Potentially Preventable Primary Cesarean Sections in Future Placenta Accreta Spectrum

Assisted Reproductive Technique and Abnormal Cord Insertion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abnormal cord insertion (ACI) is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes; however, the relationship between ACI and assisted reproductive technology (ART) has not been examined in a meta-analysis. This study examines the association between ACI and ART, and delivery outcomes of women with ACI. A systematic review was conducted, and 16 studies (1990–2021) met the inclusion criteria. In the unadjusted pooled analysis (n = 10), ART was correlated with a higher rate of velamentous cord insertion (VCI) (odds ratio (OR) 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64–2.79), marginal cord insertion (n = 6; OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.26–1.99), and vasa previa (n = 1; OR 10.96, 95%CI 2.94–40.89). Nevertheless, the VCI rate was similar among the different ART types (blastocyst versus cleavage-stage transfer and frozen versus fresh embryo transfer). Regarding the cesarean delivery (CD) rate, women with VCI were more likely to have elective (n = 3; OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.04–1.22) and emergent CD (n = 5; OR 1.93, 95%CI 1.82–2.03). In conclusion, ART may be correlated with an increased prevalence of ACI. However, most studies could not exclude confounding factors; thus, further studies are warranted to characterize ART as a risk factor for ACI. In women with ACI, elective and emergent CD rates are high.