[Noninvasive ventilation of critically ill patients. II: Practical application and procedure]

[Noninvasive ventilation in the intensive care unit -- is it still negligible?]

Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) has been discussed comprehensively in the last years, but usage of non-invasive ventilation in Intensive Care Units is rare. The reasons may be uncertainty in indications and difficulties in handling the masks and ventilators. In the last years the introduction of full face masks and respiratory helmets has made it possible to ventilate patients with unusual facial forms and to avoid problems of pressure necrosis. Software components designed for NIPPV are available for standard respirators. Indications for NIPPV (neuromuscular diseases, spinal abnormalities, chest wall malformations, COPD, cardiogenic pulmonary edema) have been ensured in clinical trials. No sufficient data are available for the application of NIPPV in weaning and respiratory failure following extubation. Indication for NIPPV becomes apparent when therapy starts in early stage with sufficient ventilation pressure. Compared to standard therapy, no reliable advantage has been seen for NIPPV in hypoxic hypercapnia respiratory failure except for malignant diseases. However, prophylactic use in patients with high risk might be conceivable. For these patients strict criteria of termination are required to avoid missing the time point for intubation. Gas exchange disturbances in advanced lung fibrosis, pneumonia and ARDS are not amenable to NIPPV. Contraindications for NIPPV are non-compliant patients, absence of cough- and pharyngeal reflexes as well as retention of secretions and malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Relative contraindications are catecholamine-dependent circulatory collapse and acute myocardial infarction, since sufficient data for NIPPV are missing.