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Yoshida N, Draganov PV, John S, Neumann H, Rani RA, Hsu WH, Fernandopulle N, Siah KTH, Morgenstern R, Tomita Y, Inoue K, Dohi O, Hirose R, Itoh Y, Murakami T, Inagaki Y, Inada Y, Arantes V. Comparison of LED and LASER Colonoscopy About Linked Color Imaging and Blue Laser/Light Imaging of Colorectal Tumors in a Multinational Study. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:3943-3952. [PMID: 37558800 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In light-emitting diode (LED) and LASER colonoscopy, linked color imaging (LCI) and blue light/laser imaging (BLI) are used for lesion detection and characterization worldwide. We analyzed the difference of LCI and BLI images of colorectal lesions between LED and LASER in a multinational study. METHODS We prospectively observed lesions with white light imaging (WLI), LCI, and BLI using both LED and LASER colonoscopies from January 2020 to August 2021. Images were graded by 27 endoscopists from nine countries using the polyp visibility score: 4 (excellent), 3 (good), 2 (fair), and 1 (poor) and the comparison score (LED better/similar/LASER better) for WLI/LCI/BLI images of each lesion. RESULTS Finally, 32 lesions (polyp size: 20.0 ± 15.2 mm) including 9 serrated lesions, 13 adenomas, and 10 T1 cancers were evaluated. The polyp visibility scores of LCI/WLI for international and Japan-expert endoscopists were 3.17 ± 0.73/3.17 ± 0.79 (p = 0.92) and 3.34 ± 0.78/2.84 ± 1.22 (p < 0.01) for LED and 3.30 ± 0.71/3.12 ± 0.77 (p < 0.01) and 3.31 ± 0.82/2.78 ± 1.23 (p < 0.01) for LASER. Regarding the comparison of lesion visibility about between LED and LASER colonoscopy in international endoscopists, a significant difference was achieved not for WLI, but for LCI. The rates of LED better/similar/LASER better for brightness under WLI were 54.5%/31.6%/13.9% (International) and 75.0%/21.9%/3.1% (Japan expert). Those under LCI were 39.2%/35.4%/25.3% (International) and 31.3%/53.1%/15.6% (Japan expert). There were no significant differences in the diagnostic accuracy and the comparison score of BLI images between LED and LASER. CONCLUSIONS The differences of lesion visibility for WLI/LCI/BLI between LED and LASER in international endoscopists could be compared to those in Japanese endoscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Peter V Draganov
- Endoscopy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sneha John
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gold Coast University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Helmut Neumann
- First Medical Department, Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafiz Abdul Rani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen-Hsin Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kewin Tien Ho Siah
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Morgenstern
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yuri Tomita
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Dohi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aiseikai Yamashina Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Vitor Arantes
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Teramoto A, Hamada S, Ogino B, Yasuda I, Sano Y. Updates in narrow-band imaging for colorectal polyps: Narrow-band imaging generations, detection, diagnosis, and artificial intelligence. Dig Endosc 2022; 35:453-470. [PMID: 36480465 DOI: 10.1111/den.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is an optical digital enhancement method that allows the observation of vascular and surface structures of colorectal lesions. Its usefulness in the detection and diagnosis of colorectal polyps has been demonstrated in several clinical trials and the diagnostic algorithms have been simplified after the establishment of endoscopic classifications such as the Japan NBI Expert Team classification. However, there were issues including lack of brightness in the earlier models, poor visibility under insufficient bowel preparation, and the incompatibility of magnifying endoscopes in certain endoscopic platforms, which had impeded NBI from becoming standardized globally. Nonetheless, NBI continued its evolution and the newest endoscopic platform launched in 2020 offers significantly brighter and detailed images. Enhanced visualization is expected to improve the detection of polyps while universal compatibility across all scopes including magnifying endoscopy will promote the global standardization of magnifying diagnosis. Therefore, knowledge related to magnifying colonoscopy will become essential as magnification becomes standardly equipped in future models, although the advent of computer-aided diagnosis and detection may greatly assist endoscopists to ensure quality of practice. Given that most endoscopic departments will be using both old and new models, it is important to understand how each generation of endoscopic platforms differ from each other. We reviewed the advances in the endoscopic platforms, artificial intelligence, and evidence related to NBI essential for the next generation of endoscopic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Teramoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Seiji Hamada
- Gastrointestinal Center, Urasoe General Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Banri Ogino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sano
- Gastrointestinal Center, Sano Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
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Yoshida N, Hayashi Y, Kashida H, Tomita Y, Dohi O, Inoue K, Hirose R, Itoh Y, Okada M, Yoshimoto S, Fujinuma T, Sakamoto H, Sunada K, Komeda Y, Sekai I, Okai N, Yamamoto H. Images of laser and light-emitting diode colonoscopy for comparing large colorectal lesion visibility with linked color imaging and white-light imaging. Dig Endosc 2022; 34:1413-1421. [PMID: 35656632 DOI: 10.1111/den.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In light-emitting diode (LED) and laser colonoscopy, linked color imaging (LCI) superiority to white-light imaging (WLI) for polyp detection is shown separately. We analyzed the noninferiority of LCI between LED and laser colonoscopy and that of WLI (LECOL study). METHODS We prospectively collected nonpolypoid lesions with WLI and LCI using LED and laser colonoscopy from January 2021 to August 2021. All images were evaluated randomly by 12 endoscopists (six nonexperts and six experts in three institutions) using the polyp visibility score: 4, excellent; 3, good; 2, fair; and 1, poor. The comparison score (LED better/similar/laser better) for redness and brightness was evaluated for WLI and LCI pictures of each lesion. RESULTS Finally, 63 nonpolypoid lesions were evaluated, and the mean polyp size was 24.5 ± 13.4 mm. Histopathology revealed 13 serrated lesions and 50 adenomatous/cancerous lesions. The mean polyp visibility scores of LCI pictures were significantly higher than those of WLI in the LED (3.35 ± 0.85 vs. 3.08 ± 0.91, P < 0.001) and the laser (3.40 ± 1.71 vs. 3.05 ± 0.97, P < 0.001) group, and the noninferiority of LCI pictures between LED and laser was significant (P < 0.001). The comparison scores revealed that the evaluation of redness and brightness (LED better/similar/laser better) were 26.8%/40.1%/33.1% and 43.5%/43.5%/13.0% for LCI pictures (P < 0.001) and 20.6%/44.3%/35.1% and 60.3%/31.7%/8.0% for WLI pictures (P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION The noninferiority of polyp visibility with WLI and LCI in LED and laser colonoscopy was shown. WLI and LCI of LED tended to be brighter and less reddish than those of laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kashida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Tomita
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Dohi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shiori Yoshimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujinuma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Sakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keijiro Sunada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoriaki Komeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikue Sekai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsuki Okai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Yoshida N, Sano Y. History, clinical application, and future perspective of narrow band imaging and blue laser imaging. Dig Endosc 2022; 34 Suppl 2:86-90. [PMID: 35048422 DOI: 10.1111/den.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sano
- Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.,Gastrointestinal Center, Sano Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
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The Efficacy of Tumor Characterization for Colorectal Lesions with Blue Light Imaging of a Compact Light-Emitting Diode Endoscopic System Compared to a Laser Endoscopic System: A Pilot Study. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2022; 2022:9998280. [PMID: 35462983 PMCID: PMC9019446 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9998280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A compact and cost-effective light source-processor combined 3-color light-emitting diode (LED) endoscopic system (ELUXEO-Lite: EP-6000, Fujifilm Co., Tokyo) with a magnified colonoscope (EC-6600ZP, Fujifilm Co.) has been released. Aims: In this study, we analyzed the efficacy of this system for colorectal tumor characterization with magnified blue light imaging (BLI-LED) and image's subjective and objective evaluations, compared to a magnified blue laser imaging (BLI-LASER) using a standard LASER endoscopic system. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 37 lesions observed with both BLI-LED and BLI-LASER systems from 2019 using the Japanese narrow band imaging classification. Two representative magnified images, one BLI-LED and one BLI-LASER, of the same area of a lesion were evaluated for diagnostic accuracy and visualization quality by three experts and three non-experts. Their color difference values (CDVs) and brightness values (BVs) were also calculated as objective indicators. Results: Among 37 lesions, mean tumor size was 18.9 ± 13.1 mm, and 21 lesions were nonpolypoid. Histopathology revealed 14 sessile serrated lesions, 7 adenomas, 12 high-grade dysplasias and T1a cancers, and 4 T1b cancers. The diagnostic accuracy rates of BLI-LED/BLI-LASER of experts and non-experts were 90.1% and 87.4% (p = 0.52) and 89.2% and 89.2% (p = 0.99). The percentages of instances where BLI-LED images were better, the two imaging types were equivalent, or BLI-LASER images were better were 16%/83%/1% for experts and 19%/58%/23% for non-experts (p < 0.001). CDVs and BVs between BLI-LED and BLI-LASER were not significantly different (CDVs: p = 0.653, BVs: p = 0.518). Conclusions: BLI-LED using the compact system was noninferior to BLI-LASER for colorectal tumor characterization and image quality.
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Kida Y, Yamamura T, Maeda K, Sawada T, Ishikawa E, Mizutani Y, Kakushima N, Furukawa K, Ishikawa T, Ohno E, Kawashima H, Nakamura M, Ishigami M, Fujishiro M. Diagnostic performance of endoscopic classifications for neoplastic lesions in patients with ulcerative colitis: A retrospective case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1055-1066. [PMID: 35431498 PMCID: PMC8968517 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i10.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the Japan Narrow-Band Imaging Expert Team (JNET) classification and pit pattern classification are applicable for diagnosing neoplastic lesions in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).
AIM To clarify the diagnostic performance of these classifications for neoplastic lesions in patients with UC.
METHODS This study was conducted as a single-center, retrospective case-control study. Twenty-one lesions in 19 patients with UC-associated neoplasms (UCAN) and 23 lesions in 22 UC patients with sporadic neoplasms (SN), evaluated by magnifying image-enhanced endoscopy, were retrospectively and separately assessed by six endoscopists (three experts, three non-experts), using the JNET and pit pattern classifications. The results were compared with the pathological diagnoses to evaluate the diagnostic performance. Inter- and intra-observer agreements were calculated.
RESULTS In this study, JNET type 2A and pit pattern type III/IV were used as indicators of low-grade dysplasia, JNET type 2B and pit pattern type VI low irregularity were used as indicators of high-grade dysplasia to shallow submucosal invasive carcinoma, JNET type 3 and pit pattern type VI high irregularity/VN were used as indicators of deep submucosal invasive carcinoma. In the UCAN group, JNET type 2A and pit pattern type III/IV had a low positive predictive value (PPV; 50.0% and 40.0%, respectively); however, they had a high negative predictive value (NPV; 94.7% and 100%, respectively). Conversely, in the SN group, JNET type 2A and pit pattern type III/IV had a high PPV (100% for both) but a low NPV (63.6% and 77.8%, respectively). In both groups, JNET type 3 and pit pattern type VI-high irregularity/VN showed high specificity. The inter-observer agreement of JNET classification and pit pattern classification for UCAN among experts were 0.401 and 0.364, in the same manner for SN, 0.666 and 0.597, respectively. The intra-observer agreements of JNET classification and pit pattern classification for UCAN among experts were 0.387, 0.454, for SN, 0.803 and 0.567, respectively.
CONCLUSION The accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis using both classifications was lower for UCAN than for SN. Endoscopic diagnosis of UCAN tended to be underestimated compared with the pathological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Department of Endoscopy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Sawada
- Department of Endoscopy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mizutani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomi Kakushima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eizaburo Ohno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawashima
- Department of Endoscopy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masanao Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Chang A, Munjit P, Sriprayoon T, Pongpaibul A, Prachayakul V. Comparison of blue laser imaging and narrow band imaging for the differentiation of diminutive colorectal polyps: A randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:5743-5752. [PMID: 35182217 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the diagnostic efficacy of blue laser imaging (BLI)- bright and narrow band imaging (NBI) modes of image enhanced endoscopy (IEE) in differentiating neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of diminutive colorectal polyps. METHODS We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial from September 2015 to July 2016. The participants were randomly assigned (1:1) for colonoscopy with polyp classification under NBI or BLI-bright mode without magnification. Histopathologic diagnosis was used as the gold standard. RESULTS Three hundred and twenty-four diminutive polyps in 164 patients were included for analysis (BLI: 162 polyps in 73 patients, NBI: 162 polyps in 91 patients). These polyps were located at colon proximal to sigmoid (61.1 and 58.0%) and rectosigmoid colon (38.9 and 42.0%) in the BLI and NBI groups, respectively. Most polyps (71.9%) were adenomatous with one malignant polyp (0.3%). BLI achieved 86.4% accuracy, 98.3% sensitivity, 55.6% specificity, 85.2% positive predictive value (PPV), and 92.6% negative predictive value (NPV), similar to NBI which exhibited 90.1% accuracy, 99.1% sensitivity, 67.4% specificity, 88.5% PPV, and 96.9% NPV in the diagnosis of adenomatous polyps. Based on the location of the polyp, both modes of IEE provided ≥ 95% NPV for diagnosis of adenomatous polyps at the rectosigmoid colon. CONCLUSIONS BLI-bright and NBI modes of IEE have similar accuracy in differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of diminutive polyps. Both modes provided ≥ 90% NPV which allows for the adaptation of the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy "diagnose-and-leave" recommended strategy for diminutive polyps at the rectosigmoid colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunchai Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hatyai Hospital, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Parnwad Munjit
- Siriraj Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tassanee Sriprayoon
- Siriraj Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ananya Pongpaibul
- Department of Pathology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varayu Prachayakul
- Siriraj Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Pal P, Singh AP, Kanuri ND, Banerjee R. Electronic chromo-endoscopy: technical details and a clinical perspective. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:6. [PMID: 35243115 PMCID: PMC8826039 DOI: 10.21037/tgh-19-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise endoscopic assessment is necessary to detect neoplastic changes in an early stage. Electronic or virtual chromo-endoscopy (ECE) is an alternative to conventional dye-based chromo-endoscopy which markedly improves capillary pattern and hence can detect micro-vessel morphological changes of early neoplasia to target biopsies and aid in diagnosis. The clinical significance increased after the advent of endoscopic treatment modalities like ESD/EMR which requires precise delineation of extent and depth of lesion. Most of the studies have used narrow-band imaging (NBI) (Olympus Medical Systems Tokyo, Japan), although data from i-SCAN (PENTAX Endoscopy, Tokyo, Japan) and flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) (Fujinon, Fujifilm Medical Co, Saitama, Japan) are emerging. Electronic chromo-endoscopy is convenient compared to dye-based chromo-endoscopy in the sense that it is available at the push of a button in endoscope and reduces procedure time substantially with comparable efficacy. Scope of this review is to discuss available electronic chromo-endoscopy modalities and their role in the diagnosis, surveillance, and management of early GI neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pal
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, AIG hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Navya D Kanuri
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, AIG hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rupa Banerjee
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, AIG hospitals, Hyderabad, India
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9
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van der Zander QEW, Schreuder RM, Fonollà R, Scheeve T, van der Sommen F, Winkens B, Aepli P, Hayee B, Pischel AB, Stefanovic M, Subramaniam S, Bhandari P, de With PHN, Masclee AAM, Schoon EJ. Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyp images using a newly developed computer-aided diagnosis system (CADx) compared with intuitive optical diagnosis. Endoscopy 2021; 53:1219-1226. [PMID: 33368056 DOI: 10.1055/a-1343-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps remains challenging. Image-enhancement techniques such as narrow-band imaging and blue-light imaging (BLI) can improve optical diagnosis. We developed and prospectively validated a computer-aided diagnosis system (CADx) using high-definition white-light (HDWL) and BLI images, and compared the system with the optical diagnosis of expert and novice endoscopists. METHODS CADx characterized colorectal polyps by exploiting artificial neural networks. Six experts and 13 novices optically diagnosed 60 colorectal polyps based on intuition. After 4 weeks, the same set of images was permuted and optically diagnosed using the BLI Adenoma Serrated International Classification (BASIC). RESULTS CADx had a diagnostic accuracy of 88.3 % using HDWL images and 86.7 % using BLI images. The overall diagnostic accuracy combining HDWL and BLI (multimodal imaging) was 95.0 %, which was significantly higher than that of experts (81.7 %, P = 0.03) and novices (66.7 %, P < 0.001). Sensitivity was also higher for CADx (95.6 % vs. 61.1 % and 55.4 %), whereas specificity was higher for experts compared with CADx and novices (95.6 % vs. 93.3 % and 93.2 %). For endoscopists, diagnostic accuracy did not increase when using BASIC, either for experts (intuition 79.5 % vs. BASIC 81.7 %, P = 0.14) or for novices (intuition 66.7 % vs. BASIC 66.5 %, P = 0.95). CONCLUSION CADx had a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than experts and novices for the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps. Multimodal imaging, incorporating both HDWL and BLI, improved the diagnostic accuracy of CADx. BASIC did not increase the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopists compared with intuitive optical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirine E W van der Zander
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center + Maastricht, the Netherlands.,GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon M Schreuder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roger Fonollà
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Thom Scheeve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fons van der Sommen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Winkens
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, CAPHRI, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Aepli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas B Pischel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milan Stefanovic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Diagnostični Center Bled, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sharmila Subramaniam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Bhandari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H N de With
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center + Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik J Schoon
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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10
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Keihanian T, Othman MO. Colorectal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: An Update on Best Practice. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2021; 14:317-330. [PMID: 34377006 PMCID: PMC8349195 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s249869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a method of en-bloc resection of neoplastic colorectal lesions which is less invasive compared to surgical resection. Lesion stratification, architecture recognition and estimation of depth of invasion are crucial for patient selection. Expert endoscopists have integrated a variety of classification systems including Paris, lateral spreading tumor (LST), narrow band imaging (NBI), international colorectal endoscopic (NICE) and Japanese NBI expert team (JNET) in their day-to-day practice to enhance lesion detection accuracy. Major societies recommend ESD for LST-non granular (NG), Kudo-VI type, large depressed and protruded colonic lesions with shallow submucosal invasion. Chance of submucosal invasion enhances with increased depth as well as tumor location and size. In comparison to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), ESD has a lowerl recurrence rate and higher curative resection rate, making it superior for larger colonic lesions management. Major complications such as bleeding and perforation could be seen in up to 11% and 16% of patients, respectively. In major Western countries, performing ESD is challenging due to limited number of expert providers, lack of insurance coverage, and unique patient characteristics such as higher BMI and higher percentage of previously manipulated lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Keihanian
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed O Othman
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Sakamoto T, Cho H, Saito Y. Clinical Applications of Linked Color Imaging and Blue Laser/Light Imaging in the Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Superficial Colorectal Tumors. Clin Endosc 2021; 54:488-493. [PMID: 34261208 PMCID: PMC8357597 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2021.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering its contribution to reducing colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality, the most important task of colonoscopy is to find all existing polyps. Moreover, the accurate detection of existing polyps determines the risk of colorectal cancer morbidity and is an important factor in deciding the appropriate surveillance program for patients. Image-enhanced endoscopy is an easy-to-use modality with improved lesion detection. Linked color imaging (LCI) and blue laser/light imaging (BLI) are useful modalities for improving colonoscopy quality. Each mode has unique optical features; therefore, their intended use differs. LCI contributes to improved polyp detection due to its brightness and high color contrast between the lesion and normal mucosa, while BLI contributes to the characterization of detected polyps by evaluating the vessel and surface patterns of detected lesions. The proper use of these observation modes allows for more efficient endoscopic diagnosis. Moreover, recent developments in artificial intelligence will soon change the clinical practice of colonoscopy and this system will provide an efficient education modality for novice endoscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Sakamoto
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hourin Cho
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Zhang Y, Chen HY, Zhou XL, Pan WS, Zhou XX, Pan HH. Diagnostic efficacy of the Japan Narrow-band-imaging Expert Team and Pit pattern classifications for colorectal lesions: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6279-6294. [PMID: 33177800 PMCID: PMC7596636 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i40.6279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pit pattern classification using magnifying chromoendoscopy is the established method for diagnosing colorectal lesions. The Japan Narrow-band-imaging (NBI) Expert Team (JNET) classification is a novel NBI magnifying endoscopic classification that focuses on the vessel, and surface patterns.
AIM To determine the diagnostic efficacy of each category of the JNET and Pit pattern classifications for colorectal lesions.
METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve of each category of the JNET and Pit pattern classifications were calculated.
RESULTS A total of 19227 colorectal lesions in 31 studies were included. The diagnostic performance of the JNET classification was equivalent to the Pit pattern classification in each corresponding category. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) for each category of the JNET classification were as follows: 0.73 (95%CI: 0.55-0.85), 0.99 (95%CI: 0.97-1.00), and 0.97 (95%CI: 0.95-0.98), respectively, for Type 1; 0.88 (95%CI: 0.78-0.94), 0.72 (95%CI: 0.64-0.79), and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.81-0.87), respectively, for Type 2A; 0.56 (95%CI: 0.47-0.64), 0.91 (95%CI: 0.79-0.96), and 0.72 (95%CI: 0.68-0.76), respectively, for Type 2B; 0.51 (95%CI: 0.42-0.61), 1.00 (95%CI: 1.00-1.00), and 0.90 (95%CI: 0.87-0.93), respectively, for Type 3.
CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that the diagnostic efficacy of the JNET classification may be equivalent to that of the Pit pattern classification. However, due to its simpler and clearer clinical application, the JNET classification should be promoted for the classification of colorectal lesions, and to guide the treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Yan Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhou
- Department of Medical College, The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang-Hai Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
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13
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Huang SL, Tan WX, Peng Q, Zhang WH, Qing HT, Zhang Q, Wu J, Lin LD, Lu ZB, Chen Y, Qiao WG. Blue laser imaging combined with JNET (Japan NBI Expert Team) classification for pathological prediction of colorectal laterally spreading tumors. Surg Endosc 2020; 35:5430-5440. [PMID: 32974783 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-08027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blue laser imaging (BLI) can provide useful information on colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) by visualizing the surface and vessel patterns in detail. The present research aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of BLI-combined JNET (Japan NBI Expert Team) classification for identifying LSTs. METHODS This retrospective, multicenter study included 172 LSTs consisted of 6 hyperplastic polyps/sessile serrated polyps, 94 low-grade dysplasias (LGD), 60 high-grade dysplasias (HGD), 6 superficial submucosal invasive (m-SMs) carcinomas, and 4 deep submucosal invasive carcinomas. The relationship between the JNET classification and the histologic findings of these lesions were then analyzed. RESULTS For all LSTs, non-experts and experts had a 79.7% and 90.7% accuracy for Type 2A (P = 0.004), a sensitivity of 94.7% and 96.8% (P = 0.718), and a specificity of 61.5% and 83.3% (P = 0.002) for prediction of LGD, respectively. The results also demonstrated 80.8% and 91.3% accuracy for Type 2B (P = 0.005), a sensitivity of 65.2% and 83.3% (P = 0.017), and a specificity of 90.6% and 96.2% (P = 0.097) for predicting HGD or m-SMs. For LST-granular (LST-G) lesions, Type 2A in experts had higher specificity (65.6% vs. 83.6%, P = 0.022) and accuracy (81.8% vs. 91.2%, P = 0.022). Type 2B in experts only had higher accuracy (82.5% vs. 92.0%, P = 0.019). However, no significant differences were noted for any comparisons between non-experts and experts for LST-non-granular (LST-NG) lesions. CONCLUSIONS BLI combined with JNET classification was an effective method for the precise prediction of pathological diagnosis in patients with LSTs. Diagnostic performance of JNET classification by experts was better than that by non-experts for all examined LST or LST-G lesions when delineating between Type 2A and 2B, but there was no difference for the identification of LST-NG lesions by these two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Lin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Xin Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qun Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hai-Tao Qing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang-Dou Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Guang Qiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Yoshida N, Dohi O, Inoue K, Sugino S, Yasuda R, Hirose R, Naito Y, Inada Y, Murakami T, Ogiso K, Morinaga Y, Kishimoto M, Itoh Y. The efficacy of tumor characterization and tumor detectability of linked color imaging and blue laser imaging with an LED endoscope compared to a LASER endoscope. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:815-825. [PMID: 32088738 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An endoscope with a light-emitting diode (LED) light source which has a 2-mm close-distance observation function without magnification, has been marketed, enabling linked color imaging (LCI) and blue laser imaging (BLI) for tumor detection and characterization. We analyzed the efficacy of a LED endoscope compared to a LASER endoscope. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 272 lesions observed using the LED endoscopic system (Fujifilm Co., Tokyo, Japan) from May 2018 to September 2019. The Japanese NBI Classification was used for tumor characterization. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy and confidence level. Sixty-one lesions observed with both the LED and magnified LASER endoscopes were also analyzed to compare the diagnostic accuracy. Regarding the tumor detectability, we calculated color difference values (CDVs) and brightness values (BVs) of white-light imaging, BLI, and LCI modes between the two endoscopes for each tumor. RESULTS The mean polyp size was 9.2 ± 11.3 mm. Histology showed 71 sessile serrated lesions, 193 adenoma and high-grade dysplasias, and 8 T1 cancers. The diagnostic accuracy of tumors ≥ 10 and < 10 mm was 72.0% and 92.9% (p < 0.001), respectively and the high confidence rate was 93.8%. The diagnostic accuracy of LED (77.0%) was a little higher than that of LASER without magnification (65.6%, p = 0.16) but was not inferior to that of LASER with magnification (82.0%, p = 0.50). The respective CDVs of LED and LASER endoscopes were 20.6 ± 11.2 and 21.6 ± 11.2 for LCI (p = 0.30), and the respective BVs were 210.0 ± 24.2 and 175.9 ± 21.1 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A LED endoscope with close-distance observation improved tumor detection and characterization due to high brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Osamu Dohi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugino
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ritsu Yasuda
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology
- , Fukuchiyama City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, JCHO Kyoto Kuramaguchi Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ogiso
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Morinaga
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kishimoto
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Tanaka Y, Inoue T, Kakimoto K, Nakazawa K, Tawa H, Hirata Y, Okada T, Nouda S, Kawakami K, Takeuchi T, Egashira Y, Higuchi K. Evaluation of the impact of linked color imaging for improving the visibility of colonic polyp. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5555-5560. [PMID: 31620200 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Linked color imaging (LCI) is a novel endoscopic system used to increase color contrast. As LCI does not decrease luminal brightness, it may improve the detection of colonic neoplasms. However, the extent to which LCI improves the visibility of colonic polyps has not yet been determined. Between December 2016 and May 2017, patients who received total colonoscopy were consecutively recruited into this retrospective, single-center study. For each polyp identified, images obtained from white light (WL) imaging, blue laser imaging (BLI), and LCI of the same lesion and its surrounding mucosa were evaluated. The color differences (ΔE) between each lesion and its surrounding mucosa in non-magnified images were computed quantitatively using the CIELAB color space, which defines color perception according to colorimetric values, and compared among WL, BLI, LCI, and chromoendoscopy. The ΔE between the vessel and non-vessel areas in magnified images was also assessed. Of the 64 patients who were incorporated into this study, non-magnified and magnified (×80) images from 113 and 95 polyps, respectively, were assessed. The ΔE was intensified by LCI and chromoendoscopy compared with WL and BLI. The ΔE of neoplastic lesions was also intensified by LCI. In magnified images, BLI and LCI significantly increased the ΔE between the vessel and non-vessel areas compared with WL. Luminal brightness, indicated by L*, was not impaired by LCI; however, was reduced by BLI compared with WL and LCI. These results suggest that LCI enhanced the detection of colonic neoplasms without impairing luminal brightness. We propose the routine use of LCI for colonic polyp detection and BLI for magnifying observations of colonic polyps detected by LCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Tanaka
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takuya Inoue
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Inoue Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Clinic, Osaka 595-0072, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kakimoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kei Nakazawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hideki Tawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirata
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Okada
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Nouda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ken Kawakami
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Takeuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yutaro Egashira
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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16
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Yoshida N, Dohi O, Inoue K, Yasuda R, Murakami T, Hirose R, Inoue K, Naito Y, Inada Y, Ogiso K, Morinaga Y, Kishimoto M, Rani RA, Itoh Y. Blue Laser Imaging, Blue Light Imaging, and Linked Color Imaging for the Detection and Characterization of Colorectal Tumors. Gut Liver 2019; 13:140-148. [PMID: 30513568 PMCID: PMC6430427 DOI: 10.5009/gnl18276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A laser endoscopy system was developed in 2012. The system allows blue laser imaging (BLI), BLI-bright, and linked color imaging (LCI) to be performed as modes of narrow-band light observation; these modes have been reported to be useful for tumor detection and characterization. Furthermore, an innovative endoscopy system using four-light emitting diode (LED) multilight technology was released in 2016 to 2017 in some areas in which laser endoscopes have not been approved for use, including the United States and Europe. This system enables blue light imaging (this is also known as BLI) and LCI with an LED light source instead of a laser light source. Several reports have shown that these modes have improved tumor detection. In this paper, we review the efficacy of BLI and LCI with laser and LED endoscopes in tumor detection and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Dohi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ritsu Yasuda
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuchiyama City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ogiso
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan, Railway Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Morinaga
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kishimoto
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rafiz Abdul Rani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Djinbachian R, Dubé AJ, von Renteln D. Optical Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps: Recent Developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 17:99-114. [PMID: 30746593 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-019-00220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps has been recently proposed as an alternative to histopathologic diagnosis. Recent developments in imaging techniques, new classification systems, and the use of artificial intelligence have allowed for increased viability of optical diagnosis. This review provides an up-to-date overview of optical diagnosis recommendations, classifications, outcomes, and recent developments. RECENT FINDINGS There are currently seven major classification systems and three major society recommendations for quality benchmarks for optical diagnosis of diminutive polyps. The NICE classification has been extensively studied and meets quality benchmarks for most imaging techniques but does not allow for the diagnosis of sessile serrated polyps (SSPs). The SIMPLE classification has met quality benchmarks for NBI and i-Scan and allows for the diagnosis of SSPs. Other classification systems need to be further studied to validate effectiveness. Computer-assisted diagnosis of colorectal polyps is a very promising recent development with first studies showing that society-recommended quality benchmarks for real-time colonoscopies on patients are being met. Limitations include a non-negligible percentage of failure to diagnose, low specificity, and low number of real-time diagnostic studies. More research needs to be performed to further understand the value of artificial intelligence for optical polyp diagnosis. Optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps is currently a viable strategy for experienced endoscopists using validated classifications and imaging-enhanced endoscopy. Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis could make optical diagnosis widely applicable but is currently in its early developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roupen Djinbachian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne-Julie Dubé
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel von Renteln
- Montreal University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Montreal University Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.
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18
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Subramaniam S, Hayee B, Aepli P, Schoon E, Stefanovic M, Kandiah K, Thayalasekaran S, Alkandari A, Bassett P, Coron E, Pech O, Hassan C, Neumann H, Bisschops R, Repici A, Bhandari P. Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps with Blue Light Imaging using a new international classification. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7:316-325. [PMID: 31080616 DOI: 10.1177/2050640618822402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blue Light Imaging (BLI) is a new imaging technology that enhances mucosal surface and vessel patterns. A specific BLI classification was recently developed to enable better characterisation of colorectal polyps (BLI Adenoma Serrated International Classification (BASIC)). The aim of this study was to validate the diagnostic performance of BASIC in predicting polyp histology in experienced and trainee endoscopists. Methods Five experienced and five trainee endoscopists evaluated high-definition white light (HDWL) and BLI images from 45 small polyps to assess baseline accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (NPVs) of polyp histology. Each endoscopist was trained with the BLI classification before repeating the exercise. Results were compared pre- and post-training. Results The overall pre-training accuracy improved from 87% to 94%. The sensitivity and NPV of adenoma diagnosis also improved significantly from 79% to 96% and 81% to 95% with BASIC training. This improvement was noted in both groups. The interobserver level of agreement was very good (K = 0.90) in the experienced cohort and good (K = 0.66) in the trainee group post-training. Conclusions BLI is a useful tool for optical diagnosis, and the use of BASIC with adequate training can significantly improve the accuracy, sensitivity and NPV of adenoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Subramaniam
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | - Bu Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Aepli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Luzerner Kantonspittal, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Erik Schoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Milan Stefanovic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diagnostični center Bled, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kesavan Kandiah
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Asma Alkandari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Emmanuel Coron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and Faculté de Médecine de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Oliver Pech
- Department of Gastroenterology and Interventional Endoscopy, St John of God Hospital, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Helmut Neumann
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raf Bisschops
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pradeep Bhandari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
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Blue laser imaging: a new image-enhanced endoscopy for the diagnosis of colorectal lesions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30:1514-1520. [PMID: 30281534 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Image-enhanced endoscopy enables real-time differential diagnosis of colorectal lesions through the observation of microvascular architecture. PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of using blue laser imaging (BLI) for capillary pattern analysis in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospective study included 920 consecutive superficial lesions diagnosed in 457 patients. The capillary pattern was analysed using BLI-bright magnification on the basis of the Teixeira classification. Histopathology was used as the reference standard. RESULTS The adenoma detection rate was 42.3%, with a mean of 0.95 adenomas per patient. Neoplastic lesions were predominant (70.3%), of which 33 (5.1%) had advanced histology. Neoplastic progression was significantly increased in patients aged at least 50 years, in lesions at least 10 mm and in lesions located in the right colon (P<0.01). BLI-based capillary pattern analysis showed 95.5% accuracy, 95.7% sensitivity, 95.2% specificity, 97.9% positive predictive value and 90.3% negative predictive value in the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions. For 672 diminutive lesions (≤5 mm), BLI-based capillary pattern analysis showed 95.7% accuracy, 96.6% sensitivity, 93.6% specificity, 97.2% positive predictive value and 92.2% negative predictive value. Analysing only lesions up to 5 mm in the rectum and sigmoid colon, the values were 95.2, 93.9, 96.5, 95.8 and 94.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION BLI associated with magnification yielded excellent results for the real-time predictive histological diagnosis of colorectal lesions.
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Suzuki T, Kitagawa Y, Nankinzan R, Takashiro H, Hara T, Yamaguchi T. Usefulness of close observation with non-magnified blue laser imaging for determining cold polypectomy indications. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1013-1017. [PMID: 30041551 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1488181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the usefulness of non-magnified close observation with blue laser imaging (BLI) using a colonoscope with close observation capability in determining indications for cold polypectomy. METHODS We conducted an image evaluation study on 100 consecutive colorectal lesions of 10 mm or less which were observed endoscopically without magnification using BLI mode prior to treatment. Two experts and two non-experts reviewed the images using the Japan NBI expert team (JNET) classification and the diagnostic accuracy was analyzed. RESULTS The final pathological diagnoses of the 100 lesions were hyperplastic/sessile serrated polyp (HP/SSP), low grade dysplasia (LGD), high grade dysplasia (HGD) and deep submucosal invasive cancer (dSM), respectively, in 12, 79, 9 and 0 lesions. When JNET classification type 1 corresponds to HP/SSP; 2A to LGD; 2B to HGD; and 3 to dSM; the overall diagnostic accuracy was 84.3%. Accuracy was 90.5% for experts and 78.0% for non-experts. High confidence rate was 67.5% for experts and 48.0% for non-experts. In diagnostic accuracy for HGD, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were, respectively, 77.8%, 98.9%, 87.5% and 97.8% for experts; and 66.6%, 92.3%, 46.2% and 96.6% for non-experts. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic accuracy of unmagnified close observation with BLI using a colonoscope with close observation capability is similar to that reported for magnifying endoscopy and is useful in predicting the histological diagnosis of colorectal polyps of 10 mm or less although the effectiveness may be limited for non-experts. This modality is a potentially useful tool in deciding indications for cold polypectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Suzuki
- a Department of Endoscopy , Chiba Cancer Center , Chiba , Japan
| | | | - Rino Nankinzan
- a Department of Endoscopy , Chiba Cancer Center , Chiba , Japan
| | | | | | - Taketo Yamaguchi
- b Department of Gastroenterology , Chiba Cancer Center , Chiba , Japan
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Chen H, Liu Y, Lu Y, Lin X, Wu Q, Sun J, Li C. Ability of blue laser imaging with magnifying endoscopy for the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:1757-1762. [PMID: 29777405 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the utility of blue laser imaging (BLI) with magnifying endoscopy (BLI-ME) for the prediction and diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). Participants, aged between 40 and 75 years, undergoing gastroscopy from January to April 2017 were included in this study. The ability of BLI-ME and white light endoscopy (WLE) to detect GIM was assessed by comparing the endoscopic findings with the histological findings. The correlation between the grades of light blue crest (LBC) appearance and histology grade of GIM was calculated. We included 100 participants in this study. GIM was diagnosed in 27 participants; 20 participants were detected by both BLI and WLE, four by BLI only, and three exclusively by random biopsies. The values of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values for detecting GIM were 34.9, 38.9, 25.4, and 57.1%, respectively, for WLE and 88.9, 96.7, 94.1, and 93.3%, respectively, for BLI-ME. The diagnostic accuracy for GIM was 43% for WLE and 94.0% for BLI-ME. A good correlation between the grades of LBC and the grades of GIM on histology was observed (P < 0.01). BLI-ME achieved a good diagnostic efficiency for detection of GIM. LBC seen on BLI-ME is a typical indicator of GIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xutao Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuning Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chujun Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.26 Yuancun Er Heng Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Neumann H, Neumann Sen H, Vieth M, Bisschops R, Thieringer F, Rahman KF, Gamstätter T, Tontini GE, Galle PR. Leaving colorectal polyps in place can be achieved with high accuracy using blue light imaging (BLI). United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6:1099-1105. [PMID: 30228899 DOI: 10.1177/2050640618769731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A negative predictive value of more than 90% is proposed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations (PIVI) statement for a new technology in order to leave distal diminutive colorectal polyps in place without resection. To our knowledge, no prior prospective study has yet evaluated the feasibility of the most recently introduced blue light imaging (BLI) system for real-time endoscopic prediction of polyp histology for the specific endpoint of leaving hyperplastic polyps in place. Aims Prospective assessment of real-time prediction of colorectal polyps by using BLI. Material and methods In total, 177 consecutive patients undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy were included. Colorectal polyps were evaluated in real-time by using high-definition endoscopy and the BLI technology without optical magnification. Before resection, the endoscopist described each polyp according to size, shape and surface characteristics (pit and vascular pattern, colour and depression), and histology was predicted with a level of confidence (high or low). Results Histology was predicted with high confidence in 92.5% of polyps. Sensitivity of BLI for prediction of adenomatous histology was 92.68%, with a specificity and accuracy of 94.87 and 93.75%, respectively. Following the recommendation of the PIVI statement, positive and negative predictive values were calculated with values of 95 and 92.5%, respectively. Prediction of surveillance based on both US and European guidelines was correctly predicted in 91% of patients. Conclusion The most recently introduced BLI technology is accurate enough to leave distal colorectal polyps in place without resection. BLI also allowed for assignment of postpolypectomy surveillance intervals. This approach therefore has the potential to reduce costs and risks associated with the redundant removal of diminutive colorectal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Neumann
- First Medical Department, Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Raf Bisschops
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Thieringer
- First Medical Department, Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Khan F Rahman
- First Medical Department, Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Gamstätter
- First Medical Department, Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gian Eugenio Tontini
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter R Galle
- First Medical Department, Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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