The Importance of Computed Tomography for the Diagnosis Of Duodenal Perforation in a Paediatric Patient with Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Juvenile dermatomyositis complications: navigating gastrointestinal perforations and treatment challenges, a case report

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disorder with multi-system involvement, often presenting with a heliotrope rash, Gottron's papules, and proximal muscle weakness. JDM patients with anti-nuclear matrix protein 2 (anti-NXP2) positivity tend to have more severe manifestations, including a higher risk of gastrointestinal (GI) complications such as dysphagia, intestinal motility changes, edema, malabsorption, ulcers, and perforations. These complications are associated with poor outcomes and high mortality rates, particularly in patients with anti-NXP2 positivity. A case is presented of a 12-year-old girl with JDM who developed multiple GI perforations after being treated with high-dose methylprednisolone. Despite multiple surgical attempts, the patient experienced continued leakage and new perforations. The treatment approach was shifted to include jejunostomy, plasma exchanges, fresh frozen plasma support, and tofacitinib, leading to gradual improvement in muscle strength and reduction in inflammation. GI involvement in JDM is a significant concern due to its association with poor prognosis and high mortality. The use of high-dose glucocorticoids must be carefully considered in JDM patients with GI involvement, as they may contribute to the development of perforations and complicate treatment. A combination of plasma exchange, fresh frozen plasma support, low-dose glucocorticoids, and Janus kinase inhibitors may offer a safer treatment strategy for managing refractory JDM with GI complications. The case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to treatment and the need for further research to determine the necessity of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy following GI involvement in JDM.

Gastrointestinal perforation in anti-NXP2 antibody-associated juvenile dermatomyositis: case reports and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND

To summarize the characteristics of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation in anti-nuclear matrix protein 2 (NXP2) antibody-associated juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM).

METHODS

Five patients with GI perforation from a JDM cohort of 120 cases are described. Relevant literature was reviewed.

RESULTS

Five patients, including four females and one male, were included in the study. The age of onset of these patients ranged from 3.3 to 9.5 years with the median age of 5.0 years. When these patients were complicated by GI perforation, childhood myositis assessment score (CMAS) ranged from 1 to 5 with the median score of 2. Myositis-specific antibody (MSA) spectrum analysis indicated that the five patients were anti-NXP2 antibody positive. The initial symptoms of GI perforation were progressive abdominal pain and intermittent fever. Two patients also presented with ureteral calculus with hydronephrosis and ureteral stricture. Surgery was performed in four patients. One patient failed to undergo a repair as the perforation was high in position. For the other three patients, perforation repair was successful, of which two patients failed due to recurrent perforation. At 24 months postoperative follow-up, one patient was in complete remission on prednisone (Pred) and methotrexate (MTX) treatment, and her ureteral stricture had disappeared. The other four patients died. Adding these cases with 16 other patients described in the literature, the symptom at onset was progressive abdominal pain, which often occurred within 10 months after JDM was diagnosed. Perforation most commonly occurred in the duodenum, although it also occurred at multiple sites or was recurrent. The mortality rate of GI perforation in JDM was 38% (8/21).

CONCLUSIONS

All the five perforation cases in our study subjected to MSA analysis were anti-NXP2 antibody positive. The symptom at onset was abdominal pain. The most common site of perforation was the duodenum in the retroperitoneum, and the lack of acute abdominal manifestations prevented early diagnosis. GI perforation may be a fatal complication in JDM, and early diagnosis is very important. More research is needed to determine the pathogenesis and predictive factors of GI perforation in JDM.