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Joannidis M, Zarbock A. Fluids in acute kidney injury: Why less may be more. J Crit Care 2024; 82:154810. [PMID: 38616434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2024.154810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Joannidis
- Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria..
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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2
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Wang L, Dixon C, Nhan J, Kakajiwala A. A balancing act: drifting away from the reflexive use of "ab"normal saline. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:2325-2335. [PMID: 38233719 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Maintenance intravenous fluids are the most frequently ordered medications for hospitalized children. Since the American Association of Pediatrics published national guidelines, there has been an increased reflexive use of isotonic solutions, especially 0.9% saline, as a prophylaxis against hyponatremia. In this educational review, we discuss the potential deleterious effects of using 0.9% saline, including the development of hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia, and a proinflammatory state. Balanced solutions with anion buffers cause relatively minimal harm when used in most children. While the literature supporting one fluid choice over the other is variable, we highlight the benefits of balanced solutions over saline and the importance of prescribing fluid therapy that is individualized for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Celeste Dixon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer Nhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aadil Kakajiwala
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Kaviti H, John J, Gulla KM, Sahu S. 5% Dextrose in Ringer's Lactate versus 5% Dextrose Normal Saline as Maintenance Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Children - A Randomised Controlled Trial. Indian J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s12098-024-05077-2. [PMID: 38502269 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-024-05077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the difference in serum chloride levels between children receiving 5% Dextrose in Ringer's Lactate (RLD5) vs. 5% Dextrose Normal Saline (DNS) and to estimate the incidence of dyselectrolytemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (HCMA), acute kidney injury (AKI) and all-cause mortality in both groups. METHODS A randomised controlled trial was conducted in non-critically ill children aged 6 mo to 14 y, admitted between August 2021 and July 2022, requiring intravenous fluids. A sample size of 140 was estimated and randomised, with controls receiving 5% DNS and the intervention group receiving RLD5. Kidney function tests and blood gas analysis were done at admission, 24 h and 48 h after starting the maintenance IV fluid, and outcomes were analysed at 24 h and 48 h. Data was collected using a pre-designed data collection form that included demographic and clinical profile details, and outcomes were analysed using SPSS Version 20 software. RESULTS Seventy-one children per group were enrolled. The mean chloride difference between the two groups at 24 and 48 h were 1.67 (p-value 0.03) and 2.78 (p-value 0.01), respectively. The incidence of AKI at 24 h and 48 h was 1.4% and 2.8% in the RLD5 group and 0% and 1.4% in the DNS group, respectively. At 24 h and 48 h, 2.8% and 2.8% of children had HCMA in the RLD5 group, and 14% and 4.2% had HCMA in the DNS group, respectively. There was no mortality in either group. CONCLUSIONS Though clinically insignificant, there was a statistically significant difference in the serum chloride levels between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Kaviti
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), P.O. Dumduma, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Joseph John
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), P.O. Dumduma, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India.
| | - Krishna Mohan Gulla
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), P.O. Dumduma, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Suchanda Sahu
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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4
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Brossier DW, Goyer I, Verbruggen SCAT, Jotterand Chaparro C, Rooze S, Marino LV, Schlapbach LJ, Tume LN, Valla FV. Intravenous maintenance fluid therapy in acutely and critically ill children: state of the evidence. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2024; 8:236-244. [PMID: 38224704 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Intravenous maintenance fluid therapy (IV-MFT) is one of the most prescribed, yet one of the least studied, interventions in paediatric acute and critical care settings. IV-MFT is not typically treated in the same way as drugs with specific indications, contraindications, compositions, and associated adverse effects. In the last decade, societies in both paediatric and adult medicine have issued evidence-based practice guidelines for the use of intravenous fluids in clinical practice. The main objective of this Viewpoint is to summarise and compare the rationales on which these international expert guidelines were based and how these recommendations affect IV-MFT practices in paediatric acute and critical care. Although these guidelines recommend the use of isotonic fluids as a standard in IV-MFT, some discrepancies and uncertainties remain regarding the systematic use of balanced fluids, glucose and electrolyte requirements, and appropriate fluid volume. IV-MFT should be considered in the same way as any other prescription drug and none of the components of IV-MFT prescription should be overlooked (ie, choice of drug, dosing rate, duration of treatment, and de-escalation). Furthermore, most evidence that was used to inform the guidelines comes from high-income countries. Although some principles of IV-MFT are universal, the direct relevance to and feasibility of implementing the guidelines in low-income and middle-income countries is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brossier
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Caen, France; Medical School, Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille, France.
| | - Isabelle Goyer
- Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sascha C A T Verbruggen
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corinne Jotterand Chaparro
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shancy Rooze
- Paediatric Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luise V Marino
- University Hospital Southampton, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lyvonne N Tume
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Faculty of Health Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Frederic V Valla
- Faculty of Health Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK; Paediatric Intensive Care, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Lonfat E, La Scala GC. Postoperative Dysnatremia in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Palatoplasty. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:1942-1947. [PMID: 37226304 PMCID: PMC10521787 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying predisposing factors to dysnatremia to improve perioperative care after cleft surgery. DESIGN Retrospective case series. Patient data were obtained through the electronic medical records of the hospital. SETTING Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS The inclusion criterion was the measurement of an abnormal natremia value, defined as Na >150 or <130 mmol/l after a cleft lip or cleft palate repair procedure. The exclusion criterion was natremia between 131 and 149 mmol/l. RESULTS Natremia measurements were available for 215 patients born between 1995 and 2018. Five patients presented with postoperative dysnatremia. Several predisposing factors to dysnatremia have been identified: drugs, infection, administration of intravenous fluids, and postoperative syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Although the hospital environment contributes to dysnatremia development, the fact that only patients undergoing cleft palate repair develop natremia anomalies suggests that this surgery may be itself a risk factor. CONCLUSION Children undergoing palatoplasty may be at higher risk to develop postoperative dysnatremia. Early recognition of symptoms and risk factors, postoperative monitoring, and prompt treatment of dysnatremia diminish the risk of neurological complications.
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Lorente JV, Hahn RG, Jover JL, Del Cojo E, Hervías M, Jiménez I, Uña R, Clau-Terré F, Monge MI, Llau JV, Colomina MJ, Ripollés-Melchor J. Role of Crystalloids in the Perioperative Setting: From Basics to Clinical Applications and Enhanced Recovery Protocols. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5930. [PMID: 37762871 PMCID: PMC10531658 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative fluid management, a critical aspect of major surgeries, is characterized by pronounced stress responses, altered capillary permeability, and significant fluid shifts. Recognized as a cornerstone of enhanced recovery protocols, effective perioperative fluid management is crucial for optimizing patient recovery and preventing postoperative complications, especially in high-risk patients. The scientific literature has extensively investigated various fluid infusion regimens, but recent publications indicate that not only the volume but also the type of fluid infused significantly influences surgical outcomes. Adequate fluid therapy prescription requires a thorough understanding of the physiological and biochemical principles that govern the body's internal environment and the potential perioperative alterations that may arise. Recently published clinical trials have questioned the safety of synthetic colloids, widely used in the surgical field. A new clinical scenario has arisen in which crystalloids could play a pivotal role in perioperative fluid therapy. This review aims to offer evidence-based clinical principles for prescribing fluid therapy tailored to the patient's physiology during the perioperative period. The approach combines these principles with current recommendations for enhanced recovery programs for surgical patients, grounded in physiological and biochemical principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Lorente
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Juan Ramón Jiménez University Hospital, 21005 Huelva, Spain
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert G. Hahn
- Karolinska Institute, Danderyds Hospital (KIDS), 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José L. Jover
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Verge del Lliris Hospital, 03802 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Enrique Del Cojo
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena Health District, 06400 Don Benito, Spain
| | - Mónica Hervías
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Paediatric Anaesthesiology Section, Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jiménez
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Uña
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Paz University General Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Clau-Terré
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut Recerca, Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel I. Monge
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan V. Llau
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Doctor Peset Hospital, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J. Colomina
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ripollés-Melchor
- Fluid Therapy and Haemodynamics Working Group of the Haemostasis, Fluid Therapy and Transfusional Medicine of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (SEDAR), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Infanta Leonor Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sindahl P, Overgaard-Steensen C, Wallach-Kildemoes H, De Bruin ML, Kemp K, Gardarsdottir H. Impact of a Treatment Guide on Intravenous Fluids in Minimising the Risk of Hospital-Acquired Hyponatraemia in Denmark. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5105. [PMID: 37568506 PMCID: PMC10420267 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotonic intravenous (IV) fluids are associated with an increased risk of hospital-acquired hyponatraemia, eventually leading to brain injury and death. We evaluated the effectiveness of a treatment guide to improve prescribing practices of IV fluids. We conducted a before-and-after cross-sectional survey among physicians working at Danish emergency departments. The primary outcome was prescribing practices of IV fluids. Participants were asked which IV fluid they would select in four clinical scenarios. We applied multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio of selecting hypotonic fluids. Secondary outcomes included knowledge about IV fluids and hyponatraemia, and the receipt, reading, and usefulness of the treatment guide. After the intervention, about a third (47/154) reported that they would use hypotonic fluids in patients with increased intracranial pressure, and a quarter (39/154) would use hypotonic maintenance fluids in children, both of which are against guideline recommendations. A total of 46% selected the correct fluid, a 3% hypertonic saline solution for a patient with hyponatraemia and severe neurological symptoms. None of the knowledge questions met the predefined criteria of success of 80% correct answers. Of the respondents, 22% had received the treatment guide. Since the implementation failed, we recommend improving distribution by applying methods from implementation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Sindahl
- Danish Medicines Agency, Division of Pharmacovigilance and Medical Devices, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.D.B.); (H.G.)
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helle Wallach-Kildemoes
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Marie Louise De Bruin
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.D.B.); (H.G.)
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare Kemp
- Danish Medicines Agency, Division of Pharmacovigilance and Medical Devices, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Helga Gardarsdottir
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.L.D.B.); (H.G.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
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8
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Culhane JT, Velury D, Okeke RI, Freeman C. Fluid and Solute Intakes Show Minimal Association With Serum Sodium Levels in a Mixed ICU Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e37730. [PMID: 37213940 PMCID: PMC10198586 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyponatremia is common among hospital inpatients. It is generally due to excess free body water resulting from increased water intake and decreased water elimination due to underlying pathology and hormonal influence. However, supporting evidence is lacking for treating mild hyponatremia with fluid restriction. Our study examines the association between hyponatremia and fluid intake in acutely ill inpatients. We hypothesize that fluid intake is not closely associated with serum sodium (SNa). METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of hyponatremia using the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care (MIMIC) III dataset, a public ICU registry. We analyzed fluid, sodium, and potassium intake with a mixed model linear regression with SNa as the outcome for hyponatremic and non-hyponatremic patients and cumulative total input from one to seven days. In addition, we compared a group of patients receiving less than one liter of fluid per day to a group receiving more than one liter. RESULTS The association of SNa with fluid intake was negative and statistically significant for most cumulative days of intake from one to seven for the total population and those with sporadic hyponatremia. For those with uniform hyponatremia, the negative association was significant for three and four days of cumulative input. The change in SNa was almost always less than 1 mmol/L of additional fluid intake across all groups. SNa for hyponatremic patients who received less than one liter of fluid per day were within one mmol/L of those who received more (p<0.001 for one, two, and seven cumulative intake days). CONCLUSIONS SNa is associated with a change of less than 1 mmol/L across a wide range of fluid and sodium intake in adult ICU patients. Patients who received less than one liter per day had SNa almost identical to those who received more. This suggests that SNa is not tightly coupled with fluid intake in the acutely ill population and that hormonal control of water elimination is the predominant mechanism. This might explain why the correction of hyponatremia by fluid restriction is often difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Culhane
- Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Divya Velury
- General Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Raymond I Okeke
- General Surgery, SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Carl Freeman
- Trauma, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
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Rius-Peris JM, Tambe P, Chilet Sáez M, Requena M, Prada E, Mateo J. Incidence and Severity of Community- and Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia in Pediatrics. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247522. [PMID: 36556138 PMCID: PMC9782113 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in hospitalized children, with a reported incidence of 15-30%, but its overall incidence and severity are not well known. The objective of our study was to determine the incidence, severity, and associated risk factors of community- and hospital-acquired hyponatremia on a general pediatric ward. Data of 5550 children admitted from June 2012 to December 2019 on plasma sodium and discharge diagnosis were analyzed by logistic regression model. Clinically relevant diagnostic groups were created. Hyponatremia was classified as mild, moderate, and severe. The incidence of community- and hospital-acquired hyponatremia was 15.8% and 1.4%, respectively. Most of the cases were mild (90.8%) to moderate (8.6%), with only two cases of severe community-acquired hyponatremia. There were no clinical complications in any of the hyponatremic children. Age and diagnosis at discharge were principal factors significantly correlated with hyponatremia. Community-acquired hyponatremia is more common than hospital-acquired hyponatremia in clinical practice. Severe cases of both types are rare. Children from 2 to 11 years of age presenting with infections, cardiovascular disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders are at risk of developing hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Rius-Peris
- Pediatric Department, Virgen de la Luz Hospital, 16002 Cuenca, Spain
- Medical Analysis Expert Group, Institute of Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - P. Tambe
- Pediatric Department, Southland Hospital, Invercargill 9812, New Zealand
| | - M. Chilet Sáez
- Analysis and Microbiology Department, Virgen de la Luz Hospital, 16002 Cuenca, Spain
| | - M. Requena
- Computer Analysis Department, Virgen de la Luz Hospital, 16002 Cuenca, Spain
| | - E. Prada
- Clinical Analysis Department, Virgen de la Luz Hospital, 16002 Cuenca, Spain
| | - J. Mateo
- Medical Analysis Expert Group, Institute of Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Stöhr EJ. The healthy heart does not control a specific cardiac output: a plea for a new interpretation of normal cardiac function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1239-H1243. [PMID: 36269649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00535.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current evidence suggests that the healthy heart does not sense the optimal cardiac output (Q̇) because the different organ systems that influence cardiac function do not interact to adjust their individual responses toward a specific Q̇. Consequently, it is conceivable that the complex cycle of cardiac contraction and relaxation must occur for reasons other than to produce a specific target Q̇ and that there is likely a yet undiscovered overarching principle in the cardiovascular system that explains the combined effects of the prevailing preload, afterload, and contractility. Future research should embrace the possibility of a different purpose to cardiac function than previously assumed and examine the biological capacity of this fascinating organ accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Stöhr
- COR-HELIX (CardiOvascular Regulation and Human Exercise Laboratory - Integration and Xploration), Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Brossier DW, Tume LN, Briant AR, Jotterand Chaparro C, Moullet C, Rooze S, Verbruggen SCAT, Marino LV, Alsohime F, Beldjilali S, Chiusolo F, Costa L, Didier C, Ilia S, Joram NL, Kneyber MCJ, Kühlwein E, Lopez J, López-Herce J, Mayberry HF, Mehmeti F, Mierzewska-Schmidt M, Miñambres Rodríguez M, Morice C, Pappachan JV, Porcheret F, Reis Boto L, Schlapbach LJ, Tekguc H, Tziouvas K, Parienti JJ, Goyer I, Valla FV. ESPNIC clinical practice guidelines: intravenous maintenance fluid therapy in acute and critically ill children- a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2022; 48:1691-1708. [PMID: 36289081 PMCID: PMC9705511 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intravenous maintenance fluid therapy (IV-MFT) prescribing in acute and critically ill children is very variable among pediatric health care professionals. In order to provide up to date IV-MFT guidelines, the European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC) undertook a systematic review to answer the following five main questions about IV-MFT: (i) the indications for use (ii) the role of isotonic fluid (iii) the role of balanced solutions (iv) IV fluid composition (calcium, magnesium, potassium, glucose and micronutrients) and v) and the optimal amount of fluid. METHODS A multidisciplinary expert group within ESPNIC conducted this systematic review using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) grading method. Five databases were searched for studies that answered these questions, in acute and critically children (from 37 weeks gestational age to 18 years), published until November 2020. The quality of evidence and risk of bias were assessed, and meta-analyses were undertaken when appropriate. A series of recommendations was derived and voted on by the expert group to achieve consensus through two voting rounds. RESULTS 56 papers met the inclusion criteria, and 16 recommendations were produced. Outcome reporting was inconsistent among studies. Recommendations generated were based on a heterogeneous level of evidence, but consensus within the expert group was high. "Strong consensus" was reached for 11/16 (69%) and "consensus" for 5/16 (31%) of the recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Key recommendations are to use isotonic balanced solutions providing glucose to restrict IV-MFT infusion volumes in most hospitalized children and to regularly monitor plasma electrolyte levels, serum glucose and fluid balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brossier
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Medical School, Université Caen Normandie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Lyvonne N Tume
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Liverpool, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Anais R Briant
- Department of Biostatistics, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Corinne Jotterand Chaparro
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.,Bureau d'Echange des Savoirs pour des praTiques Exemplaires de Soins (BEST): A JBI Centre of Excellence, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Moullet
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shancy Rooze
- Pediatric Intensive Care, HUDERF, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Luise V Marino
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Fahad Alsohime
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Beldjilali
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrizio Chiusolo
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Costa
- Pediatric Intensive Care, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Capucine Didier
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stavroula Ilia
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Martin C J Kneyber
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Critical Care, Anaesthesiology, Peri-Operative and Emergency Medicine (CAPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Kühlwein
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Lopez
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus López-Herce
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Huw F Mayberry
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Alder Hey Childrens Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fortesa Mehmeti
- Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Claire Morice
- Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John V Pappachan
- Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Leonor Reis Boto
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Departament of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hakan Tekguc
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Dr. Burhan Nalbantoglu State Hospital, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Cyprus
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Parienti
- Department of Biostatistics, CHU de Caen, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM U1311 DYNAMICURE, 14000, Caen, France
| | | | - Frederic V Valla
- Pediatric Intensive Care, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France. .,Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France.
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12
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Münch F, Purbojo A, Wenzel F, Kohl M, Dittrich S, Rauh M, Zimmermann R, Kwapil N. [Improved quality of stored packed red blood cells by mechanical rinsing]. DIE ANAESTHESIOLOGIE 2022; 71:882-892. [PMID: 35969253 PMCID: PMC9636120 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-022-01189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC) is associated with various side effects, including storage damage to PRBCs. The cells change their structure, releasing potassium as well as lactate. Mechanical rinsing, available in many hospitals, is able to remove toxic substances and possibly minimizes the negative side effects of transfusion. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of our study was to improve the quality of PRBCs before transfusion. The effects of different washing solutions on PRBC quality were analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS This in vitro study compares 30 mechanically washed PRBCs. They were either processed with standard normal saline 0.9% (n = 15, N group) or a hemofiltration solution containing 4 mmol/l potassium (n = 15, HF group) by a mechanical rinsing device (Xtra, LivaNova, Munich, Germany). A subgroup analysis was performed based on the storage duration of the processed PRBCs (7, 14, 37 days). Samples were taken before washing (EKprä), immediately after washing (EKpost) and 10 h later (EKpost10h), after storage in the "wash medium" at room temperature. Concentrations of ATP (probability of survival in transfused erythrocytes), lactate, citrate and electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium) were tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Mechanical rinsing improves pretransfusion quality of PRBC. Washing with a hemofiltration solution results in a more physiological electrolyte composition. Even 10 h after mechanical rinsing with a hemofiltration solution, the quality of 37-day-old PRBC is comparable to young PRBC that have been stored for 7 days and have not been washed. Washing stored PRBC increases the ATP content, which subsequently leads to an increased probability of survival of red cells after transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Münch
- Kinderherzchirurgische Abteilung, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
| | - A Purbojo
- Kinderherzchirurgische Abteilung, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - F Wenzel
- Fakultät Medical and Life Science, Hochschule Furtwangen University Campus Villingen-Schwenningen, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Deutschland
| | - M Kohl
- Fakultät Medical and Life Science, Hochschule Furtwangen University Campus Villingen-Schwenningen, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Deutschland
| | - S Dittrich
- Kinderkardiologische Abteilung, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - M Rauh
- Klinisches Labor der Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - R Zimmermann
- Transfusionsmedizinische und Hämostaseologische Abteilung, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - N Kwapil
- Kinderherzchirurgische Abteilung, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
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13
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Quispe-Cornejo AA, Alves da Cunha AL, Njimi H, Mongkolpun W, Valle-Martins AL, Arébalo-López M, Creteur J, Vincent JL. Effects of rapid fluid infusion on hemoglobin concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2022; 26:324. [PMID: 36274172 PMCID: PMC9588219 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid fluid administration may decrease hemoglobin concentration (Hb) by a diluting effect, which could limit the increase in oxygen delivery (DO2) expected with a positive response to fluid challenge in critically ill patients. Our aim was to quantify the decrease in Hb after rapid fluid administration. Methods Our protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020165146). We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Database, and Embase from inception until February 15, 2022. We selected studies that reported Hb before and after rapid fluid administration (bolus fluid given over less than 120 min) with crystalloids and/or colloids in adults. Exclusion criteria were studies that included bleeding patients, or used transfusions or extracorporeal circulation procedures. Studies were divided according to whether they involved non-acutely ill or acutely ill (surgical/trauma, sepsis, circulatory shock or severe hypovolemia, and mixed conditions) subjects. The mean Hb difference and, where reported, the DO2 difference before and after fluid administration were extracted. Meta-analyses were conducted to assess differences in Hb before and after rapid fluid administration in all subjects and across subgroups. Random-effect models, meta-regressions and subgroup analyses were performed for meta-analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Inconsistency among trial results was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results Sixty-five studies met our inclusion criteria (40 in non-acutely ill and 25 in acutely ill subjects), with a total of 2794 participants. Risk of bias was assessed as “low” for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and ‘low to moderate’ for non-RCTs. Across 63 studies suitable for meta-analysis, the Hb decreased significantly by a mean of 1.33 g/dL [95% CI − 1.45 to − 1.12; p < 0.001; I2 = 96.88] after fluid administration: in non-acutely ill subjects, the mean decrease was 1.56 g/dL [95% CI − 1.69 to − 1.42; p < 0.001; I2 = 96.71] and in acutely ill patients 0.84 g/dL [95% CI − 1.03 to − 0.64; p = 0.033; I2 = 92.91]. The decrease in Hb was less marked in patients with sepsis than in other acutely ill patients. The DO2 decreased significantly in fluid non-responders with a significant decrease in Hb. Conclusions Hb decreased consistently after rapid fluid administration with moderate certainty of evidence. This effect may limit the positive effects of fluid challenges on DO2 and thus on tissue oxygenation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-022-04191-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin A. Quispe-Cornejo
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium ,Instituto Académico Científico Quispe Cornejo, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Ana L. Alves da Cunha
- grid.465290.cDepartment of Intensive Care, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal ,Instituto Académico Científico Quispe Cornejo, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Hassane Njimi
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wasineenart Mongkolpun
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana L. Valle-Martins
- grid.414826.d0000 0004 0496 9134Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Mater Dei, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mónica Arébalo-López
- Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Univalle Norte, Cochabamba, Bolivia ,Instituto Académico Científico Quispe Cornejo, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Jacques Creteur
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Carr JR, Hawkins WA, Newsome AS, Smith SE, Clemmons AB, Bland CM, Branan TN. Fluid Stewardship of Maintenance Intravenous Fluids. J Pharm Pract 2022; 35:769-782. [PMID: 33827313 PMCID: PMC8497650 DOI: 10.1177/08971900211008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the frequent use of maintenance intravenous fluids (mIVF) in critically ill patients, limited guidance is available. Notably, fluid overload secondary to mIVF mismanagement is associated with significant adverse patient outcomes. The Four Rights (right drug, right dose, right duration, right patient) construct of fluid stewardship has been proposed for the safe evaluation and use of fluids. The purpose of this evidence-based review is to offer practical insights for the clinician regarding mIVF selection, dosing, and duration in line with the Four Rights of Fluid Stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Carr
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Joseph’s/Candler Health System, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - W. Anthony Hawkins
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Sikora Newsome
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Susan E. Smith
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amber B Clemmons
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher M. Bland
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Joseph’s/Candler Health System, Savannah, GA, USA
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Trisha N. Branan
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
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15
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Puolitaival A, Savola M, Tuomainen P, Asseburg C, Lundström T, Soini E. Advantages in Management and Remote Monitoring of Intravenous Therapy: Exploratory Survey and Economic Evaluation of Gravity-Based Infusions in Finland. Adv Ther 2022; 39:2096-2108. [PMID: 35287232 PMCID: PMC8919170 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous infusion therapy is a common and challenging invasive treatment procedure in hospital wards. Administration mistakes can have serious, even life-threatening, consequences. The Monidor solution was developed to help nurses administer gravity-based infusions and monitor them remotely, to avoid complications and reduce workload. Its real-world effects and economic consequences were unknown. METHODS An exploratory survey was carried out to estimate the potential impact of the Monidor solution on events and nurse time use. At the end of their shift, nurses estimated effects in terms of routine room visits avoided, prevention of complications, and impact on nurse time requirements. Linear regression was applied to estimate predictors of time freed. A health economic model was developed to evaluate economic consequences and to calculate the net return on investment for a hypothetical hospital ward. A 1-month time horizon was used, and discounting was not applied. RESULTS A total of 216 responses were obtained from 6 Finnish hospitals, from a total of 15 wards, and 56.3% of nurses found that the Monidor solution freed nurse time, while < 3.5% experienced additional time requirements. Per nurse shift, the Monidor solution avoided on average 2.064 routine room visits, helped detect end of infusion 1.340 times, and led to 5.045 min of time freed. One routine visit avoided was associated with 2.453 min of time freed in the linear regression. In the conservative setting, the freed monthly capacity in the hypothetical ward amounted to €1270.90 per month (year 2021), yielding a return on investment of 2.63. Uncertainty of linear regression coefficient values was identified as a driver of uncertainty in sensitivity analysis, with return on investment ranging from 1.55 to 3.71. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that management and remote monitoring with the Monidor solution frees nurse time and reduces routine activities associated with gravity-based intravenous infusions. These findings could be confirmed in a comparative empirical study.
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16
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Kronborg JR, Lindhardt RB, Vejlstrup N, Holst LM, Juul K, Smerup MH, Gjedsted J, Ravn HB. Postoperative dysnatremia in infants after open-heart surgery occurs frequently and is associated with prolonged intensive care length of stay. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2022; 66:337-344. [PMID: 34870843 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysnatremia after surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) is well known and has been associated with prolonged pediatric intensive care unit length of stay (PICU-LOS). Fluctuations in plasma sodium levels occur perioperatively. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of dysnatremia during the first 48 h after surgery and whether it was associated with PICU-LOS. The secondary aim was to evaluate if the degree of sodium fluctuations was associated with PICU-LOS. METHODS A retrospective observational, single-center study including infants undergoing surgery for CHD. The highest and lowest plasma sodium value was registered for the prespecified time periods. PICU-LOS was analyzed in relation to the occurrence of dysnatremia and the degree of plasma sodium fluctuations. The occurrence of dysnatremia was evaluated in relation to surgical procedure and fluid administration. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty infants who underwent 249 surgical procedures were included. Dysnatremia developed in more than 60% within 48 h after surgery. Infants with normonatremia had a 40%-50% shorter PICU-LOS among children in RACHS-1 category 3-6, compared with infants developing either hypo- or hyper-/hyponatremia within 48 h after surgery (p = .006). Infants who had a decline of plasma sodium >11 mmol/L had almost double the PICU-LOS compared to those with a decline of <8 mmol/L. CONCLUSION Dysnatremias were common after surgery for CHD and associated with prolonged PICU-LOS. The degree of decline in plasma sodium was significantly associated with PICU-LOS. Fluid administration both in terms of volume and components (blood products and crystalloids) as well as diuresis were related to the occurrence of dysnatremias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rønne Kronborg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rasmus Bo Lindhardt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels Vejlstrup
- Department of Cardiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Line Marie Holst
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Klaus Juul
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten Holdgaard Smerup
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jakob Gjedsted
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hanne Berg Ravn
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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17
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McDougall M, Guthrie B, Doyle A, Timmins A, Bateson M, Ridley E, Drummond G, Vadiveloo T. Introducing NICE guidelines for intravenous fluid therapy into a district general hospital. BMJ Open Qual 2022; 11:bmjoq-2021-001636. [PMID: 35115322 PMCID: PMC8814811 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines on intravenous fluid prescribing for adults in hospital, issued in 2013, advised less use of 0.9% sodium chloride than current practice, provided a logical system for prescribing and suggested further study of electrolyte abnormalities. Aims To describe the steps taken to establish and monitor guideline introduction and to assess effects on clinical biochemistry results, in a general hospital setting. Methods We used established principles of change to modify education, teaching, record keeping and audit throughout the hospital, changed the availability of intravenous fluid preparations in the wards and monitored the use of intravenous fluids. We anonymously linked local clinical chemistry records to nationally available patient records (NHS Scotland SMR01). We chose specified medical emergencies, and major emergency and elective general and orthopaedic surgery, where management would require intravenous fluids, for a two-phase cross-sectional study between 2007 and 2017, spanning the change in prescribing. Primary outcomes were abnormal bicarbonate, sodium, potassium and incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), and secondary outcomes were mortality and length of stay. Results Over the study period, sodium chloride 0.9% use decreased by 75%, and overall intravenous fluid use decreased from 0.65 to 0.40 L/occupied bed day. The incidence of acidosis decreased from 7.4% to 4.8% of all admissions (difference −2.7%, 95% CI −2.1 to −3.0). No important changes in other electrolytes were noted; in particular, plasma sodium values showed no adverse effects. Stage 1 AKI increased from 6.7% to 9.0% (difference 2.3%, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.0), but other causes for this cannot be excluded. Mortality and length of stay showed no adverse effects. Conclusions and implications Effective implementation of the guidelines required substantial time, effort and resource. NICE suggestions of fluid types for maintenance appear appropriate, but prescribed volumes continue to require careful clinical judgement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Guthrie
- University of Edinburgh, Community Health Sciences, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Arthur Doyle
- Renal Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan Timmins
- Pharmacy Department, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK
| | - Meghan Bateson
- Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, UK
| | | | - Gordon Drummond
- Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thenmalar Vadiveloo
- Health Services Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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18
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Corsello A, Malandrini S, Bianchetti MG, Agostoni C, Cantoni B, Meani F, Faré PB, Milani GP. Sodium assessment in neonates, infants, and children: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:3413-3419. [PMID: 35821131 PMCID: PMC9395449 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyponatremia is a common disorder in childhood. The indirect and the direct potentiometry are currently the most popular techniques employed for sodium assessment, although discrepancies between the two techniques may be > 10 mmol/L. It is known that < 20% of the recently published articles report information about the technique used for sodium analysis, but no data are available on pediatric studies. This study aimed at investigating the laboratory technique employed for sodium measurement in studies conducted in childhood. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was undertaken to identify articles containing the word "hyponatremia" in the title between 2013 and 2020. Papers with < 10 subjects were excluded. A total of 565 articles were included. Information on the laboratory technique used for sodium analysis was more commonly (p = 0.035) reported in pediatric (n = 15, 28%) than in non-pediatric (n = 81, 16%) reports. The frequency of reports with and without information on the technique for sodium assessment was not different with respect to the study characteristics, the quartile of the journal where the paper was published, the country income setting, and the inclusion of neonates among the 54 pediatric studies. Conclusion: Most pediatric papers do not report any information on the technique used for sodium analysis. Although international authorities have recommended the implementation of direct potentiometry, a low awareness on this issue is still widespread in pediatric research. What is Known: • Direct potentiometry and indirect potentiometry are currently employed for sodium analysis in blood. • Direct potentiometry is more accurate. What is New: • Less than 30% of pediatric articles provide information on the technique employed for sodium analysis in blood. • Indirect potentiometry is more frequently employed than direct potentiometry in pediatric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Malandrini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mario G. Bianchetti
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy ,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cantoni
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Meani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Di Senologia Della Svizzera Italiana, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Pietro B. Faré
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6600 Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Gregorio P. Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy ,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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19
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Rooholamini SN, Jennings B, Zhou C, Kaiser SV, Garber MD, Tchou MJ, Ralston SL. Effect of a Quality Improvement Bundle to Standardize the Use of Intravenous Fluids for Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: A Stepped-Wedge, Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:26-33. [PMID: 34779837 PMCID: PMC8593833 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Given that hypotonic maintenance intravenous fluids (IVF) may cause hospital-acquired harm, in November 2018, the American Academy of Pediatrics released a clinical practice guideline recommending the use of isotonic IVF for patients aged 28 days to 18 years without contraindications. No recommendations were made regarding laboratory monitoring; however, unnecessary laboratory tests may contribute to health care waste and harm patients. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of a quality improvement intervention bundle on (1) increasing the mean proportion of hours per hospital day with exclusive isotonic IVF use to at least 80% and (2) decreasing the mean proportion of hospital days with laboratory tests obtained. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This stepped-wedge, cluster randomized clinical trial (Standardization of Fluids in Inpatient Settings [SOFI]) was sponsored by a national quality improvement collaborative and was conducted across 106 US pediatric hospitals. The SOFI intervention period was from September 2019 to March 2020. INTERVENTIONS Hospital sites were exposed to educational materials, a clinical algorithm and order set for IVF use, electronic medical record interventions to reduce laboratory testing, and "harms of overtesting" cards. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were mean proportion of hours per hospital day receiving exclusive isotonic IVF and mean proportion of hospital days with laboratory test values obtained. Secondary measures included total IVF duration per hospital day, daily patient weight measurement while receiving IVF, serum sodium testing, and adverse events. Baseline data were collected for 2 months; intervention period data, 7 months. Outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS A total of 106 hospitals were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention start dates (wedges), and 100 hospitals (94%) completed the study. In total, 5215 hospitalizations were reviewed before the intervention, and 6724 hospitalizations were reviewed after the intervention. Prior to interventions, the mean (SD) proportion of hours per day with exclusive isotonic IVF use was 88.5% (31.7%). Interventions led to an absolute increase of 5.4% (95% CI, 3.9%-6.9%) above baseline in exclusive isotonic IVF use but did not change the proportion of hospital days during which a laboratory test value was obtained (estimated difference, 0.1%; 95% CI, -1.5% to 1.7%; P = .90), IVF use duration (estimated difference, -1.2%; 95% CI, -2.9% to 0.4%), serum sodium testing, or adverse events. There was an absolute increase of 4.4% (95% CI, 2.6%-6.2%) in the mean proportion of hospital days with a patient weight measurement while receiving IVF. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this stepped-wedge, cluster randomized clinical trial, an intervention bundle significantly improved the use of isotonic maintenance IVF without a concomitant increase in adverse events or electrolyte testing. Further work is required to deimplement laboratory testing. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03924674.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chuan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle,Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Michael J. Tchou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Shawn L. Ralston
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Salvador C, Salvador R, Willeit P, Kuntner C, Haid A, Müller T, Kropshofer G, Crazzolara R. Hyponatremia During Induction Therapy in Distinct Pediatric Oncological Cohorts: A Retrospective Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:708875. [PMID: 34778028 PMCID: PMC8586428 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.708875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyponatremia is a well-known adverse event of repeated therapy with vincristine in oncological patients. However, to date, data in pediatric patients with malignant diseases other than acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are sparse or lacking. Materials and Methods A retrospective study of 98 pediatric patients was conducted to analyze the incidence of hyponatremia in a Caucasian cohort of newly diagnosed ALL. For comparison, we further examined five other pediatric oncological cohorts (Hodgkin’s disease, Ewing sarcoma, Wilms tumor, benign glioma of the CNS, Langerhans cell histiocytosis) that receive alkaloids in their induction regimes. Results We found a high incidence of hyponatremia (14.7%) in our ALL cohort with a trend toward male patients of elementary school age. None of the affected patients showed neurological symptoms. By comparison, patients from other malignancy groups did not show significant hyponatremia, regardless of their comparable therapy with alkaloids. We here show a noticeable coincidence of hyponatremia and hypertriglyceridemia in ALL patients, indicating a possible role of L-asparaginase-related hypertriglyceridemia in the development of severe hyponatremia in such patients. Conclusion We report a higher incidence of hyponatremia following vincristine therapy in Caucasian children with ALL than published before. This hyponatremia could not be demonstrated in other oncologic cohorts treated with alkaloids. L-Asparaginase-induced hypertriglyceridemia may play a role in the certainly multifactorial development of hyponatremia in childhood leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Salvador
- Department of Pediatrics I, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Kuntner
- Information Technology Management, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Haid
- Competence Center for Clinical Studies, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Kropshofer
- Department of Pediatrics I, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roman Crazzolara
- Department of Pediatrics I, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Hasim N, Bakar MAA, Islam MA. Efficacy and Safety of Isotonic and Hypotonic Intravenous Maintenance Fluids in Hospitalised Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090785. [PMID: 34572217 PMCID: PMC8471545 DOI: 10.3390/children8090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatraemia is a known complication in hospitalised children receiving maintenance intravenous fluid. Several studies have been published to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous fluids in children. However, there is still an ongoing debate regarding the ideal solution to be used in the paediatric population. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the safety and efficacy of administering isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluid in hospitalised children. An extensive search was undertaken on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library on 28 December 2020. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. We used the random-effects model for all analyses. Risk ratio (RR) and mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. The quality of each study was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for RCTs. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021229067). Twenty-two RCTs with a total of 3795 participants were included. The studies encompassed surgical and medical patients admitted to intensive care unit as well as to general wards. We found that hypotonic fluid significantly increases the risk of hyponatremia at both ≤24 h (RR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.26–0.43, p < 0.00001) and >24 h (RR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.36–0.64, p < 0.00001). Isotonic fluid increases the risk of hypernatraemia at ≤24 h (RR 2.15; 95% CI: 1.24–3.73, p = 0.006). The prevalence of hyponatraemia was also higher in the hypotonic group at both ≤24 h (5.7% vs. 23.3%) and >24 h (6.0% vs. 26.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of developing adverse outcomes between the two groups. Mean serum and urine sodium as well as serum osmolality/osmolarity was lower in the hypotonic group. Isotonic solution is protective against the development of hyponatraemia while hypotonic solution increases the risk of hyponatraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfarahin Hasim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mimi Azliha Abu Bakar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.B.); or (M.A.I.)
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.B.); or (M.A.I.)
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22
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Mathur A, Johnston G, Clark L. Improving intravenous fluid prescribing. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2021; 50:181-187. [PMID: 32568296 DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2020.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy is integral to the care of patients in hospitals but involves complex decisions. Errors in fluid prescribing are common, leading to significant harm due to inappropriate fluid type, rate or volume. British national guidelines have been developed to improve prescribing, but adherence has been generally poor. The Scottish Government has set up a National IV Fluid Improvement Programme to implement national guidelines throughout Scotland. This article reviews the need for such guidance and discusses how the Scottish National IV Fluid Improvement Programme hopes to achieve its aims across Scotland. This may provide an improvement framework for fluid prescribing in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mathur
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen, UK,
| | - Gwen Johnston
- Aberdeen Anaesthestic Department, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Laura Clark
- Renal Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
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23
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A cross-sectional survey of knowledge pertaining to IV fluid therapy and hyponatraemia among nurses working at emergency departments in Denmark. Int Emerg Nurs 2021; 57:101010. [PMID: 34139392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2021.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inappropriate fluid therapy may induce or worsen existing hyponatraemia with potentially life-threatening consequences. Nurses have an important role in assisting physicians in IV fluid prescribing. However, research is lacking in Denmark about nurses' knowledge pertaining to IV fluid therapy and hyponatraemia. METHODS An explorative cross-sectional survey was performed among Danish emergency department nurses in Spring 2019. Knowledge about IV fluid therapy was assessed for three common clinical scenarios, and multiple-choice questions were used to measure knowledge about hyponatraemia. RESULTS 112 nurses responded to all scenario questions corresponding to 6.2% (112/1815) of the total population of nurses working at emergency departments in Denmark. In two of the three scenarios, a minority of nurses (8-10%) inappropriately selected hypotonic fluids. Nearly one third (31%) selected a hypotonic fluid for a patient with meningitis, which is against guideline recommendations. The study revealed limited knowledge about severe symptoms of hyponatraemia, patients at high risk, and hyperglycaemia-induced hyponatraemia. CONCLUSION In accordance with guideline recommendation, the majority of nurses did not select hypotonic fluids in three clinical scenarios commonly encountered in the emergency department. However, when setting up an educational program, further awareness is needed regarding symptoms of hyponatraemia, high-risk patients, and hyperglycaemia-induced hyponatraemia.
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24
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Denis M, Di Giacomo A, Lacotte E, Porcheret F, Letouzé N, Lauzier B, Goyer I, Brossier D. From hypotonic maintenance fluid to severe hyponatremia: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:315. [PMID: 34099019 PMCID: PMC8183082 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The principles for maintenance intravenous fluid prescription in children were developed in the 1950s. These guidelines based on the use of hypotonic solutions have been challenged regularly for they seem to be associated with an increased risk of hospital-acquired hyponatremia. Case presentation We report the case of a 4-week-old Caucasian child admitted for acute bronchiolitis who received hypotonic maintenance fluids and developed severe hyponatremia (94 mmol/L) with hyponatremic encephalopathy. Conclusion This clinical situation can serve as a reminder of the latest recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding the use of intravenous fluids that promote the use of isotonic fluids in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France. .,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France. .,CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France. .,Service de reanimation pédiatrique, CHU de Nantes, 4ème étage bâtiment HME, 38 boulevard Jean-Monnet, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - A Di Giacomo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - E Lacotte
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France.,Pediatric Department, CHU de Rouen, 76000, Rouen, France.,Medical School, Université de Rouen, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - F Porcheret
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France.,Pediatric Nephrology, CHU de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - N Letouzé
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - B Lauzier
- Institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - I Goyer
- Department of Pharmacy, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - D Brossier
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, 14000, Caen, France.,Medical School, Université Caen Normandie, 14000, Caen, France
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25
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Keskin H, Keskin F, Keskin Yildirim Z, Guler MA, Ozturk N, Ozturk Karagoz B, Halici Z. Fluid Rate Is Important As Much As Fluid Tonicity: An Experimental Study. Eurasian J Med 2021; 53:118-122. [PMID: 34177294 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2021.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is no study evaluating the effect on plasma osmolality of both fluid tonicity and high fluid rate at the same time. The aim of this experimental study was to determine the change in the plasma osmolality by different fluid tonicity and rate, and to suggest the safest and the most appropriate fluids based on the plasma osmolality for medical situations requiring fluid therapy with high or maintenance rates. Materials and methods The rats were randomly divided into seven groups (six rats in each group): [D5] D5 administered at 100 ml/kg/24h; [D5150] D5 administered at 150 ml/kg/24h; [D5(½)100] D5 0.45% NaCl administered at 100 ml/kg/24h; [D5(½)150] D5 0.45% NaCl administered at 150 ml/kg/24h; [D5(1)100] D5 0.9% NaCl administered at 100 ml/kg/24h; [D5(1)150] D5 0.9% NaCl administered at 150 ml/kg/24h; [Control group] non-treated control rats. Intracardiac blood samples were collected from all the groups at the end of 24 h. Results [D5(1)150] and [D5(½)100] were the group closest to the control group in terms of both sodium (P = .937; P = .699, respectively) and effective osmolality (P = 1, P = .818, respectively). Conclusion Our results showed that 0.9% NaCl and 0.45% NaCl solutions might be the safest and the most appropriate fluids to maintain normal plasma osmolality in medical situations requiring fluid therapy with high or maintenance rates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Keskin
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.,Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Filiz Keskin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Keskin Yildirim
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Akif Guler
- Department of Pediatrics, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurinnisa Ozturk
- Department of Biochemistry, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Berna Ozturk Karagoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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26
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Van Regenmortel N, Moers L, Langer T, Roelant E, De Weerdt T, Caironi P, Malbrain MLNG, Elbers P, Van den Wyngaert T, Jorens PG. Fluid-induced harm in the hospital: look beyond volume and start considering sodium. From physiology towards recommendations for daily practice in hospitalized adults. Ann Intensive Care 2021; 11:79. [PMID: 33999276 PMCID: PMC8128950 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-021-00851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Iatrogenic fluid overload is a potential side effect of intravenous fluid therapy in the hospital. Little attention has been paid to sodium administration as a separate cause of harm. With this narrative review, we aim to substantiate the hypothesis that a considerable amount of fluid-induced harm is caused not only by fluid volume, but also by the sodium that is administered to hospitalized patients. METHODS We show how a regular dietary sodium intake is easily surpassed by the substantial amounts of sodium that are administered during typical hospital stays. The most significant sodium burdens are caused by isotonic maintenance fluid therapy and by fluid creep, defined as the large volume unintentionally administered to patients in the form of dissolved medication. In a section on physiology, we elaborate on the limited renal handling of an acute sodium load. We demonstrate how the subsequent retention of water is an energy-demanding, catabolic process and how free water is needed to excrete large burdens of sodium. We quantify the effect size of sodium-induced fluid retention and discuss its potential clinical impact. Finally, we propose preventive measures, discuss the benefits and risks of low-sodium maintenance fluid therapy, and explore options for reducing the amount of sodium caused by fluid creep. CONCLUSION The sodium burdens caused by isotonic maintenance fluids and fluid creep are responsible for an additional and avoidable derailment of fluid balance, with presumed clinical consequences. Moreover, the handling of sodium overload is characterized by increased catabolism. Easy and effective measures for reducing sodium load and fluid retention include choosing a hypotonic rather than isotonic maintenance fluid strategy (or avoiding these fluids when enough free water is provided through other sources) and dissolving as many medications as possible in glucose 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Van Regenmortel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10 Edegem, B-2650, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Campus Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lynn Moers
- Department of Pharmacy, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Campus Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Langer
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Ella Roelant
- StatUa, Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium.,Clinical Trial Center (CTC), CRC Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim De Weerdt
- Department of Nephrology, Kliniek Sint-Jan, Kruidtuinlaan 32, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pietro Caironi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manu L N G Malbrain
- Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Belgium
| | - Paul Elbers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), Amsterdam Medical Data Science (AMDS), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10 Edegem, B-2650, Antwerp, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 Wilrijk, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10 Edegem, B-2650, Antwerp, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 Wilrijk, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Langston C, Gordon D. Effects of IV Fluids in Dogs and Cats With Kidney Failure. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659960. [PMID: 33959654 PMCID: PMC8093391 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous fluid therapy has long been the mainstay of treatment of kidney disease, including acute kidney injury and uremic crisis associated with chronic kidney disease. Careful management of fluid dose is critical, as animals with kidney disease may have marked derangements in their ability to regulate fluid homeostasis and acid-base status. Understanding of the physiology of renal fluid handling is necessary, along with repeated attention to parameters of fluid status, electrolytes, and acid-base balance, to achieve optimal hydration status and avoid further damage or decrease in function from dehydration or overhydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Langston
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Gordon
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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28
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Kimmel M. [Volume management: peri-operatively and peri-interventionally]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2021; 146:525-529. [PMID: 33853170 DOI: 10.1055/a-1268-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluid therapy is one of the basic and most frequently performed medical therapies in everyday clinical practice. However, optimal volume management is a challenge: the application is simple, but the whole volume management is a complex process and physicians have to pay attention on underlying pathophysiology. Intravenous fluids should be prescribed like medications, i. e. the type of fluid and the amount must be adapted to each individual patient with his needs. Intravascular volume therapy is often used peri-operatively and peri-interventionally.Nowadays, crystalloid solutions are widely used and the standard is a balanced electrolyte solution. Only in selected situations 0,9 % sodium chloride solutions should be used, because they contain a high chloride concentration (154 mmol/l) and lead to increased risk of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
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29
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Rudloff E, Hopper K. Crystalloid and Colloid Compositions and Their Impact. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639848. [PMID: 33869319 PMCID: PMC8044465 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript will review crystalloid (hypo-, iso-, and hyper-tonic) and colloid (synthetic and natural) fluids that are available for intravenous administration with a focus on their electrolyte, acid-base, colligative, and rheological effects as they relate to each solution's efficacy and safety. The goal is for the reader to better understand the differences between each fluid and the influence on plasma composition, key organ systems, and their implications when used therapeutically in animals with critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Rudloff
- BluePearl Specialty + Pet Emergency, Glendale, WI, United States
| | - Kate Hopper
- Department of Veterinary Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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30
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Nordstrom M, Landman G, Pfaff N, Kaiser SV. Improving Isotonic Maintenance Intravenous Fluid Use at a Tertiary Children's Hospital. Hosp Pediatr 2021; 11:374-379. [PMID: 33785518 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-003673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maintenance intravenous fluids (IVFs) are routinely used in the care of hospitalized children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published clinical practice guidelines in November 2018 that recommended the use of isotonic maintenance IVF. Our primary aim was to increase the proportion of hospital days pediatric inpatients were exclusively administered isotonic maintenance IVF to ≥80% by May 2020 at our institution. METHODS We conducted a single-center quality improvement (QI) study as part of an AAP collaborative. An interdisciplinary team led QI interventions including providing targeted education to clinicians, integrating guideline recommendations into the electronic medical record, engaging hospital leaders, and providing performance data to clinicians. Our study population included children ages 28 days to 18 years admitted to inpatient wards. Our primary outcome was the proportion of hospital days with exclusive isotonic maintenance IVF use. Balancing measures included transfers to the ICU, ordering of serum sodium laboratory tests, and adverse events. Data were analyzed by using statistical process control. RESULTS We analyzed 500 hospital admissions and found a significant increase in exclusive isotonic IVF use (63% to 95%) within 9 months of starting our QI intervention. We found no significant changes in balancing measures (serum sodium laboratory tests [24% to 25%], ICU transfer [0.3% to 1%], adverse events [0.3% to 1%]). CONCLUSIONS Our interdisciplinary QI team led interventions that were associated with significant improvements in isotonic IVF use, in accordance with AAP clinical practice guidelines. With our study, we provide detailed guidance on successful interventions for implementing this evidence-based guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geri Landman
- Sutter East Bay Medical Group, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Sunitha V Kaiser
- Departments of Pediatrics and.,Epidemiology and Biostatistics and.,Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
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31
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Moritz ML, Ayus JC. 0.9% saline and balance crystalloids in acute ill patients: Trading one problem for another. J Crit Care 2021; 63:254-256. [PMID: 33608168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Moritz
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Juan C Ayus
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Nephrology, Orange, CA, USA
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32
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Barlow A, Barlow B, Tang N, Shah BM, King AE. Intravenous Fluid Management in Critically Ill Adults: A Review. Crit Care Nurse 2020; 40:e17-e27. [PMID: 33257968 DOI: 10.4037/ccn2020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
TOPIC This article reviews the management of intravenous fluids and the evaluation of volume status in critically ill adults. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intravenous fluid administration is one of the most common interventions in the intensive care unit. Critically ill patients have dynamic fluid requirements, making the management of fluid therapy challenging. New literature suggests that balanced salt solutions may be preferred in some patient populations. PURPOSE OF PAPER The bedside critical care nurse must understand the properties of various intravenous fluids and their corresponding impact on human physiology. The nurse's clinical and laboratory assessments of each patient help define the goals of fluid therapy, which will in turn be used to determine the optimal patient-specific selection and dose of fluid for administration. Nurses serve a vital role in monitoring the safety and efficacy of intravenous fluid therapy. Although this intervention can be lifesaving, inappropriate use of fluids has the potential to yield detrimental effects. CONTENT COVERED This article discusses fluid physiology and the goals of intravenous fluid therapy, compares the types of intravenous fluids (isotonic crystalloids, including 0.9% sodium chloride and balanced salt solutions; hypotonic and hypertonic crystalloids; and colloids) and their adverse effects and impact on hemodynamics, and describes the critical care nurse's essential role in selecting and monitoring intravenous fluid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Barlow
- Ashley Barlow is an oncology pharmacy resident, Department of Pharmacy Services, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brooke Barlow
- Brooke Barlow is a critical care pharmacy resident at the University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nancy Tang
- Nancy Tang is a clinical pharmacist at MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - Amber E King
- Bhavik M. Shah and Amber E. King are associate professors at Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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33
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Chromek M, Jungner Å, Rudolfson N, Ley D, Bockenhauer D, Hagander L. Hyponatraemia despite isotonic maintenance fluid therapy: a time series intervention study. Arch Dis Child 2020; 106:archdischild-2019-318555. [PMID: 33115710 PMCID: PMC8070620 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of dysnatraemias among children admitted for paediatric surgery before and after a change from hypotonic to isotonic intravenous maintenance fluid therapy. DESIGN Retrospective consecutive time series intervention study. SETTING Paediatric surgery ward at the Children's Hospital in Lund, during a 7-year period, 2010-2017. PATIENTS All children with a blood sodium concentration measurement during the study period were included. Hypotonic maintenance fluid (40 mmol/L NaCl and 20 mmol/L KCl) was used during the first 3 years of the study (646 patients), and isotonic solution (140 mmol/L NaCl and 20 mmol/L KCl) was used during the following period (807 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were sodium concentration and occurrence of hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L) or hypernatraemia (>145 mmol/L). RESULTS Overall, the change from hypotonic to isotonic intravenous maintenance fluid therapy was associated with a decreased prevalence of hyponatraemia from 29% to 22% (adjusted OR 0.65 (0.51-0.82)) without a significantly increased odds for hypernatraemia (from 3.4% to 4.3%, adjusted OR 1.2 (0.71-2.1)). Hyponatraemia <130 mmol/L decreased from 6.2% to 2.6%, and hyponatraemia <125 mmol/L decreased from 2.0% to 0.5%. CONCLUSIONS Routine use of intravenous isotonic maintenance fluids was associated with lower prevalence of hyponatraemia, although hyponatraemia still occurred in over 20% of patients. We propose that the composition and the volume of administered fluid need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Chromek
- Paediatric Nephrology, Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Intensive Care, and Neonatal Care, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Paediatric Nephrology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Jungner
- Paediatric Nephrology, Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Intensive Care, and Neonatal Care, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niclas Rudolfson
- Paediatric Nephrology, Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Intensive Care, and Neonatal Care, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Ley
- Paediatric Nephrology, Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Intensive Care, and Neonatal Care, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- University College London, Department of Renal Medicine and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lars Hagander
- Paediatric Nephrology, Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Intensive Care, and Neonatal Care, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Risks of severe hyponatremia in children receiving hypotonic fluids. Arch Pediatr 2020; 27:474-479. [PMID: 33028494 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous fluids are frequently used in hospitalized children. Hypotonic fluids have been the standard of care in pediatrics for many years. This might be explained by the empiricism of early recommendations favoring fluids with dextrose, but an insufficient amount of sodium. The risk of hyponatremia (<135mmol/L) might be increased by the occurrence of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in the course of common acute diseases (e.g., bronchiolitis, acute gastroenteritis, encephalitis, meningitis) in children. Severe hyponatremia (<130mmol/L) is often associated with neurologic complications leading to sequelae or even death. Over the last few years, hyponatremia induced by hypotonic fluids has been increasingly reported, and significant progress has been made in the understanding of cerebral edema and osmotic demyelination. Several randomized clinical trials have shown weak but significant evidence that isotonic fluids were superior to hypotonic solutions in preventing hyponatremia. However, clinical practices have not changed much in France, as suggested by the analysis of intravenous fluids ordered from the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) central pharmacy (PCH) in 2017. Therefore, it would be advisable that national guidelines be released under the French Health Authorities regarding the safe infusion of infants and children.
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Sindahl P, Overgaard-Steensen C, Wallach-Kildemoes H, De Bruin ML, Leufkens HGM, Kemp K, Gardarsdottir H. Are Further Interventions Needed to Prevent and Manage Hospital-Acquired Hyponatraemia? A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey of IV Fluid Prescribing Practices. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092790. [PMID: 32872460 PMCID: PMC7565867 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyponatraemia is associated with increased morbidity, increased mortality and is frequently hospital-acquired due to inappropriate administration of hypotonic fluids. Despite several attempts to minimise the risk, knowledge is lacking as to whether inappropriate prescribing practice continues to be a concern. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed in Danish emergency department physicians in spring 2019. Prescribing practices were assessed by means of four clinical scenarios commonly encountered in the emergency department. Thirteen multiple-choice questions were used to measure knowledge. RESULTS 201 physicians responded corresponding to 55.4% of the total population of physicians working at emergency departments in Denmark. About a quarter reported that they would use hypotonic fluids in patients with increased intracranial pressure and 29.4% would use hypotonic maintenance fluids in children, both of which are against guideline recommendations. Also, 29.4% selected the correct fluid, a 3% hypertonic saline solution, for a patient with hyponatraemia and severe neurological symptoms, which is a medical emergency. Most physicians were unaware of the impact of hypotonic fluids on plasma sodium in acutely ill patients. CONCLUSION Inappropriate prescribing practices and limited knowledge of a large number of physicians calls for further interventions to minimise the risk of hospital-acquired hyponatraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Sindahl
- Danish Medicines Agency, Division of Pharmacovigilance and Medical Devices, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.L.); (H.G.)
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Helle Wallach-Kildemoes
- Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Marie Louise De Bruin
- Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Hubert GM Leufkens
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Kaare Kemp
- Danish Medicines Agency, Division of Pharmacovigilance and Medical Devices, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Helga Gardarsdottir
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.L.); (H.G.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Futier E, Pereira B, Jaber S. Hydroxyethyl Starch vs Saline for Volume Expansion After Abdominal Surgery-Reply. JAMA 2020; 324:200-201. [PMID: 32662859 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.6983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Futier
- Hôpital Estaing, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Direction de la Recherche Clinique (DRCI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samir Jaber
- Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Malbrain MLNG, Langer T, Annane D, Gattinoni L, Elbers P, Hahn RG, De Laet I, Minini A, Wong A, Ince C, Muckart D, Mythen M, Caironi P, Van Regenmortel N. Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: Executive summary of the International Fluid Academy (IFA). Ann Intensive Care 2020; 10:64. [PMID: 32449147 PMCID: PMC7245999 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous fluid administration should be considered as any other pharmacological prescription. There are three main indications: resuscitation, replacement, and maintenance. Moreover, the impact of fluid administration as drug diluent or to preserve catheter patency, i.e., fluid creep, should also be considered. As for antibiotics, intravenous fluid administration should follow the four Ds: drug, dosing, duration, de-escalation. Among crystalloids, balanced solutions limit acid–base alterations and chloride load and should be preferred, as this likely prevents renal dysfunction. Among colloids, albumin, the only available natural colloid, may have beneficial effects. The last decade has seen growing interest in the potential harms related to fluid overloading. In the perioperative setting, appropriate fluid management that maintains adequate organ perfusion while limiting fluid administration should represent the standard of care. Protocols including a restrictive continuous fluid administration alongside bolus administration to achieve hemodynamic targets have been proposed. A similar approach should be considered also for critically ill patients, in whom increased endothelial permeability makes this strategy more relevant. Active de-escalation protocols may be necessary in a later phase. The R.O.S.E. conceptual model (Resuscitation, Optimization, Stabilization, Evacuation) summarizes accurately a dynamic approach to fluid therapy, maximizing benefits and minimizing harms. Even in specific categories of critically ill patients, i.e., with trauma or burns, fluid therapy should be carefully applied, considering the importance of their specific aims; maintaining peripheral oxygen delivery, while avoiding the consequences of fluid overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu L N G Malbrain
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brussels (UZB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Jette, Belgium. .,Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette, 1090, Belgium. .,International Fluid Academy, Lovenjoel, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Langer
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Djillali Annane
- General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (GHU APHP Université Paris Saclay), U1173 Inflammation & Infection, School of Medicine Simone Veil, UVSQ-University Paris Saclay, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France
| | - Luciano Gattinoni
- Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Elbers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert G Hahn
- Karolinska Institutet at Danderyds Hospital (KIDS), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inneke De Laet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Minini
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brussels (UZB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Jette, Belgium
| | - Adrian Wong
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Can Ince
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Intensive Care Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Muckart
- Department of Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Level I Trauma Unit and Trauma Intensive Care Unit, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Monty Mythen
- University College London Hospitals, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Pietro Caironi
- SCDU Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Niels Van Regenmortel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
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Maintenance Fluid Therapy with Saline, Dextrose-Supplemented Saline or Lactated Ringer in Childhood: Short-Term Metabolic Effects. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051449. [PMID: 32429568 PMCID: PMC7284774 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance with isotonic fluids is recommended in children with gastroenteritis and failure of oral rehydration therapy. However, little is known on the short-term effects of the commonly prescribed intravenous solutions on metabolic balance in children. The aim of this study is to report on our experience with normal saline, dextrose-supplemented saline and lactated Ringer solution. Methods: A retrospective analysis from the charts of all previously apparently healthy children with acute gastroenteritis, mild to moderate dehydration and failure of oral rehydration, evaluated between January 2016 and December 2019 at our institution, was performed. Subjects prescribed the above-mentioned maintenance intravenous fluids and with blood testing immediately before starting fluid therapy and 4–6 h later, were eligible. The changes in bicarbonate, ionized sodium, potassium, chloride, anion gap and glucose were investigated. Kruskal–Wallis test with the post-hoc Dunn’s comparison and the Fisher exact test were applied. Results: A total of 134 out of 732 children affected by acute gastroenteritis were included (56 patients were prescribed normal saline, 48 dextrose-supplemented normal saline and 30 lactated Ringer solution). The effect of the three solutions on sodium and potassium was similar. As compared to non-supplemented normal saline (+0.4 (−1.9 – +2.2) mmol/L), dextrose-supplemented normal saline (+1.5 (+0.1 – +4.2) mmol/L) and lactated Ringer (+2.6 (+0.4 – +4.1) mmol/L) solution had a positive effect on plasma bicarbonate. Finally, the influence of dextrose-supplemented saline on blood glucose was different (+1.1 (+0.3 – +2.2) mmol/L) compared to that observed in cases hydrated with non-supplemented saline (−0.4 (−1.2 – +0.3) mmol/L) or lactated Ringer solution (−0.4 (−1.2 – +0.1) mmol/L). Conclusions: This study points out that maintenance intravenous therapies using normal saline, dextrose-supplemented saline or lactated Ringer solution have different effects on metabolic balance. A personalized fluid therapy that takes into account the clinical and biochemical variables is advised.
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Futier E, Garot M, Godet T, Biais M, Verzilli D, Ouattara A, Huet O, Lescot T, Lebuffe G, Dewitte A, Cadic A, Restoux A, Asehnoune K, Paugam-Burtz C, Cuvillon P, Faucher M, Vaisse C, El Amine Y, Beloeil H, Leone M, Noll E, Piriou V, Lasocki S, Bazin JE, Pereira B, Jaber S. Effect of Hydroxyethyl Starch vs Saline for Volume Replacement Therapy on Death or Postoperative Complications Among High-Risk Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery: The FLASH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2020; 323:225-236. [PMID: 31961418 PMCID: PMC6990683 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE It is not known if use of colloid solutions containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES) to correct for intravascular deficits in high-risk surgical patients is either effective or safe. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of HES 130/0.4 compared with 0.9% saline for intravascular volume expansion on mortality and postoperative complications after major abdominal surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial of 775 adult patients at increased risk of postoperative kidney injury undergoing major abdominal surgery at 20 university hospitals in France from February 2016 to July 2018; final follow-up was in October 2018. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive fluid containing either 6% HES 130/0.4 diluted in 0.9% saline (n = 389) or 0.9% saline alone (n = 386) in 250-mL boluses using an individualized hemodynamic algorithm during surgery and for up to 24 hours on the first postoperative day, defined as ending at 7:59 am the following day. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was a composite of death or major postoperative complications at 14 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes included predefined postoperative complications within 14 days after surgery, durations of intensive care unit and hospital stays, and all-cause mortality at postoperative days 28 and 90. RESULTS Among 826 patients enrolled (mean age, 68 [SD, 7] years; 91 women [12%]), 775 (94%) completed the trial. The primary outcome occurred in 139 of 389 patients (36%) in the HES group and 125 of 386 patients (32%) in the saline group (difference, 3.3% [95% CI, -3.3% to 10.0%]; relative risk, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.91-1.34]; P = .33). Among 12 prespecified secondary outcomes reported, 11 showed no significant difference, but a statistically significant difference was found in median volume of study fluid administered on day 1: 1250 mL (interquartile range, 750-2000 mL) in the HES group and 1500 mL (interquartile range, 750-2150 mL) in the saline group (median difference, 250 mL [95% CI, 83-417 mL]; P = .006). At 28 days after surgery, 4.1% and 2.3% of patients had died in the HES and saline groups, respectively (difference, 1.8% [95% CI, -0.7% to 4.3%]; relative risk, 1.76 [95% CI, 0.79-3.94]; P = .17). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients at risk of postoperative kidney injury undergoing major abdominal surgery, use of HES for volume replacement therapy compared with 0.9% saline resulted in no significant difference in a composite outcome of death or major postoperative complications within 14 days after surgery. These findings do not support the use of HES for volume replacement therapy in such patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02502773.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Futier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Estaing, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm U-1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthias Garot
- CHU de Lille, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Thomas Godet
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthieu Biais
- CHU de Bordeaux, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniel Verzilli
- CHU Montpellier, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation B (DAR B), Hôpital Saint-Eloi, and Inserm U-1046, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Ouattara
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service Anesthésie et Réanimation, Centre Medico-chirugical Magellan, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm, UMR 1034, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Huet
- CHU de Brest, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital La cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | | | - Gilles Lebuffe
- CHU de Lille, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Antoine Dewitte
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service Anesthésie et Réanimation, Centre Medico-chirugical Magellan, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm, UMR 1034, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pessac, France
| | - Anna Cadic
- CHU de Brest, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital La cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - Aymeric Restoux
- AP-HP, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, Paris, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- CHU de Nantes, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | | | - Philippe Cuvillon
- CHU de Nîmes, Section d’Anesthésie, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Nîmes, France
| | - Marion Faucher
- Institut Paoli Calmettes, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Vaisse
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Younes El Amine
- Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Valenciennes, France
| | - Hélène Beloeil
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, INRA, CHU Rennes, CIC 1414, Numecan, Pôle Anesthésie et Réanimation, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Leone
- AP-HM, Service Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Nord, Université Aix Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Noll
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service d’Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Piriou
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d’Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Etienne Bazin
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, Direction de la Recherche Clinique (DRCI), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samir Jaber
- CHU Montpellier, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation B (DAR B), Hôpital Saint-Eloi, and Inserm U-1046, Montpellier, France
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40
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Liu C, Lu G, Wang D, Lei Y, Mao Z, Hu P, Hu J, Liu R, Han D, Zhou F. Balanced crystalloids versus normal saline for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:2072-2078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Van Regenmortel N, Hendrickx S, Roelant E, Baar I, Dams K, Van Vlimmeren K, Embrecht B, Wittock A, Hendriks JM, Lauwers P, Van Schil PE, Van Craenenbroeck AH, Verbrugghe W, Malbrain MLNG, Van den Wyngaert T, Jorens PG. 154 compared to 54 mmol per liter of sodium in intravenous maintenance fluid therapy for adult patients undergoing major thoracic surgery (TOPMAST): a single-center randomized controlled double-blind trial. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:1422-1432. [PMID: 31576437 PMCID: PMC6773673 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of the sodium content of maintenance fluid therapy on cumulative fluid balance and electrolyte disorders. METHODS We performed a randomized controlled trial of adults undergoing major thoracic surgery, randomly assigned (1:1) to receive maintenance fluids containing 154 mmol/L (Na154) or 54 mmol/L (Na54) of sodium from the start of surgery until their discharge from the ICU, the occurrence of a serious adverse event or the third postoperative day at the latest. Investigators, caregivers and patients were blinded to the treatment. Primary outcome was cumulative fluid balance. Electrolyte disturbances were assessed as secondary endpoints, different adverse events and physiological markers as safety and exploratory endpoints. FINDINGS We randomly assigned 70 patients; primary outcome data were available for 33 and 34 patients in the Na54 and Na154 treatment arms, respectively. Estimated cumulative fluid balance at 72 h was 1369 mL (95% CI 601-2137) more positive in the Na154 arm (p < 0.001), despite comparable non-study fluid sources. Hyponatremia < 135 mmol/L was encountered in four patients (11.8%) under Na54 compared to none under Na154 (p = 0.04), but there was no significantly more hyponatremia < 130 mmol/L (1 versus 0; p = 0.31). There was more hyperchloremia > 109 mmol/L under Na154 (24/35 patients, 68.6%) than under Na54 (4/34 patients, 11.8%) (p < 0.001). The treating clinicians discontinued the study due to clinical or radiographic fluid overload in six patients receiving Na154 compared to one patient under Na54 (excess risk 14.2%; 95% CI - 0.2-30.4%, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In adult surgical patients, sodium-rich maintenance solutions were associated with a more positive cumulative fluid balance and hyperchloremia; hypotonic fluids were associated with mild and asymptomatic hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Van Regenmortel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Campus Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, 2060, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Steven Hendrickx
- Department of Anesthesiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ella Roelant
- Clinical Trial Center (CTC), Clinical Research Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
- StatUa, Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Baar
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien Dams
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Van Vlimmeren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Embrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anouk Wittock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen M Hendriks
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Lauwers
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul E Van Schil
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Walter Verbrugghe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manu L N G Malbrain
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brussels (UZB), Laarbeeklaan 101, Jette, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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42
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Sakornyutthadej N, Poomthavorn P, Mahachoklertwattana P. Effect of Environmental Temperature on Serum Sodium Level in Hospitalized Non-critically Ill Children. J Trop Pediatr 2019; 65:336-341. [PMID: 30203059 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous hypotonic fluid administered in children is associated with an increased risk of developing hyponatremia. This finding has been reported from temperate countries where climate is relatively cold. But whether this risk also occurs in tropical countries has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental temperature and serum sodium in non-critically ill children. METHODS A retrospective study. RESULTS A total of 1061 hospitalized children were enrolled. Incidences of hyponatremia were not different between patients who received isotonic and hypotonic fluids (29% vs. 31%). Subgroup analysis showed a trend of higher incidence of hyponatremia in patients who received hypotonic fluid than isotonic fluid only in patients admitted to the air-conditioned wards (29% vs. 21%, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION Children admitted to the air-conditioned wards who received hypotonic fluid seemed to carry a higher risk of developing hyponatremia than those admitted to the non-air-conditioned ward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natee Sakornyutthadej
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, 270 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preamrudee Poomthavorn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, 270 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pat Mahachoklertwattana
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, 270 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand
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43
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Moritz ML. Why 0.9% saline is isotonic: understanding the aqueous phase of plasma and the difference between osmolarity and osmolality. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:1299-1300. [PMID: 30215094 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Moritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, 15224, USA.
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44
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Hawkins WA, Smith SE, Newsome AS, Carr JR, Bland CM, Branan TN. Fluid Stewardship During Critical Illness: A Call to Action. J Pharm Pract 2019; 33:863-873. [PMID: 31256705 PMCID: PMC7675763 DOI: 10.1177/0897190019853979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous fluids (IVFs) are the most common drugs administered in the intensive care unit. Despite the ubiquitous use, IVFs are not benign and carry significant risks associated with under- or overadministration. Hypovolemia is associated with decreased organ perfusion, ischemia, and multi-organ failure. Hypervolemia and volume overload are associated with organ dysfunction, delayed liberation from mechanical ventilation, and increased mortality. Despite appropriate provision of IVF, adverse drug effects such as electrolyte abnormalities and acid-base disturbances may occur. The management of volume status in critically ill patients is both dynamic and tenuous, a process that requires frequent monitoring and high clinical acumen. Because patient-specific considerations for fluid therapy evolve across the continuum of critical illness, a standard approach to the assessment of fluid needs and prescription of IVF therapy is necessary. We propose the principle of "fluid stewardship," guided by 4 rights of medication safety: right patient, right drug, right route, and right dose. The successful implementation of fluid stewardship will aid pharmacists in making decisions regarding IVF therapy to optimize hemodynamic management and improve patient outcomes. Additionally, we highlight several areas of focus for future research, guided by the 4 rights construct of fluid stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Anthony Hawkins
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Susan E Smith
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Sikora Newsome
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John R Carr
- Department of Pharmacy, St Joseph's/Candler Health System, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Christopher M Bland
- Department of Pharmacy, St Joseph's/Candler Health System, Savannah, GA, USA.,Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Trisha N Branan
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
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45
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Khaleel I, Zaidi STR, Shastri MD, Eapen MS, Ming LC, Wanandy T, Patel RP. Investigations into the physical and chemical stability of concentrated co-trimoxazole intravenous infusions. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2019; 25:e102-e108. [PMID: 31157078 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives High dose of intravenous sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) is often used in immunocompromised patients for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Current manufacturer's dilution recommendation for intravenous co-trimoxazole (1:25 v/v) requires the administration of 2 L of additional fluid per day causing serious complications including pulmonary oedema. Intravenous administration of concentrated solution of co-trimoxazole may minimise the risk of fluid overload associated side effects. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the physicochemical stability of concentrated intravenous co-trimoxazole solutions. Methods Four ampoules of intravenous co-trimoxazole were injected into an infusion bag containing either 480 (1:25 v/v), 380 (1:20 v/v), 280 (1:15 v/v) or 180 (1:10 v/v) mL of glucose 5% solution. Three bags for each dilution (total 12 bags) were prepared and stored at room temperature. An aliquot was withdrawn immediately (at 0 hour) and after 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 hours of storage for high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and additional samples were withdrawn every half an hour for microscopic examination. Each sample was analysed for the concentration of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole using a stability indicating HPLC method. Samples were assessed for pH, change in colour (visually) and for particle content (microscopically) immediately after preparation and on each time of analysis. Results Intravenous co-trimoxazole at 1:25, 1:20, 1:15 and 1:10 v/v retained more than 98% of the initial concentration of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole for 4 hours. There was no major change in pH at time zero and at various time points. Microscopically, no particles were detected for at least 4 hours and 2 hours when intravenous co-trimoxazole was diluted at 1:25 or 1:20 and 1:15 v/v, respectively. More than 1200 particles/mL were detected after 2.5 hours of storage when intravenous co-trimoxazole was diluted at 1:15 v/v. Conclusions Intravenous co-trimoxazole is stable over a period of 4 hours when diluted with 380 mL of glucose 5% solution (1:20 v/v) and for 2 hours when diluted with 280 mL glucose 5% solution (1:15 v/v).
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Khaleel
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Syed Tabish R Zaidi
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Pharmacy, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Madhur D Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Troy Wanandy
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Pharmacy, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P Patel
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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46
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Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Hypotonic maintenance i.v. fluids are not appropriate in acutely ill patients. Conclusions can't be extrapolated from healthy volunteers. Br J Anaesth 2019; 119:1064-1065. [PMID: 29077830 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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Intravenous maintenance fluid tonicity and hyponatremia after major surgery- a cohort study. Int J Surg 2019; 67:1-7. [PMID: 31075533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous maintenance fluid (IMF) tonicity and composition influence plasma electrolyte balance. OBJECTIVE To determine if hypotonic IMF therapy contributes to post-surgical hyponatremia. SETTING Single-center tertiary institution. PARTICIPANTS Adults who underwent major surgery and received peri-surgical IMF, with exclusive administration of hypotonic pre-mixed 0.33% saline, 5% dextrose and potassium chloride (DK0.33%S), or isotonic 0.9% saline with or without 5% dextrose (NS/DNS). OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We examined post-surgical hyponatremia, hypokalemia and acute kidney injury (AKI), associated with use of either IMF. RESULTS We studied 659 patients, of whom 161 patients (24%) developed post-surgical hyponatremia. DK0.33%S (versus NS/DNS) IMF was administered in 52% of patients who developed hyponatremia, compared to 38% of patients with stable natremia (p = 0.001). More patients with hyponatremia underwent gastrointestinal-hepatobiliary or abdominal (GI/HBS/Abd) surgery versus other surgical-sites (p = 0.001). Hypokalemia developed in 1% versus 10% of patients who received DK0.33%S and NS/DNS IMF respectively (p< 0.001), with corresponding AKI rates of 3% versus 7% (p = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, adjusted for timing of biochemistry post-surgery, IMF infusion rate and volume; independent factors associated with post-surgical hyponatremia included DK0.33%S administration, GI/HBS/Abd surgery (versus other sites), and post-surgical AKI (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis by surgical sites showed that association of DK0.33%S administration with hyponatremia was most evident in GI/HBS/Abd surgery. CONCLUSIONS Administration of DK0.33%S IMF, compared with NS/DNS, is associated with post-surgical hyponatremia in adults after major surgery, but with less hypokalemia. The higher rate of AKI observed with NS/DNS IMF requires further evaluation.
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48
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Ayus JC, Moritz ML. Misconceptions and Barriers to the Use of Hypertonic Saline to Treat Hyponatremic Encephalopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:47. [PMID: 30931308 PMCID: PMC6428704 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyponatremic encephalopathy is a potentially life-threatening condition with a high associated morbidity and mortality. It can be difficult to diagnose as the presenting symptoms can be non-specific and do not always correlate with the degree of hyponatremia. It can rapidly progress leading to death from transtentorial herniation. Hypertonic saline is the recommended treatment for hyponatremic encephalopathy, whether acute or chronic, yet it is infrequently used. We believe that the main barriers to its use is the perception that hypertonic saline is associated with a significant risk for cerebral demyelination, that it can't be administered through a peripheral IV and that it requires monitoring in the ICU. Two illustrative cases are presented followed by a discussion of how intermittent bolus's of 100−150 ml of 3% NaCl in rapid succession to acutely increase the plasma sodium by 4−6 mEq/L is a safe and effective way to treat hyponatremic encephalopathy, that can be administered through a peripheral IV in a non-ICU setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Ayus
- Renal Consultants of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine Irvine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michael L Moritz
- Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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49
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Nagae M, Egi M, Furushima N, Okada M, Makino S, Mizobuchi S. The impact of intravenous isotonic and hypotonic maintenance fluid on the risk of delirium in adult postoperative patients: retrospective before-after observational study. J Anesth 2019; 33:287-294. [PMID: 30806785 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of intravenous isotonic and hypotonic maintenance fluid on the risk of delirium in adult postoperative patients, we conducted retrospective before-after study in a tertiary teaching hospital. METHODS We examined all adult patients admitted ICU after an elective operation for head and neck cancer, or esophageal cancer from February 2014 to January 2017. From February 2014 to July 2015, patients were administered hypotonic fluid (sodium; 35 mmol/L) as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have recommended. From August 2015 to January 2017, patients were administered isotonic fluid (sodium; 140 mmol/L). We defined the incidence of delirium as the primary outcome. The delirium was defined as the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist during the ICU stay ≥ 4. A propensity score-matched model was used to adjust confounders. RESULTS As postoperative intravenous maintenance fluid, hypotonic fluid was administered to 119 patients and isotonic fluid was administered to 92 patients. Among those total cohorts, the incidence of postoperative delirium in the hypotonic group was 21.8%, which was significantly higher than that (9.8%) in the isotonic group (p = 0.019). After propensity score matching, we selected 77 patients in each group. The incidence of delirium during the ICU stay in the hypotonic group was 26.0%, which was significantly higher than the incidence of 11.7% in the isotonic group (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the use of postoperative hypotonic maintenance fluid was associated with a higher risk of postoperative delirium than that when isotonic maintenance fluid was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Nagae
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Moritoki Egi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Nana Furushima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masako Okada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shohei Makino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizobuchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe city, 650-0017, Japan
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50
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Abdessalam S. Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance fluid administration in the pediatric surgical patient . Semin Pediatr Surg 2019; 28:43-46. [PMID: 30824133 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous fluid administration has been occurring for well over one hundred years for a variety of pediatric disease processes. Surprisingly, clinicians have yet to agree upon a standardized intravenous solution. There is ongoing debate regarding the administration of isotonic versus hypotonic fluids as maintenance solutions. In this article, we will review what is known about different maintenance solutions, discuss the potential complications with their use, and summarize the available evidence to help guide clinicians in their choice of maintenance fluids for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Abdessalam
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, 8200 Dodge Street, 4th Floor Pavilion, Omaha, 68114 NE, United States.
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