Attenuation of Oxidative Stress, Interleukin-6, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, and Fibrinogen with Oral Vitamin D Supplementation for Six Months in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus having Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D in Type 2 Diabetes and Its Correlation With Heat Shock Protein 70, Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma, Advanced Oxidation Protein Products and Advanced Glycation End Products

AIM

To investigate the association between vitamin D3 level and oxidative stress biomarkers such as Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

METHOD

In this cross-sectional study, 54 patients including 32 females and 22 males with a mean age of 54.92 ± 11.37 years with T2D attending the diabetes clinic from 2021 to 2022 were included. According to the average level of vitamin D in this population (14.91), they were divided into two groups with vitamin D ≤15 ng/mL and vitamin D >15 ng/mL. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and AOPP, HSP and FRAP parameters. The correlation between vitamin D and other variables was evaluated via the Pearson correlation test.

RESULT

Vitamin D level had a positive relation with FRAP (β = 0.32, p = 0.017) and HSP (β = 0.39, p = 0.003), but had a negative relation with AOPP (β = -0.30, p = 0.02). The level of 2hPP also had a negative relation with the level of vitamin D (β = -0.33, p = 0.03). There was not any relationship between the level of vitamin D and AGEs or other variables. After adjusting for multiple confounders for the multivariate regression model, HSP remained significant.

CONCLUSION

This research indicates the relationship between vitamin D levels and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

From the Sun to the Cell: Examining Obesity through the Lens of Vitamin D and Inflammation

Obesity affects more than one billion people worldwide and often leads to cardiometabolic chronic comorbidities. It induces senescence-related alterations in adipose tissue, and senescence is closely linked to obesity. Fully elucidating the pathways through which vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects may improve our understanding of local adipose tissue inflammation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. In this narrative review, we compiled and analyzed the literature from diverse academic sources, focusing on recent developments to provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of vitamin D on inflammation associated with obesity and senescence. The article reveals that the activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) and NLRP3 inflammasome (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing, pyrin domain-containing-3) pathways through the toll-like receptors, which increases oxidative stress and cytokine release, is a common mechanism underlying inflammation associated with obesity and senescence, and it discusses the potential beneficial effect of vitamin D in alleviating the development of subclinical inflammation. Investigating the main target cells and pathways of vitamin D action in adipose tissue could help uncover complex mechanisms of obesity and cellular senescence. This review summarizes significant findings related to opportunities for improving metabolic health.

Vitamin D Determinants, Status, and Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory-Related Effects in Cardiovascular Risk and Disease: Not the Last Word in the Controversy

Beyond its key role in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has been found to significantly affect the cardiovascular (CV) system. In fact, low vitamin D levels have been associated with increased CV risk, as well as increased CV morbidity and mortality. The majority of effects of this molecule are related directly or indirectly to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Generally, vitamin D insufficiency is considered for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels between 21-29 ng/mL (corresponding to 52.5-72.5 nmol/L), deficiency as 25(OH)D levels less than 20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L), and extreme deficiency as 25(OH)D less than 10 ng/mL (<25 nmol/L). However, the definition of an optimal vitamin D status, as defined by 25(OH)D, remains controversial for many extra-bone conditions, including CV disease. In this review, confounding factors affecting the 25(OH)D measurement and status will be discussed. In particular, available evidence on the mechanism and role of vitamin D in relation to CV risk and disease through its antioxidant effect will be reported, also facing the aspect regarding the debate on the minimum blood 25(OH)D level required to ensure optimal CV health.

Is Circulating Vitamin D Status Associated with the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism? A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

BACKGROUND

Although vitamin D is antithrombotic, associations between serum vitamin D status and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remain inconsistent.

METHODS

We searched the EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases from inception to June 2022 to identify observational studies examining associations between vitamin D status and VTE risk in adults. The primary outcome presented as odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) was the association of vitamin D levels with the risk of VTE. Secondary outcomes included the impacts of vitamin D status (i.e., deficiency or insufficiency), study design, and the presence of neurological diseases on the associations.

RESULTS

Pooled evidence from a meta-analysis of sixteen observational studies, including 47648 individuals published from 2013 to 2021, revealed a negative relationship between vitamin D levels and the risk of VTE either based on OR (1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37 to 2.20, p < 0.00001; I² = 31%, 14 studies, 16074 individuals) or HR (1.25, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.46, p = 0.006; I² = 0%, 3 studies, 37,564 individuals). This association remained significant in subgroup analyses of the study design and in the presence of neurological diseases. Compared to individuals with normal vitamin D status, an increased risk of VTE was noted in those with vitamin D deficiency (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.33 to 3.11) but not with vitamin D insufficiency.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis demonstrated a negative association between serum vitamin D status and the risk of VTE. Further studies are required to investigate the potential beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on the long-term risk of VTE.