Hypospadias and the Use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to Evaluate Neurodevelopmental Status of Boys with Hypospadias

Current perspectives in hypospadias research: A scoping review of articles published in 2021 (Review)

Hundreds of papers are written about hypospadias every year referring to all aspects of the pathology, being one of the most common congenital malformations. The present study conducted a scoping review of articles published in 2021 to present the main issues and summarize current perspectives and achievements in the field. It searched for the keyword 'hypospadias' in the three most popular databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). After the analysis of the publications, they were categorized into different domains. The present review was performed respecting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA ScR) guidelines. A total of 284 articles were included. These were published in 142 different journals. The most accessed was the Journal of Paediatric Urology with 54 articles. The main identified domains were related to surgical techniques, postoperative care, complications, anesthesia, anatomical factors, genetics, environmental factors, endocrinology, associated malformations, questionnaires and recommendations, management, biological materials, animal models, retrospective studies of centers, social media, bibliometrics, small gestational age, neoplasm, or fertility. Promising modifications of existing surgical techniques were presented with improved outcomes for both the proximal and distal types of hypospadias. Relevant anatomical and etiological, and also genetic factors were clarified. Aspects of the peri- and postoperative management referring to the antibiotherapy, analgesia, dressing techniques, and the future use of novel bioengineering agents to prevent, reduce or treat the occurring complications were discussed.

Hypospadias and Increased Risk for Psychiatric Symptoms in Both Childhood and Adolescence: A Literature Review

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations in boys. Due to abnormal appearance in the penis with abnormal urination and erection, patients with hypospadias were vulnerable to suffering from stress and psychiatric difficulties. The present study aims to summarize all the current evidence of the association between hypospadias and the risk of psychiatric disorders by a comprehensive review. Seventeen clinical studies were identified in the four electronic databases. A total of 953,872 participants were involved, while 15,729 of them were hypospadiac patients and the remaining 938,143 were normal controls. The standard age for surgery for hypospadias ranged from 20.4 months to 21.5 years. Eight out of seventeen (8/17, 47%) included studies explicitly showed that patients with hypospadias had a significantly higher risk of psychosocial disorders (all P < 0.05). Specific types of psychiatric disorders included depression, anxiety, shyness, timidness, isolation, fear of ridicule, attention-deficit hyperactivity, autism spectrum, behavioral/emotional disorders, temper tantrums, emotionality, affective, psychosexual problems, and suicidal tendencies. Based on this review, psychiatric illnesses are frequently detected in hypospadiac patients' childhood, thus proper psychiatric guidance and early interventions from physicians, nurses, and parents may help these children to grow into less affected men.