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Hofmann A, Brunssen C, Peitzsch M, Mittag J, Frenzel A, Eisenhofer G, Brown NF, Weldon SM, Reeps C, Bornstein SR, Morawietz H. Impact of Dietary Sodium Reduction on the Development of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in db/db Mice. Horm Metab Res 2021; 53:699-704. [PMID: 34607368 DOI: 10.1055/a-1625-6296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of dietary sodium reduction on mouse models of type 2 diabetes is not well understood. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of a low-salt diet on obesity and parameters of type 2 diabetes in db/db mice. Five-week-old male db/db and lean db/m mice were fed a normal salt (0.19% Na+, NS) or a low-salt diet (<0.03% Na+, LS) for 5 weeks. Body and organ weight and parameters of glucose and insulin tolerance were analyzed. Plasma levels of steroids were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Body weight, glucose, and insulin tolerance were not affected by LS. The amount of gonadal adipose tissue showed a trend to be increased by LS whereas liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and adrenal weight remained unaffected. LS reduced urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio but did not affect plasma Na+ levels in both genotypes. Plasma and urinary potassium-to-creatinine ratio did not differ in all groups of mice. Aldosterone as a major determinant of changes in dietary sodium remained unaffected by LS in db/db mice as well as further investigated steroid hormones. The present study showed reduced sodium-to-creatinine ratio, but no additional effects of dietary sodium reduction on major metabolic parameters and steroid levels in obese and hyper-glycemic db/db mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, Sodium-Restricted
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Sodium Chloride, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Sodium Chloride, Dietary/pharmacology
- Sodium, Dietary/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer Mittag
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Frenzel
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicholas F Brown
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Steven M Weldon
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Christian Reeps
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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Mangelis A, Jühlen R, Dieterich P, Peitzsch M, Lenders JWM, Hahner S, Schirbel A, Eisenhofer G. A steady state system for in vitro evaluation of steroidogenic pathway dynamics: Application for CYP11B1, CYP11B2 and CYP17 inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:38-47. [PMID: 30529282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Disorders featuring dysregulated adrenal steroidogenesis, such as primary aldosteronism, can benefit from targeted therapies. The aldosterone and cortisol producing enzymes, aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11-beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), share 93% homology requiring selective drugs for pharmacological treatment. Herein, we introduce an effective in vitro assay for evaluation of steroidogenic enzyme kinetics based on intracellular flux calculations. H295RA cells were cultured in chambers under constant medium flow. Four hourly samples were collected (control samples), followed by collections over an additional four hours after treatment with fadrozole (10 nM), metyrapone (10 μM), SI_191 (5 nM), a novel CYP11B2 inhibitor or SI_254 (100 nM), a newly synthesized 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase inhibitor. Mass spectrometric measurements of multiple steroids combined with linear system computational modeling facilitated calculation of intracellular fluxes and changes in rate constants at different steroidogenic pathway steps, enabling selectivity of drugs for those steps to be evaluated. While treatment with fadrozole, metyrapone and SI_191 all reduced fluxes of aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol production, treatment with SI_254 led to increased flux through the mineralocorticoid pathway and reduced production of steroids downstream of 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase. Drug-induced decreases in rate constants revealed higher selectivity of SI_191 compared to other drugs for CYP11B2 over CYP11B1, this reflecting additional inhibitory actions of SI_191 on catalytic steps of CYP11B2 downstream from the initial 11-beta-hydroxlase step. By culturing cells under perfusion the described system provides a realistic model for simple and rapid calculations of intracellular fluxes and changes in rate constants, thereby offering a robust procedure for investigating drug or other effects at specific steps of steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Mangelis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ramona Jühlen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Dieterich
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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