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Ahmad SS, Ahmad K, Hwang YC, Lee EJ, Choi I. Therapeutic Applications of Ginseng Natural Compounds for Health Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17290. [PMID: 38139116 PMCID: PMC10744087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is usually consumed as a daily food supplement to improve health and has been shown to benefit skeletal muscle, improve glucose metabolism, and ameliorate muscle-wasting conditions, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and the effects of aging and cancers. Ginseng has also been reported to help maintain bone strength and liver (digestion, metabolism, detoxification, and protein synthesis) and kidney functions. In addition, ginseng is often used to treat age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, and ginseng and ginseng-derived natural products are popular natural remedies for diseases such as diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as well as fungal, bacterial, and viral infections. Ginseng is a well-known herbal medication, known to alleviate the actions of several cytokines. The article concludes with future directions and significant application of ginseng compounds for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in the treatment of several diseases. Overall, this study was undertaken to highlight the broad-spectrum therapeutic applications of ginseng compounds for health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Chan Hwang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Zhang H, Hu C, Xue J, Jin D, Tian L, Zhao D, Li X, Qi W. Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms. Phytother Res 2022; 36:857-872. [DOI: org/10.1002/ptr.7369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
AbstractVascular dysfunction can lead to a variety of fatal diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Although a large number of studies have reported the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on vascular‐related diseases, ginseng is still the focus of research. Ginseng and its active substances have bioactive effects against different diseases with vascular dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ginseng, its different active ingredients or formula in the prevention and treatment of vascular‐related diseases, including cardiac‐cerebral vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes complications, and cancer. Moreover, the bidirectional roles of ginseng in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis have been highlighted. We systematically teased out the relationship between ginseng and vascular dysfunction, which could provide a basis for the clinical application of ginseng in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Laboratory Medicine Jilin Medical University Jilin City China
| | - Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Lulu Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‐Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
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Zhang H, Hu C, Xue J, Jin D, Tian L, Zhao D, Li X, Qi W. Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms. Phytother Res 2022; 36:857-872. [PMID: 35026867 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction can lead to a variety of fatal diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Although a large number of studies have reported the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on vascular-related diseases, ginseng is still the focus of research. Ginseng and its active substances have bioactive effects against different diseases with vascular dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ginseng, its different active ingredients or formula in the prevention and treatment of vascular-related diseases, including cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes complications, and cancer. Moreover, the bidirectional roles of ginseng in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis have been highlighted. We systematically teased out the relationship between ginseng and vascular dysfunction, which could provide a basis for the clinical application of ginseng in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xue
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Vaccination with Astragalus and Ginseng Polysaccharides Improves Immune Response of Chickens against H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1510264. [PMID: 27597953 PMCID: PMC5002477 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1510264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effect of astragalus and ginseng polysaccharides (APS, GPS) on immune response and improvement of H5N1 vaccine, 360-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 8 groups of 45 chicks, comprising APS groups (1-3); GPS groups (4-6); vaccine group (7); and blank control (8) (without polysaccharide and vaccine). From day 12 after hatch groups 1-3 were given APS and groups 4-6 with GPS both at 100, 200, and 400 (mg/kg), respectively. At day 15 after hatch, groups 1-7 were vaccinated with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously; daily weight gain (DWG) and serum Ig antibody (by HI-test) were measured on 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after vaccination. Serum antibody titers and expression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, I FN-γ, and TNF) were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR. Results revealed that all the polysaccharide groups were numerically increased in antibody levels and the expression of cytokines was significant (P < 0.05) in the APS and GPS groups compared to corresponding vaccine group and blank control. DWG was higher (P < 0.05) in 400 mg/kg APS groups than control groups. Thus oral supplements of GPS and APS have shown their potential in the improvement of immune response and could be used as adjuvant in a formulation of H5N1 vaccine.
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He W, Zhang J, Chen N. Protein kinase-based neural signaling pathways for ginsenosides: a retrospective review. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:349-54. [PMID: 26237842 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, which have been reported to target brain tissues and produce multiple neuroprotective effects. Ginsenosides have been shown to improve learning ability and memory in normal aged animals, and in an animal model of memory impairment. However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms are very complicated, especially with regard to its effects on the activation of protein kinases in neurons. Previous reports have shown that some protein kinases may be affected by ginsenosides, including protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, c-Jun-N terminal kinase, and protein tyrosine kinase. In this paper, protein kinases that may underlie the mechanisms of ginsenosides will be discussed.
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Abstract
Background It has been known that ginseng can be applied as a potential nutraceutical for memory impairment; however, experiments with animals of old age are few. Methods To determine the memory enhancing effect of red ginseng, C57BL/6 mice (21 mo old) were given experimental diet pellets containing 0.12% red ginseng extract (approximately 200 mg/kg/d) for 3 mo. Young and old mice (4 mo and 21 mo old, respectively) were used as the control group. The effect of red ginseng, which ameliorated memory impairment in aged mice, was quantified using Y-maze test, novel objective test, and Morris water maze. Red ginseng ameliorated age-related declines in learning and memory in older mice. In addition, red ginseng's effect on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and proinflammatory cytokines was investigated in the hippocampus of aged mice. Results Red ginseng treatment suppressed the production of age-processed inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β expressions. Moreover, it was observed that red ginseng had an antioxidative effect on aged mice. The suppressed glutathione level in aged mice was restored with red ginseng treatment. The antioxidative-related enzymes Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased with red ginseng treatment. Conclusion The results revealed that when red ginseng is administered over long periods, age-related decline of learning and memory is ameliorated through anti-inflammatory activity.
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Zhang JK, Gao R, Dou DQ, Kang TG. The ginsenosides and carbohydrate profiles of ginseng cultivated under mountainous forest. Pharmacogn Mag 2013; 9:S38-43. [PMID: 24143043 PMCID: PMC3798138 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.117862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ginseng cultivated under mountainous forest, called “Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen” (LXSS) in China's Pharmacopoeia. In recent years, it has been quickly propelled to plant at a large scale. Objective: To study the profiles of ginsenosides and carbohydrate profiles of LXSS. Materials and Methods: The contents of ginsenosides and carbohydrates, such as soluble sugar, polysaccharide, pectin, and starch in LXSS, were determined. All the above components were profiled, and the correlations between them were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the contents of total ginsenoside, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, starch, and pectin were negatively correlated with the growing years within 17 years. Among them, the content of starch was positively correlated with that of pectin. The total ginsenosides was positively correlated with starch and pectin, which cannot be found in garden ginseng, maybe resulting of fertilizer and other manual intervention in process of cultivation of garden ginseng. Discussion and Conclusions: The accumulation of ginsenosides and carbohydrate, especially starch and pectin, was different in garden ginseng and LXSS. This research may provide the scientific basis for germplasm evaluation, the cultivation and utilization of ginseng cultivated under mountainous forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
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Zeng X, Deng Y, Feng Y, Liu Y, Yang L, Huang Y, Sun J, Liang W, Guan Y. Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Ginsenoside Rd Following a Single or Multiple Intravenous Dose in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 50:285-92. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270009344334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mohd Fauzi F, Koutsoukas A, Lowe R, Joshi K, Fan TP, Glen RC, Bender A. Chemogenomics Approaches to Rationalizing the Mode-of-Action of Traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic Medicines. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:661-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ci3005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fazlin Mohd Fauzi
- Unilever Centre
for Molecular
Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road,
Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia, 40 450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alexios Koutsoukas
- Unilever Centre
for Molecular
Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road,
Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Lowe
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Building, 4 Newark Street,
London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Kalpana Joshi
- Symbiosis School of Biomedical
Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Glen
- Unilever Centre
for Molecular
Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road,
Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- Unilever Centre
for Molecular
Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road,
Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Eskander J, Sakka OK, Harakat D, Lavaud C. Steroidal saponins from the leaves of Yucca de-smetiana and their in vitro antitumor activity: structure activity relationships through a molecular modeling approach. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yu J, Sun J, Niu Y, Li R, Liao J, Zhang F, Yu B. Synthetic access toward the diverse ginsenosides. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Xiang Z, Lv J, Zhou Z, Li Y, Dou D, Zhao J. Two new dammarane-type saponins from leaves of Panax quinquefolium. Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:1271-6. [PMID: 23030625 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.730045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new saponins were isolated from the leaves of Panax quinquefolium and their structures were elucidated as 3β, 6α, 20S-trihydroxy-12β, 23R-epoxydammar-24-ene 6-O-[α-L-rhamnosyl(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 3β, 20S-dihydroxy-12β, 23R-epoxydammar-24-ene 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) on the basis of physicochemical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- The Secondary Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110034, PR China
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Yoon JH, Choi YJ, Cha SW, Lee SG. Anti-metastatic effects of ginsenoside Rd via inactivation of MAPK signaling and induction of focal adhesion formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:284-292. [PMID: 21982435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rd is a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside found in ginseng and is the active ingredient in several Oriental herbal medicines. We investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rd on tumor invasion and metastasis in the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and its possible mechanism of action. HepG2 cells were treated with ginsenoside Rd at different concentrations. Scratch wound and Boyden chamber assays were used to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rd on the migration and invasiveness of HepG2 cells, respectively. The molecular mechanisms by which ginsenoside Rd inhibited the invasion and migration of HepG2 cells were investigated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, gelatin zymography, promoter assay, and treatment with inhibitors of MAPK signaling. Immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rd on focal adhesion formation in HepG2 cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd dose- and time-dependently inhibited the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. It achieved this by reducing the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-7, by blocking MAPK signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK, by inhibition of AP-1 activation, and by inducing focal adhesion formation and modulating vinculin localization and expression. Treatment of HepG2 cells with ginsenoside Rd significantly inhibited metastasis, most likely by blocking MMP activation and MAPK signaling pathways involved in cancer cell migration. These findings may be useful for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Panax quinquefolium Saponins Reduce Myocardial Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury by Inhibiting Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Shock 2012; 37:228-33. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31823f15c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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De-Qiang D, Zheng X, Guang Y, Jian-Feng Z, Ying-Kun Q, Jing-Xian Y, Ting-Guo K. Prediagnostic methods for the hemolysis of herbal medicine injection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:445-450. [PMID: 21963556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Xue-Sai-Tong injection, a traditional Chinese medicine injection with total saponins extracted from Sanchi Ginseng, has been used for more than half a hundred years to treat coronary artery disease. The study is to establish a prediagnostic method for the hemolytic adverse effect of herbal medicine injection by taking Xue-Sai-Tong injection as an example. MATERIALS AND METHODS A new method named "fuzzy dissemination" was established to identify the hemolytic ginsenosides in Xue-Sai-Tong injection on the basis of fuzzy changes of individual ginsenosides in the injections altered by re-adding the fractions prepared from the total saponins and statistic analysis between hemolytic degrees and individual ginsenosides. Related substances test, safety tests and fingerprints of the injections in different batches were tested. RESULTS HD(50), P(50) and interactions on hemolysis of individual ginsenosides were examined. Experiment indicated that the content of Rg(1), Rg(2), M(51) (an unknown ingredient with retention time at 51 min in HPLC) and M(70) in Xue-Sai-Tong injection showed a significant positive correlation with hemolytic degree, and the content of R(1), Re, Rb(1) and Rd showed a significant negative correlation with hemolytic activity. Furthermore HD(50) of injection exhibits superiority to other tests for the hemolysis of injections. Abnormal hemolysis in some batches of injections was observed, but there were no significant differences among injections of different batches in related substances test, safety test and fingerprints. CONCLUSIONS This is an original method to analyze active ingredients of a complicated integrity instead of studying on individual ingredients, it showed that the interactions of some individual ginsenosides and some unknown micro-ingredients in Xue-Sai-Tong injection were the major factors causing hemolysis, and this method could also be utilized in research of corresponding aspects. HD(50) of injection can reflect the changes of hemolytic property of injections caused by not only the change of active constituents of injection, but also the auxiliary materials. Thus it was recommended as an index for the hemolytic prediagnosis of the injections in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou De-Qiang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, Dalian 116600, China.
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Ahmad R, Javed S, Bhandari U. Antiapoptotic potential of herbal drugs in cardiovascular disorders: an overview. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:358-374. [PMID: 20645713 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903133852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis has been reported in a number of cardiovascular disorders, including myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion, end-stage heart failure, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Prevention of myocyte apoptosis has emerged as a potential new target in a multimodel therapeutic approach to cardiac disease. Herbal therapy may be an alternative strategy for the prevention and treatment of heart disease. The present review summarizes the list of plants/herbal formulations studied for their antiapoptotic activity in cardiovascular disorders. However, despite extensive positive research data from experimental studies for herbal drugs in cardiovascular disorders, and the anecdotal clinical experience of many practitioners and patients, its potential in the field of cardiac apoptosis remains largely untapped, and large scale clinical trials are needed to explore the potential of herbal medicines as a new treatment regime for targeting cardiovascular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahila Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Xie JT, Wang CZ, Li XL, Ni M, Fishbein A, Yuan CS. Anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng may not be linked to antioxidant activity: comparison between American ginseng and Scutellaria baicalensis using an ob/ob mice model. Fitoterapia 2009; 80:306-11. [PMID: 19358881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been considered as a useful remedy in diabetes therapeutics, and thus, herbal medicines with antioxidant properties may play major role in treating diabetes. In this report, we performed a comparative study using American ginseng and Scutellaria baicalensis to test whether the anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng is associated with its antioxidant activity. We used a simple water extraction procedure to prepare American ginseng root extract (AGE) and S. baicalensis extract (SbE), and utilized these two antioxidant herbs to evaluate their anti-diabetic effect in obese diabetic ob/ob mice. HPLC analysis was used to identify major constituents in the AGE and SbE. After 12 days of daily intraperitoneal injection, AGE at 300 mg/kg showed significant effects on fasting blood glucose levels (P<0.01) and glucose tolerance test (P<0.01) compared to vehicle-treated mice. Animal body weights also reduced significantly after 12-day treatment (P<0.01). However, SbE, a very strong antioxidant extract, administered at 5-50 mg/kg (based on our previous studies without adverse events) for 12 days did not show any significant effects on blood glucose and body weight changes. No effects were shown when baicalein, an effective antioxidant constituent in SbE, was administered at 1-5 mg/kg. It appears that the anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng may not be linked to its antioxidant actions. The mechanisms of American ginseng's effects on reducing high blood glucose levels and body weight remain to be investigated in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Xie
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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18
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Qiu YK, Dou DQ, Cai LP, Jiang HP, Kang TG, Yang BY, Kuang HX, Li MZ. Dammarane-type saponins from Panax quinquefolium and their inhibition activity on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Fitoterapia 2009; 80:219-22. [PMID: 19535014 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new compound, named quinquefoloside-L(c) (1), together with nine known compounds, was isolated from leaves of Panax quinquefolium, and its structure was elucidated as 3beta,12beta, 20S-trihydroxy-25-methoxydammar-23-ene 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20-O-beta-D-xylopyanosyl (1-->6) beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), on the basis of MS, 1D-and 2D-NMR experiments as well as by chemical degradation. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line was also tested by MTT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Kun Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, DD Port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, 116600 Dalian, China
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19
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Jiang HP, Qiu YK, Cheng DR, Kang TG, Dou DQ. Structure elucidation and complete NMR spectral assignments of two new dammarane-type tetraglycosides from Panax quinquefolium. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:786-90. [PMID: 18478623 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new saponins were isolated from leaves of Panax quinquefolium and their structures were elucidated as 3beta, 12beta, 20S-trihydroxy-25-methoxydammar-23-ene 3-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 3beta, 20S-dihydroxy-12beta, 23R-epoxydammar-24-ene 3-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[beta-D-xylopyanosyl(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2) on the basis of (1)D and (2)D NMR (including (1)H, (13)C-NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC, TOCSY, HMBC, and NOESY), ESI-MS spectrometry and chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD Port, Dalian 116600, China
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20
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Wang CZ, Mehendale SR, Yuan CS. Commonly used antioxidant botanicals: active constituents and their potential role in cardiovascular illness. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2007; 35:543-58. [PMID: 17708622 PMCID: PMC2657364 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x07005053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the US. Recent studies found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic heart disease. Many botanicals possess antioxidant properties, and these herbal antioxidants may protect against cardiovascular diseases by contributing to the total antioxidant defense system of the human body. In this article, we reviewed the antioxidant components and properties of four putative antioxidant botanicals (i.e., grape seeds, green tea, Scutellaria baicalensis, and American ginseng), and their potential role in treating cardiovascular illness. The antioxidant activities of the herbal active constituents, and the relationship between their chemical structures and biological functions were also discussed. Further investigations are needed on the mechanisms of action of these botanicals as they affect salient cellular and molecular pathways involved in major diseases. Data obtained from future studies will have the potential for translation into practical benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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21
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Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseini A, Nassiri-Asl M, Sadeghnia HR. Effect of Salvia leriifolia Benth. root extracts on ischemia-reperfusion in rat skeletal muscle. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2007; 7:23. [PMID: 17617916 PMCID: PMC1940022 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Salvia leriifolia have been shown to decrease ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in brain tissues. In this study, the effects of S. leriifolia aqueous and ethanolic extracts were evaluated on an animal model of I/R injury in the rat hind limb. Methods Ischemia was induced using free-flap surgery in skeletal muscle. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. leriifolia (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) root and normal saline (10 ml/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 1 h prior reperfusion. During preischemia, ischemia and reperfusion conditions the electromyographic (EMG) potentials in the muscles were recorded. The markers of oxidative stress including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total sulfhydryl (SH) groups and antioxidant capacity of muscle (using FRAP assay) were measured. Results In peripheral ischemia, the average peak-to-peak amplitude during ischemic-reperfusion was found to be significantly larger in extracts groups in comparison with control group. Following extracts administration, the total SH contents and antioxidant capacity were elevated in muscle flap. The MDA level was also declined significantly in test groups. Conclusion It is concluded that S. leriifolia root extracts have some protective effects on different markers of oxidative damage in muscle tissue injury caused by lower limb ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I. R. Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, I.R. Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Sadeghnia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
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22
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Park H, Kim H, Ha E, Yoon S, Kim MJ, Hong M, Leem KH, Hong SJ, Yang J, Chung JH. Panax ginseng increases hypoxia-induced down-regulated cellular response related genes in human neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-MC. Neurol Res 2007; 29 Suppl 1:S78-87. [PMID: 17359646 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x172338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have suggested that hypoxia plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. To determine protective effect of Panax ginseng (PG) on hypoxia (0.1% O(2))-induced cell death in human neuroblastoma cells SK-N-MC, we profiled the gene expression among hypoxia, PG-treated hypoxia and normoxia groups. METHODS To determine protective effect on hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity of PG, we performed 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. We compared the gene expression profiles among hypoxia, PG-treated hypoxia (100 mug/ml, 6 hours) and normoxia groups using 8K human cDNA microarray analysis. Additionally, in order to identify differentially expressed genes between hypoxia and PG-treated hypoxia groups, hierarchical clustering of genes was also performed. RESULTS MTT assay showed that PG protected hypoxia-induced cell death. In cDNA microarray analysis, hypoxia remarkably down-regulated IGF-II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP-3), integrin alpha 2 (ITGA2), syndecan binding protein (SDCBP), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGBP3) and M-phase phosphoprotein 10 (MPHOSPH10), belonging to category of cellular physiologic response (global M<-3.5). In cluster analysis, 1428 genes exhibited differential expression levels between hypoxia and PG-treated hypoxia groups. Of them, the expressions of 11 genes were increased more than two-fold by PG treatment compared to those in hypoxia group. Particularly, of 11 genes, the expression levels of cellular physiologic response related genes such as MPHOSPH10, IMP-3 and SDCBP, which markedly down-regulated by hypoxia, are increased more than four-fold by PG treatment, compared to hypoxia group. CONCLUSION In summary, hypoxia induced down-regulation of cellular physiologic response related genes in human neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-MC, and PG ameliorated the hypoxia-induced down-regulation of such genes. These results indicate possible usage of PG in hypoxia-induced neuronal injury including ischemia, trauma and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejeong Park
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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23
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Wan JB, Li SP, Chen JM, Wang YT. Chemical characteristics of three medicinal plants of thePanaxgenus determined by HPLC-ELSD. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:825-32. [PMID: 17536727 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The morphological appearance and main ingredients of three Chinese medicines (CMs), P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng of the Panax genus, are similar. However, their pharmacological activities are obviously different. To ensure their safety and efficacy, chemical characteristics of the three CMs were determined using pressurized liquid extraction and HPLC-evaporative light scattering detection. Twelve major saponins, namely notoginsenoside R1, pseudo-ginsenoside F11, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rg2, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Rd, and Rg3 were also quantitatively compared among the three CMs. The contents of total investigated saponins varied considerably, by up to 4-14-fold, between the highest (P. notoginseng, 82.8-136.5 mg/g) and the lowest values (P. ginseng, 10.0-21.1 mg/g). Hierarchical clustering analysis based on the characteristics of 11 investigated saponins (except ginsenoside Rb3) and notoginsenoside R1, pseudo-ginsenoside F11, and the ratio of ginsenoside Rg1/Rb1 and Rg1/Re showed that 56 tested samples were divided into three main clusters in accordance with the three Panax species. Similarity evaluation of chromatograms was also performed using "Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Version 2004A)". The results showed that a high degree of similarity existed within individual clusters, but a low degree between the clusters, which could be used for quality control of the three CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Wan
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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24
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Guan YY, Zhou JG, Zhang Z, Wang GL, Cai BX, Hong L, Qiu QY, He H. Ginsenoside-Rd from panax notoginseng blocks Ca2+ influx through receptor- and store-operated Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 548:129-36. [PMID: 16973156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was found that total saponins from panax notoginseng inhibited Ca2+ influx coupling to activation of alpha1-adrenoceptor. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ginsenoside-Rd from total saponins of panax notoginseng on receptor-operated (ROCC) and store-operated (SOCC) Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells using fura-2 fluorescence, whole cell patch clamp ion channel recording, radio-ligand-receptor binding, 45Ca2+ radio-trace and organ bath techniques. It was found that ginsenoside-Rd reduced phenylephrine-induced contractile responses and Ca2+ influx in normal media without significant effect on these responses in Ca2+ -free media. Ginsenoside-Rd also decreased phenylephrine- and thapsigargin-induced inward Ca2+ currents, and attenuated thapsigargin- and 1-oleoy-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG)-induced cation entries that are coupled to ROCC and SOCC respectively. Ginsenoside-Rd failed to inhibit KCl-induced contraction of rat aortal rings and Ca2+ influx, and did not alter voltage-dependent inward Ca2+ current (VDCC) which was blocked by nifedipine. Also, ginsenoside-Rd did not change binding site and affinity of [3H]-prazosin for alpha1-adrenoceptor in the vascular plasma membrane. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rd, as an inhibitor, remarkably inhibits Ca2+ entry through ROCC and SOCC without effects on VDCC and Ca2+ release in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Microsomes/drug effects
- Microsomes/metabolism
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Panax notoginseng/chemistry
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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25
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Dou D, Li W, Guo N, Fu R, Pei Y, Koike K, Nikaido T. Ginsenoside Rg8, a New Dammarane-Type Triterpenoid Saponin from Roots of Panax quinquefolium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:751-3. [PMID: 16651785 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin, ginsenoside Rg(8) (1), was isolated from the roots of Panax quinquefolium, along with five known saponins, (20E)-ginsenoside F(4) (2), ginsenosides Rh(1) (3), Rg(2) (4), F(1) (5), and (20R)-ginsenoside Rh(1) (6). The structure of ginsenoside Rg(8) (1) was determined to be (3beta,6alpha,12beta,20E)-24,25-epoxy-3,12,23-trihydroxydammar-20(22)-en-6-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside by various spectroscopic analyses. Among the known saponins, (20E)-ginsenoside F(4) (2) and ginsenoside F(1) (5) were first reported from the title plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Dou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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26
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Sengupta S, Toh SA, Sellers LA, Skepper JN, Koolwijk P, Leung HW, Yeung HW, Wong RNS, Sasisekharan R, Fan TPD. Modulating angiogenesis: the yin and the yang in ginseng. Circulation 2004; 110:1219-25. [PMID: 15337705 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000140676.88412.cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng is a commonly used nutraceutical. Intriguingly, existing literature reports both wound-healing and antitumor effects of ginseng extract through opposing activities on the vascular system. To elucidate this perplexity, we merged a chemical fingerprinting approach with a deconstructional study of the effects of pure molecules from ginseng extract on angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS A mass spectrometric compositional analysis of American, Chinese and Korean, and Sanqi ginseng revealed distinct "sterol ginsenoside" fingerprints, especially in the ratio between a triol, Rg1, and a diol, Rb1, the 2 most prevalent constituents. Using a Matrigel implant model and reconstituting the extracts using distinct ratios of the 2 ginsenosides, we demonstrate that the dominance of Rg1 leads to angiogenesis, whereas Rb1 exerts an opposing effect. Rg1 also promoted functional neovascularization into a polymer scaffold in vivo and the proliferation of, chemoinvasion of, and tubulogenesis by endothelial cells in vitro, an effect mediated through the expression of nitric oxide synthase and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-->Akt pathway. In contrast, Rb1 inhibited the earliest step in angiogenesis, the chemoinvasion of endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study explains, for the first time, the ambiguity about the effects of ginseng in vascular pathophysiology based on the existence of opposing active principles in the extract. We also unraveled a speciogeographic variation impinging on the compositional fingerprint that may modulate the final phenotype. This emphasizes the need for regulations standardizing herbal therapy, currently under the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act. Furthermore, we propose that Rg1 could be a prototype for a novel group of nonpeptide molecules that can induce therapeutic angiogenesis, such as in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Sengupta
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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27
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Zhong H. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1 for therapy and prevention. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2004. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.7.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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