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Marshall DA, Tagimacruz T, Cepoiu-Martin M, Robert J, Ring B, Burston M, Higgins S, Hess M, White J. A Simulation Modelling Study of Referral Distribution Policies in a Centralized Intake System for Surgical Consultation. J Med Syst 2022; 47:4. [PMID: 36585480 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-022-01897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Delays beyond recommended wait times, especially for specialist services, are associated with adverse health outcomes. The Alberta Surgical Initiative aims to improve the referral wait time-the time between a referral is received at the central intake to the time a specialist sees the patient. Using the discrete event simulation modelling approach, we evaluated and compared the impact of four referral distribution policies in a central intake system on three system performance measures (number of consultations, referral wait time and surgeon utilization). The model was co-designed with clinicians and clinic staff to represent the flow of patients through the system. We used data from the Facilitated Access to Surgical Treatment (FAST) centralized intake referral program for General Surgery to parameterize the model. Four distribution policies were evaluated - next-available-surgeon, sequential, "blackjack," and "kanban." A sequential distribution of referrals for surgical consultation among the surgeons resulted in the worst performance in terms of the number of consultations, referral wait time and surgeon utilization. The three other distribution policies are comparable in performance. The "next available surgeon" model provided the most efficient and robust model, with approximately 1,000 more consultations, 100 days shorter referral time and a 14% increase in surgeon utilization. Discrete event simulation (DES) modelling can be an effective tool to illustrate and communicate the impact of the referral distribution policy on system performance in terms of the number of consultations, referral wait time and surgeon utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Marshall
- Cumming School of Medicine, McCaig Bone and Joint Health Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z, Canada.
| | - Toni Tagimacruz
- Cumming School of Medicine, McCaig Bone and Joint Health Institute, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z, Canada
| | - Monica Cepoiu-Martin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jill Robert
- Surgery, Alberta Health Services, Bone & Joint Strategic Clinical NetworkTM, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bernice Ring
- Surgery Strategic Clinical NetworkTM, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Suzanne Higgins
- Surgery Strategic Clinical NetworkTM, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan White
- Surgery Strategic Clinical NetworkTM, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
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Marshall DA, Bischak DP, Zaerpour F, Sharif B, Smith C, Reczek T, Robert J, Werle J, Dick D. Wait time management strategies at centralized intake system for hip and knee replacement surgery: A need for a blended evidence-based and patient-centered approach. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Button K, Morgan F, Weightman AL, Jones S. Musculoskeletal care pathways for adults with hip and knee pain referred for specialist opinion: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027874. [PMID: 31488471 PMCID: PMC6731906 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Musculoskeletal care pathways are variable and inconsistent. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for the clinical and/or cost effectiveness of current care pathways for adults with hip and/or knee pain referred for specialist opinion. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES Electronic database searches were carried out in MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central and Health Management Information Consortium without language restriction from 1990 onwards. Websites were reviewed for grey literature. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA All study designs and documents that considered care pathways for adults with musculoskeletal hip and/or knee pain referred for specialist opinion were screened by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for randomised controlled trials and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second. Findings are reported narratively. RESULTS The titles and abstracts of 1248 articles were screened and 140 full-text articles retrieved. 19 papers reporting 17 studies met the study inclusion criteria. Quality was low due to study design and methodological flaws. Most of the outcomes relate to organisational process at the 'meso' level of a whole systems approach. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the pathway is not linear, containing variations and activity loops. The available evidence suggests that, from the point of referral for specialist opinion, a model is required that integrates the skills of all the different healthcare professionals and streamlining is required to ensure that individuals are seen by the healthcare professional that best meets their needs. There is very limited evidence of patient experience informing knee and hip care pathways. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016035510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Button
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fiona Morgan
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE), University Library Service, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stephen Jones
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
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Lopatina E, Miller JL, Teare SR, Marlett NJ, Patel J, Barber CEH, Mosher DP, Wasylak T, Woodhouse LJ, Marshall DA. The voice of patients in system redesign: A case study of redesigning a centralized system for intake of referrals from primary care to rheumatologists for patients with suspected rheumatoid arthritis. Health Expect 2018; 22:348-363. [PMID: 30520175 PMCID: PMC6543166 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The published literature demands examples of health-care systems designed with the active engagement of patients to explore the application of this complex phenomenon in practice. METHODS This case study explored how the voice of patients was incorporated into the process of redesigning an element of the health-care system, a centralized system for intake of referrals from primary care to rheumatologists for patients with suspected rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-centralized intake. The phenomenon of patient engagement using "patient and community engagement researchers" (PaCERs) in research and the process of redesigning centralized intake were selected as the case. In-depth evaluation of the case was undertaken through the triangulation of findings from the document review and participants' reflection on the case. RESULTS In this case, patients and PaCERs participated in multiple activities including an initial meeting of key stakeholders to develop the project vision; a patient-to-patient PaCERs study to gather perspectives of patients with RA on the challenges they face in accessing and navigating the health-care system, and what they see as key elements of an effective system that would be responsive to their needs; the development of an evaluation framework for future centralized intake; and the choice of candidate centralized intake strategies to be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The described feasible multistep approach to active patient engagement in health-care system redesign contributes to an understanding of the application of this complex phenomenon in practice. Therefore, the manuscript serves as one more step towards a patient-centred health-care system that is redesigned with active patient engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lopatina
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean L Miller
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvia R Teare
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy J Marlett
- Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jatin Patel
- Strategic Clinical Networks™, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claire E H Barber
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dianne P Mosher
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tracy Wasylak
- Strategic Clinical Networks™, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda J Woodhouse
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah A Marshall
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Strategic Clinical Networks™, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Bone and Joint Health Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Greenwood-Lee J, Hawe P, Nettel-Aguirre A, Shiell A, Marshall DA. Complex intervention modelling should capture the dynamics of adaptation. BMC Med Res Methodol 2016; 16:51. [PMID: 27145807 PMCID: PMC4855763 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-016-0149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complexity has been linked to health interventions in two ways: first as a property of the intervention, and secondly as a property of the system into which the intervention is implemented. The former recognizes that interventions may consist of multiple components that act both independently and interdependently, making it difficult to identify the components or combinations of components (and their contexts) that are important mechanisms of change. The latter recognizes that interventions are implemented in complex adaptive systems comprised of intelligent agents who modify their behaviour (including any actions required to implement the intervention) in an effort to improve outcomes relative to their own perspective and objectives. Although an intervention may be intended to take a particular form, its implementation and impact within the system may deviate from its original intentions as a result of adaptation. Complexity highlights the challenge in developing interventions as effective health solutions. The UK Medical Research Council provides guidelines on the development and evaluation of complex interventions. While mathematical modelling is included in the guidelines, there is potential for mathematical modeling to play a greater role. Discussion The dynamic non-linear nature of complex adaptive systems makes mathematical modelling crucial. However, the tendency is for models of interventions to limit focus on the ecology of the system - the ‘real-time’ operation of the system and impacts of the intervention. These models are deficient by not modelling the way the system reacts to the intervention via agent adaptation. Complex intervention modelling needs to capture the consequences of adaptation through the inclusion of an evolutionary dynamic to describe the long-term emergent outcomes that result as agents respond to the ecological changes introduced by intervention in an effort to produce better outcomes for themselves. Mathematical approaches such as those found in economics in evolutionary game theory and mechanism design can inform the design and evaluation of health interventions. As an illustration, the introduction of a central screening clinic is modeled as an example of a health services delivery intervention. Summary Complexity necessitates a greater role for mathematical models, especially those that capture the dynamics of human actions and interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12874-016-0149-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Penelope Hawe
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Alberto Nettel-Aguirre
- Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Alan Shiell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University and The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Deborah A Marshall
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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