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Sha X, Zou X, Liu S, Guan C, Shi W, Gao J, Zhong X, Jiang X. Forkhead box O1 in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: molecular mechanisms and drug research. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1426780. [PMID: 39021599 PMCID: PMC11253077 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1426780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that progresses from hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, posing a huge burden on human health. Existing research has confirmed that forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), as a member of the FOXO transcription factor family, is upregulated in MAFLD. Its activity is closely related to nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and various post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation. FOXO1 mediates the progression of MAFLD by regulating glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, hepatic fibrosis, hepatocyte autophagy, apoptosis, and immune inflammation. This article elaborates on the regulatory role of FOXO1 in MAFLD, providing a summary and new insights for the current status of drug research and targeted therapies for MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangyu Zhong
- General Surgery Department, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xingming Jiang
- General Surgery Department, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Rodriguez-Colman MJ, Dansen TB, Burgering BMT. FOXO transcription factors as mediators of stress adaptation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:46-64. [PMID: 37710009 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The forkhead box protein O (FOXO, consisting of FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6) transcription factors are the mammalian orthologues of Caenorhabditis elegans DAF-16, which gained notoriety for its capability to double lifespan in the absence of daf-2 (the gene encoding the worm insulin receptor homologue). Since then, research has provided many mechanistic details on FOXO regulation and FOXO activity. Furthermore, conditional knockout experiments have provided a wealth of data as to how FOXOs control development and homeostasis at the organ and organism levels. The lifespan-extending capabilities of DAF-16/FOXO are highly correlated with their ability to induce stress response pathways. Exogenous and endogenous stress, such as cellular redox stress, are considered the main drivers of the functional decline that characterizes ageing. Functional decline often manifests as disease, and decrease in FOXO activity indeed negatively impacts on major age-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. In this context, the main function of FOXOs is considered to preserve cellular and organismal homeostasis, through regulation of stress response pathways. Paradoxically, the same FOXO-mediated responses can also aid the survival of dysfunctional cells once these eventually emerge. This general property to control stress responses may underlie the complex and less-evident roles of FOXOs in human lifespan as opposed to model organisms such as C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias B Dansen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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3
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Santos BF, Grenho I, Martel PJ, Ferreira BI, Link W. FOXO family isoforms. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:702. [PMID: 37891184 PMCID: PMC10611805 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
FOXO family of proteins are transcription factors involved in many physiological and pathological processes including cellular homeostasis, stem cell maintenance, cancer, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. Genetic evidence has been accumulating to suggest a prominent role of FOXOs in lifespan regulation in animal systems from hydra, C elegans, Drosophila, and mice. Together with the observation that FOXO3 is the second most replicated gene associated with extreme human longevity suggests that pharmacological targeting of FOXO proteins can be a promising approach to treat cancer and other age-related diseases and extend life and health span. However, due to the broad range of cellular functions of the FOXO family members FOXO1, 3, 4, and 6, isoform-specific targeting of FOXOs might lead to greater benefits and cause fewer side effects. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the common and specific features of these proteins as well as their redundant and specific functions in our cells represents the basis of specific targeting strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the evolution, structure, function, and disease-relevance of each of the FOXO family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F Santos
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute-ABC-RI, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Algarve (CHUA). Rua Leão Penedo, 8000-386, Faro, Portugal
| | - Inês Grenho
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute-ABC-RI, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Martel
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS)@RISE, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bibiana I Ferreira
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute-ABC-RI, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Gui T, Burgering BMT. FOXOs: masters of the equilibrium. FEBS J 2022; 289:7918-7939. [PMID: 34610198 PMCID: PMC10078705 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors (TFs) are a subclass of the larger family of forkhead TFs. Mammalians express four members FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6. The interest in FOXO function stems mostly from their observed role in determining lifespan, where in model organisms, increased FOXO activity results in extended lifespan. FOXOs act as downstream of several signaling pathway and are extensively regulated through post-translational modifications. The transcriptional program activated by FOXOs in various cell types, organisms, and under various conditions has been described and has shed some light on what the critical transcriptional targets are in mediating FOXO function. At the cellular level, these studies have revealed a role for FOXOs in cell metabolism, cellular redox, cell proliferation, DNA repair, autophagy, and many more. The general picture that emerges hereof is that FOXOs act to preserve equilibrium, and they are important for cellular homeostasis. Here, we will first briefly summarize the general knowledge of FOXO regulation and possible functions. We will use genomic stability to illustrate how FOXOs ensure homeostasis. Genomic stability is critical for maintaining genetic integrity, and therefore preventing disease. However, genomic mutations need to occur during lifetime to enable evolution, yet their accumulation is believed to be causative to aging. Therefore, the role of FOXO in genomic stability may underlie its role in lifespan and aging. Finally, we will come up with questions on some of the unknowns in FOXO function, the answer(s) to which we believe will further our understanding of FOXO function and ultimately may help to understand lifespan and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Gui
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and the Oncode Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and the Oncode Institute, The Netherlands
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5
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Maggisano V, Capriglione F, Verrienti A, Celano M, Gagliardi A, Bulotta S, Sponziello M, Mio C, Pecce V, Durante C, Damante G, Russo D. Identification of Exosomal microRNAs and Their Targets in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050961. [PMID: 35625697 PMCID: PMC9138952 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of molecules in exosomal cargoes is involved in tumor development and progression. We compared the profiles of exosomal microRNAs released by two thyroid cancer cell lines (TPC-1 and K1) with that of non-tumorigenic thyroid cells (Nthy-ori-3-1), and we explored the network of miRNA–target interaction. After extraction and characterization of exosomes, expression levels of microRNAs were investigated using custom TaqMan Advanced array cards, and compared with those expressed in the total cell extracts. The functional enrichment and network-based analysis of the miRNAs’ targets was also performed. Five microRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-31-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-222-3p, and let-7i-3p) were significantly deregulated in the exosomes of tumor cells vs. non-tumorigenic cells, and three of them (miR-31-5p, miR-222-3p, and let-7i-3p) in the more aggressive K1 compared to TPC-1 cells. The network analysis of the five miRNAs identified some genes as targets of more than one miRNAs. These findings permitted the identification of exosomal microRNAs secreted by aggressive PTC cells, and indicated that their main targets are regulators of the tumor microenvironment. A deeper analysis of the functional role of the targets of exosomal miRNAs will provide further information on novel targets of molecular treatments for these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (A.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Francesca Capriglione
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (A.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonella Verrienti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (M.S.); (V.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (A.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Agnese Gagliardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (A.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefania Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (A.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (M.S.); (V.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Catia Mio
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Academic Hospital of Udine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Valeria Pecce
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (M.S.); (V.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (M.S.); (V.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Academic Hospital of Udine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.M.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (A.G.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-096-136-94-124
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Lu W, Ni Z, Jiang S, Tong M, Zhang J, Zhao J, Feng C, Jia Q, Wang J, Yao T, Ning H, Shi Y. Resveratrol inhibits bile acid-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia via the PI3K/AKT/p-FoxO4 signalling pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:1495-1507. [PMID: 33103284 PMCID: PMC8048559 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is the essential pre-malignancy of gastric cancer. Chronic inflammation and bile acid reflux are major contributing factors. As an intestinal development transcription factor, caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2) is key in GIM. Resveratrol has potential chemopreventive and anti-tumour effects. The aim of the study is to probe the effect of resveratrol in bile acid-induced GIM. We demonstrated that resveratrol could reduce CDX2 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner in gastric cell lines. A Cignal Finder 45-Pathway Reporter Array and TranSignal Protein/DNA Array Kit verified that resveratrol could increase Forkhead box O4 (FoxO4) activity and that Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) could reduce FoxO4 activity. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis showed that FoxO4 could bind to the CDX2 promoter, and these conjectures were supported by chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Resveratrol can activate FoxO4 and decrease CDX2 expression by increasing phospho-FoxO4 nucleus trans-location. Resveratrol could increase FoxO4 phosphorylation through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Ectopic FoxO4 expression can up-regulate FoxO4 phosphorylation and suppress CDCA-induced GIM marker expression. Finally, we found a reverse correlation between p-FoxO4 and CDX2 in tissue arrays. This study validates that resveratrol could reduce bile acid-induced GIM through the PI3K/AKT/p-FoxO4 signalling pathway and has a potential reversing effect on GIM, especially that caused by bile acid reflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Lu
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesAir force Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhen Ni
- Department of GastroenterologyThe General Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengduChina
| | - Shuqin Jiang
- Pediatric Development and Behavior DepartmentThe third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Mingfu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesAir force Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of GastroenterologyBeijing Chao‐Yang Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesAir force Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesAir force Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of GastroenterologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chenchen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesAir force Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Postgraduate DepartmentXi'an Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qiaoyu Jia
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jingyun Wang
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Tingting Yao
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Hanbing Ning
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive DiseasesAir force Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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Liu W, Li Y, Luo B. Current perspective on the regulation of FOXO4 and its role in disease progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:651-663. [PMID: 31529218 PMCID: PMC11104957 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box O4 (FOXO4) is a member of the FOXO family that regulates a number of genes involved in metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cellular homeostasis via transcriptional activity. It also mediates cell responses to oxidative stress and treatment with antitumor agents. The expression of FOXO4 is repressed by microRNAs in multiple cancer cells, while FOXO4 function is regulated by post-translational modifications and interaction with other proteins. The deregulation of FOXO4 is closely linked to the progression of several types of cancer, senescence, and other diseases. In this review, we present recent findings on the regulation of FOXO4 in physiological and pathological conditions and provide an overview of the complex role of FOXO4 in disease development and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Ma L, Yan Y, Bai Y, Yang Y, Pan Y, Gang X, Karnes RJ, Zhang J, Lv Q, Wu Q, Huang H. Overcoming EZH2 Inhibitor Resistance by Taxane in PTEN-Mutated Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5020-5034. [PMID: 31410199 PMCID: PMC6691386 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The Polycomb group (PcG) protein EZH2 is implicated in cancer progression due to its frequent overexpression in many cancer types and therefore is a promising therapeutic target. Forkhead box transcription factor-1 (FOXO1) is a tumor suppressor that is often transcriptionally downregulated in human cancers such as prostate cancer although the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Methods: Analysis of EZH2 ChIP-seq and ChIP-on-chip data in various cell types was performed. ChIP-qPCR, RT-qPCR, and western blot analyses were conducted to determine the mechanism by which EZH2 represses FOXO1 expression. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the correlation between EZH2 and FOXO1 protein expression in prostate cancer patient specimens. In vitro MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) and animal experiments were performed to determine the anti-cancer efficacy of EZH2 inhibitor alone or in combination of docetaxel, a chemotherapy agent of the taxane family, and dependency of the efficacy on FOXO1 expression. Results: We demonstrated that EZH2 binds to the FOXO1 gene promoter. EZH2 represses FOXO1 gene expression at the transcriptional level. EZH2 protein level inversely correlated with FOXO1 protein expression in prostate cancer patient specimens. This repression requires the methyltransferase activity and the functional PRC2 complex. While effectively inducing loss of viability of PTEN-positive 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells, EZH2 inhibitor failed to inhibit growth of PTEN-negative C4-2 prostate cancer cells. Co-treatment with docetaxel overcame EZH2 inhibitor resistance in PTEN-negative cancer cells in vitro and in mice. This effect was largely mediated by docetaxel-induced nuclear localization and activation of FOXO1. Conclusions: This study identifies FOXO1 as a bona fide repression target of EZH2 and an essential mediator of EZH2 inhibition-induced cell death. Our findings suggest that EZH2 repression of FOXO1 can be targeted by EZH2 inhibitor as a monotherapy for PTEN-proficient cancers or in combination with taxane for treatment of cancers with PTEN mutation or deletion.
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Oglio R, Salvarredi L, Rossich L, Copelli S, Pisarev M, Juvenal G, Thomasz L. Participation of NADPH 4 oxidase in thyroid regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 480:65-73. [PMID: 30316800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different factors are involved in thyroid function and proliferation such as thyrotropin (TSH), insulin, growth factors, iodide, etc. TSH and IGF1/insulin increase proliferation rate and stimulate genes involved in thyroid differentiation. In the present study, we analyse the physiological regulation of NOX4 expression by TSH, insulin and iodine, and the role of NOX4 on thyroid genes expression. Differentiated rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) were incubated in the presence or absence of TSH/insulin and TTF2, PAX8, TPO, NIS, NOX4, TGFβ1, FOXO1/3 mRNA levels were examined by Real Time PCR. We showed that TSH and insulin repress NOX4 expression and appears to be inversely correlated with some thyroid genes. SiRNA targeted knockdown of NOX4 increased mRNA levels of TGFβ1, TPO, PAX8, TTF2, FOXO1 and FOXO3. A PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), increases the expression of NIS, TTF2 and FOXO1/3, however PI3K/AKT pathway does not regulate NOX4 expression. We observed that iodine increased NOX4 expression and knockdown of NOX4 reduced ROS and reversed the inhibitory effect of iodine on NIS, TPO, PAX8 and TTF2 expression. Our findings provide strong evidence that NOX4 could be a novel signaling modulator of TSH/insulin pathway and would have a critical role in the autoregulatory mechanism induced by iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Oglio
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission Buenos Aires, 1429, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo Salvarredi
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission Buenos Aires, 1429, Argentina
| | - Luciano Rossich
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission Buenos Aires, 1429, Argentina
| | | | - Mario Pisarev
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission Buenos Aires, 1429, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina; Department of Human Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Juvenal
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission Buenos Aires, 1429, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - Lisa Thomasz
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission Buenos Aires, 1429, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina.
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Javid M, Sasanakietkul T, Nicolson NG, Gibson CE, Callender GG, Korah R, Carling T. DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency Promotes Genomic Instability in a Subset of Papillary Thyroid Cancers. World J Surg 2018; 42:358-366. [PMID: 29075860 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient DNA damage repair by MutL-homolog DNA mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes, MLH1, MLH3, PMS1 and PMS2, are required to maintain thyrocyte genomic integrity. We hypothesized that persistent oxidative stress and consequent transcriptional dysregulation observed in thyroid follicles will lead to MMR deficiency and potentiate papillary thyroid tumorigenesis. METHODS MMR gene expression was analyzed by targeted microarray in 18 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 9 paracarcinoma normal thyroid (PCNT) and 10 normal thyroid (NT) samples. The findings were validated by qRT-PCR, and in follicular thyroid cancers (FTC) and follicular thyroid adenomas (FTA) for comparison. FOXO transcription factor expression was also analyzed. Protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Genomic integrity was evaluated by whole-exome sequencing-derived read-depth analysis and Mann-Whitney U test. Clinical correlations were assessed using Fisher's exact and t tests. RESULTS Microarray and qRT-PCR revealed reduced expression of all four MMR genes in PTC compared with PCNT and of PMS2 compared with NT. FTC and FTA showed upregulation in MLH1, MLH3 and PMS2. PMS2 protein expression correlated with the mRNA expression pattern. FOXO1 showed lower expression in PMS2-deficient PTCs (log2-fold change -1.72 vs. -0.55, U = 11, p < 0.05 two-tailed). Rate of LOH, a measure of genomic instability, was higher in PMS2-deficient PTCs (median 3 and 1, respectively; U = 26, p < 0.05 two-tailed). No correlation was noted between MMR deficiency and clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS MMR deficiency, potentially promoted by FOXO1 suppression, may explain the etiology for PTC development in some patients. FTC and FTA retain MMR activity and are likely caused by a different tumorigenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Javid
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, FMB 130A, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA.,Division of Oncologic and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 295, Charleston, SC, 29425-2503, USA
| | - Thanyawat Sasanakietkul
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, FMB 130A, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA
| | - Norman G Nicolson
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, FMB 130A, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA
| | - Courtney E Gibson
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, FMB 130A, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA
| | - Glenda G Callender
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, FMB 130A, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA
| | - Reju Korah
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, FMB 130A, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062, FMB 130A, New Haven, CT, 06520-8062, USA.
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