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Lima de Andrade RD, Palomino GJQ, de Queiroz ISM, Bezerra da Silva AF, Ferreira ACA, Alves BG, de Morais SM, Rodrigues APR, de Lima LF, de Figueiredo JR. Ultra-diluted/dynamized doxorubicin reduces the toxicity caused by doxorubicin during the in vitro culture of pig preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 129:108683. [PMID: 39121978 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of adding allopathic doxorubicin (DOX 0.3 µg/mL), the vehicle of ultradiluted/dynamized doxorubicin (0.2 % ethanol), different dynamizations of ultradiluted/dynamized doxorubicin (DOX 6CH, DOX 12CH and DOX 30CH), both in the absence or presence of chemical stress induced by doxorubicin at 0.3 µg/mL on follicular survival and activation, antioxidant capacity of the medium, Catalase activity (CAT), production of reactive protein thiol, maintenance of type I and III collagen fibers and accumulation of lipofuscin in porcine ovarian tissue cultured in vitro for 48 hours. To do this, part of the ovarian tissue fragments was fixed for the uncultured control and the rest were cultured in: MEM (cultured control), DOX 0.3 µg/mL, Ethanol, DOX 6CH, DOX 12CH, DOX 30CH, DOX (0.3 µg/mL) + DOX 6CH, DOX (0.3 µg/mL) + DOX 12CH, DOX (0.3 µg/mL) + DOX 30CH treatments. The results showed that, in general, ultradiluted/dynamized doxorubicin (DOX 6CH, DOX 12CH and DOX 30CH) mitigated the toxic effect of allopathic doxorubicin (0.3 µg/mL) on the morphology of preantral follicles, the content of type I and III collagen fibers, and the production of lipofuscin in the tissue. However, only DOX (0.3 µg/mL) + DOX 6CH attenuated the oxidative stress induced by DOX (0.3 µg/mL), maintaining adequate CAT activity that was similar to the uncultured control. Additionally, when the three isolated ultradiluted/dynamized doxorubicin were considered, only DOX 12CH increased the reduced thiol levels compared to the uncultured control and MEM. In conclusion, supplementing the culture medium with ultradiluted/dynamized DOX (DOX 6CH, DOX 12CH and DOX 30CH) attenuated the toxicity induced by allopathic doxorubicin during the in vitro culture of pig preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramyres Diego Lima de Andrade
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gaby Judith Quispe Palomino
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Flávia Bezerra da Silva
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Anna Clara Accioly Ferreira
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Natural Products, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Laritza Ferreira de Lima
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Ricardo de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Manivannan HP, Veeraraghavan VP, Manoharan R, Francis AP. Anticancer potential of homeopathic medicines: an updated review. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1982-1996. [PMID: 37436772 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2232925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Conventional and advanced treatments currently used for cancer are known for adverse effects and are expensive. Therefore, the search for alternative medicines is necessary. Homeopathy is one of the common complementary and alternative medicine used worldwide for treating and managing various cancers, as it has negligible side effects. However, only a few homeopathic drugs have been validated using various cancer cell lines and animal models. Over the last two decades, an increasing number of validated and reported homeopathic remedies have been developed. Despite the diluted remedies of homeopathic medicine making it controversial clinically, it was found to be more significant as an adjunct therapy for cancer treatment. Hence we aimed to review and summarize the research studies carried out on homeopathic remedies to explore the possible molecular mechanism behind its mode of action against cancer and its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Priya Manivannan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Raja Manoharan
- Department of Homoeopathic Pharmacy, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata, India
| | - Arul Prakash Francis
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Basak U, Sarkar T, Mukherjee S, Chakraborty S, Dutta A, Dutta S, Nayak D, Kaushik S, Das T, Sa G. Tumor-associated macrophages: an effective player of the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1295257. [PMID: 38035101 PMCID: PMC10687432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is primarily caused by interactions between transformed cells and the components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages) make up the majority of the invading immune components, which are further categorized as anti-tumor M1 and pro-tumor M2 subtypes. While M1 is known to have anti-cancer properties, M2 is recognized to extend a protective role to the tumor. As a result, the tumor manipulates the TME in such a way that it induces macrophage infiltration and M1 to M2 switching bias to secure its survival. This M2-TAM bias in the TME promotes cancer cell proliferation, neoangiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, matrix remodeling for metastatic support, and TME manipulation to an immunosuppressive state. TAMs additionally promote the emergence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are known for their ability to originate, metastasize, and relapse into tumors. CSCs also help M2-TAM by revealing immune escape and survival strategies during the initiation and relapse phases. This review describes the reasons for immunotherapy failure and, thereby, devises better strategies to impair the tumor-TAM crosstalk. This study will shed light on the understudied TAM-mediated tumor progression and address the much-needed holistic approach to anti-cancer therapy, which encompasses targeting cancer cells, CSCs, and TAMs all at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udit Basak
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Tania Sarkar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumon Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Apratim Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Debadatta Nayak
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Kaushik
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi, India
| | - Tanya Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Silva TCD, Santos WAD, Pinto SAG, Rocha PRD, Hurtado ECP, Bonamin LV. Phenotypic Changes in Mammary Adenocarcinoma (4T1) cells In Vitro after Treatment with Carcinosinum. HOMEOPATHY 2022; 111:278-287. [PMID: 35477183 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to identify possible phenotypic changes in 4T1 (murine mammary adenocarcinoma) cells in vitro, including viability, HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-type 2) expression, and metastatic potential, after treatment with Carcinosinum in different homeopathic dilutions (12cH, 30cH, 200cH) shaken mechanically in pure, sterile, water from a commercial stock dilution. METHOD Treated cells were cultured in R10 medium, using 24-well plates, 105 cells per well, and treated with vehicle, Carcinosinum 12cH, 30cH or 200cH; untreated cells were used as the baseline control. After 24 hours of treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed by annexin V. Cell morphology was evaluated by microscopy after hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa staining, whilst HER-2 expression was assessed using immunocytochemistry. The metastatic potential was determined by the expression and activity of the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) using zymography. The cytokine profile was established using the cytometric bead array method. RESULT Treatment of 4T1 cells in vitro with Carcinosinum 30cH produced an increase in the number of annexin V-positive cells (apoptosis) and decreased expression of proactivated MMP-9. Cells treated with Carcinosinum 200cH presented hyper-expression of HER-2 on the plasma membrane, identified by immunocytochemistry. There were no differences in cytokine production among treatments. CONCLUSION The data show promising results for Carcinosinum 30cH in vitro, but in vivo studies are also required to evaluate the role of tumor microenvironment in its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Cristina da Silva
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William Alves Dos Santos
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra A G Pinto
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leoni Villano Bonamin
- Research Center, Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, University Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mathie RT. Homeopathy Meets the Challenge. HOMEOPATHY 2021; 110:75. [PMID: 33915584 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Follert F, Daumann F. A Rational Choice Approach to the Use of Homeopathic Remedies. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:473-476. [PMID: 33794103 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Follert
- Faculty of Management, Seeburg Castle University, Seekirchen/Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank Daumann
- Sports Economics and Health Economics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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