Synthesis of Substituted Monohalobenzenes via Ortho-Selective Cross-Coupling of Dihalobenzenes with Electron-Donating Ortho-Directing Groups

Aryl Fluoride Activation Through Palladium-Magnesium Bimetallic Cooperation: A Mechanistic and Computational Study

Herein is described a mechanistic study of a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl Grignard reagents to fluoroarenes that proceeds via a low-energy heterobimetallic oxidative addition pathway. Traditional oxidative additions of aryl chlorides to Pd complexes are known to be orders of magnitude faster than with aryl fluorides, and many palladium catalysts do not activate aryl fluorides at all. The experimental and computational studies outlined herein, however, support the view that at elevated Grignard : ArX ratios (i.e. 2.5 : 1) a Pd-Mg heterobimetallic mechanism predominates, leading to a remarkable decrease in the energy required for Ar-F bond activation. The heterobimetallic transition state for C-X bond cleavage is proposed to involve simultaneous Pd backbonding to the arene and Lewis acid activation of the halide by Mg to create a low-energy transition state for oxidative addition. The insights gained from this computational study led to the development of a phosphine ligand that was shown to be similarly competent for Ar-F bond activation.