [PMID: 34603613 PMCID: PMC8464391 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral care products containing bioactive agents obtained from extracts of plant drugs were launched. This in vitro study investigated the effects of herbal-containing toothpastes associated or not with fluoride to remineralize the enamel after cariogenic challenge with pH cycling. The chemical and physical factors of toothpastes and the enamel surface roughness after brushing were also analyzed.
Material and Methods Sixty bovine enamel blocks were obtained and divided into 3 thirds: intact (untreated), demineralized (artificial caries lesion), and treated (caries lesion, pH cycling, and brushing with toothpastes). Toothpastes containing herbal compounds contained no fluoride [Galla chinensis (GCH)], low-F concentration [D’Or (DOR); Herbal Bliss (HBL)], or a different fluoride type [Elmex Anticaries (EAC)]. The results were compared to NaF-containing toothpastes: 1450 and 5000 ppm. Enamel blocks were brushed with the toothpastes using a pH-cycling model (7 days). The Knoop hardness (25g/10s) of the surface and the longitudinal sections were then evaluated. The percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) was calculated. The enamel surface roughness, pH, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of toothpaste slurries were also evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed (α=5%).
Results No significance was observed when %SHR was compared (p>0.05). DOR, GCH, and HBL were more effective in remineralizing the enamel subsurface. Significantly higher surface roughness was observed when treated with EAC and GCH (p<0.05).
Conclusions All toothpastes were able to remineralize the enamel, especially the subsurface, with results equal or better than that of standard toothpastes. Key words:Enamel, hardness, roughness, toothpaste, tooth remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia-Vendrametto Forcin
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRAC-USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nádia-da Rocha Svizero
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRAC-USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Koc Vural U, Bagdatli Z, Yilmaz AE, Yalçın Çakır F, Altundaşar E, Gurgan S. Effects of charcoal-based whitening toothpastes on human enamel in terms of color, surface roughness, and microhardness: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5977-5985. [PMID: 33774715 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Charcoal based oral care products have gained popularity in the last few years. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of different charcoal based whitening toothpastes on color, surface roughness and microhardness of human enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight specimens obtained from human permanent upper incisor teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=12):Group-1:Colgate Total 12(CT); Group-2:Body Kingdom(BK); Group-3:Black is White(BW), Group-4:Colgate optic white(COW). Following 4 days cycle of darkening(2-min chlorhexidine and 60-min black tea per day), a 12- week brushing(twice daily for 1 min)was performed. Color of specimens was measured using a spectrophotometer. A contact type profilometer was used to measure surface roughness (Ra) and Vicker's hardness tester was used for the changes in microhardness(VHN). A representative sample from each group was visualized by SEM. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, Welch, Fisher's, Kruskall-Wallis, Wilcoxon Sign Rank and Paired t-tests(p<0.05). RESULTS After 12- week brushing, no differences were found among the groups in terms of color change(p=0.989). All toothpastes tested showed no clinically acceptable whitening performances. A substantial increase in surface roughness was found in all groups, except BW(p<0.05). An increase was found in microhardness with CT(p=0.013), while no changes were found with BK, BW and COW(p>0.05).Only few scratches were observed on the enamel surfaces by SEM evaluations. CONCLUSION Twelve week brushing with charcoal based whitening toothpastes and a regular fluoridated toothpaste presented similar effects in color of enamel. Surface roughness was increased(except BW) while microhardness was not affected(except CT) with charcoal based whitening toothpastes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Charcoal based whitening toothpastes do not promise to whiten the human permanent teeth and their effects on enamel abrasion should not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzay Koc Vural
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Bagdatli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Ezgi Yilmaz
- Department of Statistics, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Yalçın Çakır
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Altundaşar
- Department of Endodontics, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Gurgan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey
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Fernandes NLS, Juliellen LDC, Andressa FBDO, D'Alpino HPP, Sampaio CF. Resistance against Erosive Challenge of Dental Enamel Treated with 1,450-PPM Fluoride Toothpastes Containing Different Biomimetic Compounds. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:433-439. [PMID: 34041726 PMCID: PMC8382457 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to characterize the superficial and subsurface morphology of dental enamel treated with fluoridated gels containing different biomimetic compounds after erosive challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bovine incisor teeth were sectioned to obtain enamel blocks (4 mm × 4 mm × 6 mm; n = 5) that were demineralized to create an artificial caries lesion and treated by pH cycling interspersed with exposure to fluoridated toothpaste slurries under agitation. During pH cycling (demineralization and remineralization for 2 and 22 hours, respectively) for 6 days, the enamel blocks were exposed to toothpaste slurries under agitation with one of the dental gels: Regenerate Enamel Science (NR-5 technology), Daily Regenerator Dental Clean (REFIX technology), and Sensodyne Repair & Protect (Novamin technology). The enamel blocks were subjected to an erosive challenge, immersed in 50% citric acid for 2 minutes, and then washed with plenty of distilled water. The surface and cross-sectional micromorphology were assessed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The elemental analyses (weight percentage) were determined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). RESULTS Enamel treated with the product containing REFIX technology presented a smoother surface morphology compared to the other treatments. The higher resistance to the erosive challenge can be attributed to a silicon-enriched mineral layer formed on the enamel induced by the REFIX-based toothpaste. This was not observed in the specimens treated with the other technology-containing toothpastes. CONCLUSION The REFIX technology seemed to be the most promising compared to the Novamin and NR-5 technologies. In addition to forming a surface mineralized layer, the enamel treated with REFIX technology associated with the pH cycling resisted a subsequent erosive challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanna L S Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto sensu em Odontologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, PB, Brazil
| | - L da Cunha Juliellen
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil
| | | | - H P Paulo D'Alpino
- Faculdade de Ciências de Bauru, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, Sao Paolo, Brazil
| | - C Fábio Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto sensu em Odontologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, PB, Brazil.,Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Social, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Brazil
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Vilhena FV, de Oliveira SML, Matochek MHM, Tomaz PLS, Oliveira TDS, D'Alpino PHP. Biomimetic Mechanism of Action of Fluoridated Toothpaste Containing Proprietary REFIX Technology on the Remineralization and Repair of Demineralized Dental Tissues: An In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent 2020; 15:236-241. [PMID: 33242916 PMCID: PMC8184280 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This
in vitro
study aimed to characterize the mineral content and surface and cross-sectional morphology of enamel and dentin tissues treated with a 1450 ppm fluoride-containing toothpaste with REFIX technology.
Materials and Methods
Bovine enamel blocks (
n
= 5) were obtained (4 × 4 × 6 mm), demineralized (artificial caries lesion), and treated (pH cycling and brushing with the toothpaste). During the pH cycling, which lasted for 7 days (demineralization and remineralization took 6 and 18 hours, respectively), the enamel was brushed for 5 minutes using an electric toothbrush before being immersed in a remineralizing solution. The dentin blocks were acid-etched for 2 minutes (0.05 M citric acid, pH 1.8) to expose the dentinal tubules (
n
= 5). Morphological analysis of the dentin was performed immediately and after 7 days of brushing with the dentifrice, and compared with the control group. The specimens were then cross-sectioned. The surface and cross-sectional micromorphology were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental analyses (weight%) were determined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
Results
The toothpaste with REFIX technology remineralized and repaired the surface enamel effectively. The elemental analysis also demonstrated that treating the enamel with the toothpaste formed a silicon-enriched mineral layer on the enamel surface. Elemental analysis of the enamel cross-sections showed that the toothpaste induced a mineral change. The results were also consistent in the dentin, where the dentinal tubules were progressively occluded until there was complete occlusion after 7 days.
Conclusions
We prove the biomimetic mechanism of action of fluoridated toothpaste containing proprietary REFIX technology for obtaining silicon-enriched, remineralized and repaired dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Mariza Luiz de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrick Maia Matochek
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Santos Tomaz
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales de Sá Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Perlatti D'Alpino
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Health Innovation, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Science Teaching and Health, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, Brazil
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