Antiplatelet therapy and vascular-access patency

[Demands on dialysis access from the nephrologists point of view]

Vascular access is the lifeline of hemodialysis patients. The superiority of autogenous arteriovenous fistulas compared to prostethic arteriovenous grafts or a central venous catheter is well established. Fistulas have a far lower risk of failure and a reduced requirement for revision compared to prosthetic grafts. Alternative vascular access can be achieved via a prosthetic graft or permanent central venous catheter but the risk of infection is increased. The most important complications are shunt thrombosis, stenosis, aneurysms or steal syndrome. Signs of these complications should be recognized by the dialysis team and early surgical intervention can avoid major complications. In many cases a complex shunt is necessary if the patient has been on dialysis for a long time. Interaction between the dialysis team, nephrologists, surgeons and interventional radiologists can improve the prognosis of dialysis patient.

Hemodialysis access failure: a call to action--revisited

Eighty-two percent (82%) of patients initiating hemodialysis in the United States in 2006 did so with a catheter as the functioning access. Even in patients who have been followed by nephrologists for 6 months or more, 74% of patients initiated dialysis with a catheter. This is a multifactoral problem that requires attention and solutions from all stakeholders, including the nephrologist, the vascular surgeon, the hospital, and the insurance industry, as well as the patient and family. We propose a series of specific proposals that include a process for the timely referral and timely placement of a permanent access based on the patient's estimated or measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and a 'pay-for-performance' measure for vascular surgeons and nephrologists who admit patients with functional permanent accesses; such pay for performance would place a higher value for patients who are admitted with a functional arteriovenous (AV) fistula than for patients who are admitted with an AV graft. We also propose that hospitals develop a less permissive process for placement of PICC (peripherally inserted central catheters) lines in patients with GFR <60 ml/min and to consider surgery for access placement as 'urgent'. Finally, a more proactive educational process for patients and their families, including an 'informed non-consent' for patients who defer placement of a permanent access needs to be considered. The morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs associated with prolonged catheter use mandate urgent attention to this problem.