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Chen C, Li X, Lu C, Zhou X, Chen L, Qiu C, Jin Z, Long J. Advances in alginate lyases and the potential application of enzymatic prepared alginate oligosaccharides: A mini review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129506. [PMID: 38244735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Alginate is mainly a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly arranged β-D-mannuronic acid and α-L-guluronic acid linked by α, β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds. Alginate lyases degrade alginate mainly adopting a β-elimination mechanism, breaking the glycosidic bonds between the monomers and forming a double bond between the C4 and C5 sugar rings to produce alginate oligosaccharides consisting of 2-25 monomers, which have various physiological functions. Thus, it can be used for the continuous industrial production of alginate oligosaccharides with a specific degree of polymerization, in accordance with the requirements of green exploitation of marine resources. With the development of structural analysis, the quantity of characterized alginate lyase structures is progressively growing, leading to a concomitant improvement in understanding the catalytic mechanism. Additionally, the use of molecular modification methods including rational design, truncated expression of non-catalytic domains, and recombination of conserved domains can improve the catalytic properties of the original enzyme, enabling researchers to screen out the enzyme with the expected excellent performance with high success rate and less workload. This review presents the latest findings on the catalytic mechanism of alginate lyases and outlines the methods for molecular modifications. Moreover, it explores the connection between the degree of polymerization and the physiological functions of alginate oligosaccharides, providing a reference for enzymatic preparation development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingfei Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Bioengineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Sun X, Yan C, Fu Y, Ai C, Bi J, Lin W, Song S. Orally administrated fucoidan and its low-molecular-weight derivatives are absorbed differentially to alleviate coagulation and thrombosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128092. [PMID: 37979755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a serious threat to human health and life. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae, could prevent coagulation and thrombus after intravenous administration. However, more efforts are still needed to develop its oral agent. In the present study, the absorption and excretion of fucoidan (90.8 kDa) and its degradation products, Dfuc1 (19.2 kDa) and Dfuc2 (5.5 kDa), were determined by HPLC-MS/MS after acid degradation and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone derivatization, and their anticoagulation and antithrombotic activities were evaluated in vivo after oral administration. Results showed that the maximum concentrations of fucoidan, Dfuc1 and Dfuc2 in rat plasma all achieved at 2 h after oral administration (150 mg/kg), and they were 41.1 ± 10.6 μg/mL, 45.3 ± 18.5 μg/mL and 59.3 ± 13.7 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, fucoidan, Dfuc1 and Dfuc2 could all prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time in vivo from 23.7 ± 2.7 s (blank control) to 25.1 ± 2.6 s, 27.1 ± 1.7 s and 29.4 ± 3.6 s, respectively. Moreover, fucoidan and its degradation products showed similar antithrombotic effect in carrageenan-induced thrombosis mice, and untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that they all markedly regulated the carrageenan-induced metabolite disorders, especially the arachidonic acid metabolism. Thus, the degradation products of fucoidan with lower molecular weights are more attractive for the development of oral antithrombotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Chunhong Yan
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yinghuan Fu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Chunqing Ai
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Jingran Bi
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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Mneimneh AT, Mehanna MM. Chondroitin Sulphate: An emerging therapeutic multidimensional proteoglycan in colon cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127672. [PMID: 38287564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that has captured massive attention in the field of drug delivery. As the colon is considered the preferred site for local and systemic delivery of bioactive agents for the treatment of various diseases, colon-targeted drug delivery rose to the surface of research. Amid several tactics to attain colon-targeted drug release, the exploitation of polymers degraded by colonic bacteria holds great promise. Chondroitin sulfate as a biodegradable, biocompatible mucopolysaccharide is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoarthritis, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-coagulant effects. Besides these therapeutic functions, CS thrived to play a major role in nanocarriers as a matrix material, coat, and targeting ligand. This review focuses on the role of CS in nanocarriers as a matrix material or as a targeting moiety for colon cancer therapy, relating the present applications to future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina T Mneimneh
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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In Vivo Anticoagulant and Antithrombic Activity of Depolymerized Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus and Dynamic Effect-Exposure Relationship in Rat Plasma. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100631. [PMID: 36286455 PMCID: PMC9605468 DOI: 10.3390/md20100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus (AHG) and its depolymerized fragments (DAHGs) are anticoagulant fucosylated chondroitin sulfate. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the anticoagulant and antithrombic activity of AHG and DAHGs, as well as reveal the dynamic relationship between exposure and effect in vivo. The results demonstrated that AHG100 (Mw~100 kDa), DAHG50 (Mw~50 kDa), and DAHG10 (Mw~10 kDa) exhibited potent anticoagulant activity by inhibiting intrinsic factor Xase complex (FXase) as well as antithrombin-dependent factor IIa (FIIa) and factor Xa (FXa). These glycosaminoglycans markedly prevented thrombosis formation and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a dose- and molecular weight-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. The further bleeding time measurement indicated that DAHG10 exhibited obviously lower hemorrhage risks than native AHG100. Following oral administration, DAHG10 could be absorbed into blood, further dose-dependently prolonging activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) as well as inhibiting FXa and FIIa partially through FXase. Anticoagulant activity was positively associated with plasma concentration following oral administration of DAHG10. Our study proposed a new point of view to understand the correlation between effects and exposure of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate as an effective and safe oral antithrombotic agent.
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Chitosan/Alginate Nanoparticles for the Enhanced Oral Antithrombotic Activity of Clam Heparinoid from the Clam Coelomactra antiquata. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020136. [PMID: 35200665 PMCID: PMC8879524 DOI: 10.3390/md20020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (DG1-NPs and DG1/Cur-NPs) aiming to enhance the oral antithrombotic activity of clam heparinoid DG1 were prepared by ionotropic pre-gelation. The influence of parameters, such as the concentration of sodium alginate (SA), chitosan (CTS), CaCl2, clam heparinoid DG1, and curcumin (Cur), on the characteristics of the nanoparticles, were investigated. Results indicate that chitosan and alginate can be used as polymer matrices to encapsulate DG1, and nanoparticle characteristics depend on the preparation parameters. Nano-particles should be prepared using 0.6 mg/mL SA, 0.33 mg/mL CaCl2, 0.6 mg/mL CTS, 7.2 mg/mL DG1, and 0.24 mg/mL Cur under vigorous stirring to produce DG1-NPS and DG1/Cur-NPS with small size, high encapsulation efficiency, high loading capacity, and negative zeta potential from approximately −20 to 30 mV. Data from scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed no chemical reaction between DG1, Cur, and the polymers; only physical mixing. Moreover, the drug was loaded in the amorphous phase within the nanoparticle matrix. In the acute pulmonary embolism murine model, DG1-NPs enhanced the oral antithrombotic activity of DG1, but DG1/Cur-NPs did not exhibit higher antithrombotic activity than DG1-NPs. Therefore, the chitosan/alginate nanoparticles enhanced the oral antithrombotic activity of DG1, but curcumin did not further enhance this effect.
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Xu H, Zhou Q, Liu B, Chen F, Wang M. Holothurian fucosylated chondroitin sulfates and their potential benefits for human health: Structures and biological activities. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118691. [PMID: 34742418 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCS) are a sulfated polysaccharide exclusively existing in the body wall of sea cucumber. FCS possesses a mammalian chondroitin sulfate like backbone, namely repeating disaccharides units composed of GlcA and GalNAc, with fucosyl branches linked to GlcA and/or GalNAc residues. It is found that FCS can prevent unhealthy dietary pattern-induced metabolic syndromes, including insulin resistance and β-cell function improvement, anti-inflammation, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-adipogenesis. Further studies show that those activities of FCS might be achieved through positively modulating gut microbiota composition. Besides, FCS also show therapeutic efficacy in cancer, HIV infection, and side effects of cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, bioactivities of FCS are closely affected by their molecular weights, sulfation pattern of the fucosyl branches, and chain conformations. This review summarizes the recent 20 years studies to provide references for the future studies and applications of FCS in functional foods or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Fonseca RJC, Mourão PAS. Pharmacological Activities of Sulfated Fucose-Rich Polysaccharides after Oral Administration: Perspectives for the Development of New Carbohydrate-Based Drugs. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:425. [PMID: 34436263 PMCID: PMC8400256 DOI: 10.3390/md19080425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms are a source of active biomolecules with immense therapeutic and nutraceutical potential. Sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides are present in large quantities in these organisms with important pharmacological effects in several biological systems. These polysaccharides include sulfated fucan (as fucoidan) and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate. The development of these polysaccharides as new drugs involves several important steps, among them, demonstration of the effectiveness of these compounds after oral administration. The oral route is the more practical, comfortable and preferred by patients for long-term treatments. In the past 20 years, reports of various pharmacological effects of these polysaccharides orally administered in several animal experimental models and some trials in humans have sparked the possibility for the development of drugs based on sulfated polysaccharides and/or the use of these marine organisms as functional food. This review focuses on the main pharmacological effects of sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides, with an emphasis on the antidislipidemic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, hypoglycemic and hemostatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J. C. Fonseca
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil;
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. S. Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil;
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
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Prolonged release and shelf-life of anticoagulant sulfated polysaccharides encapsulated with ZIF-8. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1174-1183. [PMID: 33984382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural active polysaccharides are attracting increased attention from pharmaceutical industries for their valuable biological activities. However, the application of polysaccharides has been restricted due to their relatively large molecular weight, complex structure, and instability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged to help deliver cargo to specific locations, achieving the objectives of eliminating the potential damage to the body, protecting the drugs, and improving therapeutic effectiveness. Here, a pH-responsive zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) was synthesized to encapsulated three sulfated polysaccharides (heparin, fucan sulfate, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate) and a non-sulfated polysaccharide, hyaluronic acid. The resulting polysaccharides@ZIF-8 biocomposites showed differences in terms of morphology, particle size, encapsulation, and release efficiency. These biocomposites retained antithrombotic activity and the framework ZIF-8 effectively protected these polysaccharides from degradation and prolonged shelf-life of the anticoagulants from the unfavorable environment.
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