Anatomical Limits of the Endoscopic Contralateral Transmaxillary Approach to the Petrous Apex and Petroclival Region

Comparative Anatomy of the Contralateral Transmaxillary Approach Alone and With Ipsilateral Transpterygoid Extension: Quantitative Insights on Surgical Exposure and Maneuverability in the Petroclival Region

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Beyond qualitative evidence legitimizing endoscopic corridors through contralateral transmaxillary (CTM) and endonasal ipsilateral transpterygoid (ITP) corridors to the petrous apex and petroclival region, surgical feasibility by direct quantitative comparative anatomy is sparse. Our cadaveric study addresses this by performing the CTM approach followed by ITP extension to quantify the extent of petrous apex resection, instrument maneuverability, and working distance to petrous apex.

METHODS

Anatomic dissections were performed bilaterally on 5 latex-injected human cadaveric heads (10 petrous bones). After CTM dissections were quantified, the ITP approach was added enlarging initial exposure. Differences were measured with statistical significance when P values are < .05.

RESULTS

The mean petrosectomy volume was 0.958 cm3 with CTM and 1.987 cm3 with CTM + ITP, corresponding to 14.53% and 30.52% petrous apex resection, respectively. Craniocaudal instrument mobility was more limited in the lateral extent of dissection compared with the midline for both CTM (8.062° vs 14.416°) and CTM + ITP (5.4° vs 14.4°). The CTM approach achieved the lateral-most dissection at the body of the petrous apex (15.936 mm), with lateralization more limited in the superior petroclival region (9.628 mm) and the inferior petroclival region (8.508 mm). Angle of surgical maneuverability increased superiorly vs inferiorly in the CTM approach (mean 12.596° vs 8.336°, respectively). The CTM approach offered the shortest mean working distance (88.624 mm) to the petroclival region compared with the bi-nares approach (100.5 mm). CTM + ITP achieved greater lateralization in the superior (21.237 mm) and inferior (22.087 mm) aspects of the petroclival region compared with the CTM approach.

CONCLUSION

Operative considerations are discussed in accessing target neurovascular structures through the uniquely shaped corridors formed by the CTM or combined CTM + ITP. Allowing mobilization of the internal carotid artery laterally and eustachian tube inferiorly, addition of the ITP allowed for larger petrosectomy than CTM alone, especially in the inferior and lateral aspects of the petrous bone.

Combined Endoscopic Endonasal Transclival and Contralateral Transmaxillary Approach to the Petrous Apex and the Petroclival Synchondrosis: Working "Around the Corner" of the Internal Carotid Artery-Quantitative Anatomical Study and Clinical Applications

The endoscopic contralateral transmaxillary (CTM) approach has been proposed as a potential route to widen the corridor posterolateral to the internal carotid artery (ICA). In this study, we first refined the surgical technique of a combined multiportal endoscopic endonasal transclival (EETC) and CTM approach to the petrous apex (PA) and petroclival synchondrosis (PCS) in the dissection laboratory, and then validated its applications in a preliminary surgical series. The combined EETC and CTM approach was performed on three cadaver specimens based on four surgical steps: (1) the nasal, (2) the clival, (3) the maxillary and (4) the petrosal phases. The CTM provided a "head-on trajectory" to the PA and PCS and a short distance to the surgical field considerably furthering surgical maneuverability. The best operative set-up was achieved by introducing angled optics via the endonasal route and operative instruments via the transmaxillary corridor exploiting the advantages of a non-coaxial multiportal surgery. Clinical applications of the combined EETC and CTM approach were reported in three cases, a clival chordoma and two giant pituitary adenomas. The present translational study explores the safety and feasibility of a combined multiportal EETC and CTM approach to access the petroclival region though different corridors.

Contralateral Nasofrontal Trephination: A Novel Corridor for a "Dual Port" Approach to the Petrous Apex

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Expanded endonasal approaches (EEAs) have proven safe and effective in treating select petrous apex (PA) pathologies. Angled endoscopes and instruments have expanded indications for such approaches; however, the complex neurovascular anatomy surrounding the petrous region remains a significant challenge. This study evaluates the feasibility, anatomic aspects, and limitations of a contralateral nasofrontal trephination (CNT) route as a complementary corridor improving access to the PA.

METHODS

Expanded endonasal and CNT approaches to the PA were carried out bilaterally in 15 cadaveric heads with endovascular latex injections. The distance to the PA, angle between instruments through the 2 approach portals, and surgical freedom were measured and compared.

RESULTS

Three-dimensional DICOM-based modeling and visualization indicate that the CNT route reduces the distance to the target located within the contralateral PA by an average of 3.33 cm (19%) and affords a significant increase in the angle between instruments (15.60°; 54%). Furthermore, the vertical vector of approach is improved by 28.97° yielding a caudal reach advantage of 2 cm. The area of surgical freedom afforded by 3 different approaches (endonasal, endonasal with an endoscope in CNT portal, and endonasal with an instrument in CNT portal) was compared at 4 points: the dural exit point of the 6th cranial nerve, jugular foramen, foramen lacerum, and petroclival fissure. The mean area of surgical freedom provided by both approaches incorporating the CNT corridor was superior to EEA alone at each of the surgical targets (P = <.001).

CONCLUSION

The addition of a CNT portal provides an additional avenue to expand on the classical EEA to the PA. This study provides insight into the anatomic nuances and potential clinical benefits of a dual-port approach to the PA.

Anteromedial Petrous (Gardner's) Triangle: Surgical Anatomy and Relevance for Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Petrous Apex and Petroclival Region

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Triangular corridors have been used as reliable surgical entry points for open transcranial approaches to the petrous apex (PA) and petroclival region (PCR). The endoscopic endonasal approaches have grown rapidly in the last decade, and the indications have advanced. The knowledge of accurate and reliable anatomic landmarks through endoscopic endonasal route is essential and remain to be established. The purpose of this study was to describe the feasibility and surgical exposure of the anteromedial petrous (Gardner's) triangle as a novel corridor to the PA and PCR.

METHODS

Five anatomic specimens were dissected. The PA and PCR were accessed through endoscopic endonasal approaches and contralateral transmaxillary approach. The limits of the anteromedial petrous (Gardner's) triangle were identified and dissected and associated measurements performed.

RESULTS

The dissection was divided into 6 steps. The limits of the anteromedial petrous (Gardner's) triangle were identified and defined by the paraclival internal carotid artery anterolaterally, the abducens nerve posteromedially, and the petroclival synchondrosis inferiorly. Three lines were established following the limits of the triangle. The mean distance of the anterolateral limit was 10.03 mm (SD = 0.94), of the posteromedial limit was 20.06 mm (SD = 2.90), and of the inferior limit was 17.99 mm (SD = 2.99). The mean area was 87.56 mm 2 (SD = 20.06). The 3 anatomic landmarks with a critical role to safely define the triangle were the pterygosphenoidal fissure, the petrosal process of the sphenoid bone, and the petroclival synchondrosis.

CONCLUSION

The anteromedial (Gardner's) triangle is a well-defined bone corridor which provides access to the entire petrous bone and petroclival junction through endoscopic endonasal route. Regardless of the anatomic variations or tumor location, the landmarks of the abducens nerve, paraclival internal carotid artery, and petroclival synchondrosis are key for understanding lateral access to tumors extending from the clivus.

Neurosurgery for the rhinologist

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive anatomical appraisal of the neurosurgical anatomy exposed through the endonasal and paranasal sinuses routes, focusing on the most common expanded endonasal approaches (EEAs) as well as recent advances in this surgical field.

RECENT FINDINGS

The EEAs are redefining the management of skull base pathology. Neurovascular structures previously considered a limitation, can be now approached through these surgical corridors. Advances in this field include the development of new surgical techniques and routes that allow better visualization and access to pathologies located in the ventral skull base. Understanding the surgical anatomy related to EEAs is essential not only for neurosurgeons but also for rhinologists.

SUMMARY

Knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the most common EEAs that utilize paranasal sinuses as a surgical corridor enables more effective management of complex skull base pathologies. Comprehensive anatomical knowledge of these corridors and the surrounding neurovascular structures is crucial to maximize benefits of EEAs and improve outcomes.

Skull Base Tumors: Therapeutic Challenges and Multi-Disciplinary Care

This special edition of Cancers, focusing on skull base tumors, highlights the unique pathologies affecting this anatomic location, as well as the multidisciplinary care necessary to treat these tumors [...].

Combined and staged retrosigmoid, extended middle fossa, and endoscopic transnasal approach to a petroclival chondrosarcoma: how I do it

BACKGROUND

Tumors of the petroclival region with multicompartment extension can be difficult to address with a single surgical approach.

METHOD

We present the case of a patient with a large chondrosarcoma centered at the right petroclival fissure with extension into the cavernous sinus, the region beneath the cavernous sinus, cerebellopontine angle with deformation of the pons, and prevertebral space. A staged complete resection was performed using a stage 1 single-incision combined right retrosigmoid craniotomy and extended middle fossa craniotomy, followed by a stage 2 endoscopic transnasal approach.

CONCLUSION

A combined approach to selected petroclival tumors can maximize safe resection.

The feasibility of three port endonasal, transorbital, and sublabial approach to the petroclival region: neurosurgical audit and multiportal anatomic quantitative investigation

PURPOSE

The petroclival region represents the "Achille's heel" for the neurosurgeons. Many ventral endoscopic routes to this region, mainly performed as isolated, have been described. The aim of the present study is to verify the feasibility of a modular, combined, multiportal approach to the petroclival region to overcome the limits of a single approach, in terms of exposure and working areas, brain retraction and manipulation of neurovascular structures.

METHODS

Four cadaver heads (8 sides) underwent endoscopic endonasal transclival, transorbital superior eyelid and contralateral sublabial transmaxillary-Caldwell-Luc approaches, to the petroclival region. CT scans were obtained before and after each approach to rigorously separate the contribution of each osteotomy and subsequentially to build a comprehensive 3D model of the progressively enlarged working area after each step.

RESULTS

The addition of the contralateral transmaxillary and transorbital corridors to the extended endoscopic endonasal transclival in a combined multiportal approach provides complementary paramedian trajectories to overcome the natural barrier represented by the parasellar and paraclival segments of the internal carotid artery, resulting in significantly greater area of exposure than a pure endonasal midline route (8,77 cm² and 11,14 cm² vs 4,68 cm² and 5,83cm², extradural and intradural, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The use of different endoscopic "head-on" trajectories can be combined in a wider multiportal extended approach to improve the ventral route to the most inaccessible petroclival regions. Finally, by combining these approaches and reiterating the importance of multiportal strategy, we quantitatively demonstrate the possibility to reach "far away" paramedian petroclival targets while preserving the neurovascular structures.

Endoscopic trans-lateral oropharyngeal wall approach to the petrous apex and the petroclival region

BACKGROUND

A trans-lateral oropharyngeal wall approach (TLOWA) to the petrous apex has not been previously defined. This study aims to assess the feasibility of a TLOWA for surgical access to the petrous apex and the petroclival region.

METHODS

An endoscopic TLOWA for exposure of the petrous apex and petroclival region was performed on five cadaveric specimens (10 sides). Associated anatomical landmarks were defined, and the strategies for maximal exposure of the internal carotid artery (ICA) were explored.

RESULTS

Via a TLOWA, the parapharyngeal ICA was widely exposed in all 10 sides. Following transection of the Eustachian tube, the inferior petrous apex and petroclival region could be sufficiently exposed. After drilling the anteroinferior bony canal, the horizontal petrous ICA, foramen lacerum, and the paraclival ICA could be adequately revealed.

CONCLUSION

The TLOWA may provide an alternative corridor for access to the petrous apex and the petroclival region. The parapharyngeal, petrous, lower paraclival ICAs, and the foramen lacerum could be adequately exposed via the TLOWA.