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Zhang H, Liu ZF. The solvation of two electrons in the gaseous clusters of Na−(NH3)nand Li−(NH3)n. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:124314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3697968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Kryzhevoi NV, Cederbaum LS. Core ionization of Na+ microsolvated in water and ammonia. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:084302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3077919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Hashimoto K, Daigoku K. Ground and low-lying excited states of Na(NH3)n and Na(H2O)n clusters: Formation and localization of solvated electron. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hashimoto K, Daigoku K. Formation and localization of a solvated electron in ground and low-lying excited states of Li(NH3)n and Li(H2O)n clusters: a comparison with Na(NH3)n and Na(H2O)n. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9391-400. [DOI: 10.1039/b907766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fujihara A, Miyata C, Maekawa A, Fuke K, Daigoku K, Murata N, Hashimoto K. Hydration Process of Na2- in Small Water Clusters: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Study of Na2-(H2O)n. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:7364-73. [PMID: 17580830 DOI: 10.1021/jp070756l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of Na2- (H2O)n (n < or = 6) was investigated to examine the solvation of sodium aggregates in small water clusters. The PES bands for the transitions from the anion to the neutral ground and first excited states derived from Na2 (1(1)Sigmag+) and Na2 (1(3)Sigmau+) shifted gradually to the blue, and those to the higher-excited states correlated to the 3(2)S + 3(2)P asymptote dropped down rapidly to the red and almost degenerated on the 1(3)Sigmau+-type band at n = 4. Quantum chemical calculations for n up to 3 showed that the spectra can be ascribed to structures where one of the Na atoms is selectively hydrated. From the electron distributions, it is found that the Na- -Na+(H2O)n- -type electronic state grows with increasing cluster size, which can be regarded as a sign of the solvation of Na2- with ionization of the hydrated Na.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Fujihara
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Hashimoto K, Shimizu T, Daigoku K. Electronic States of Sodium Dimer in Ammonia Clusters: Theoretical Study of Photoelectron Spectra for Na2-(NH3)n (n = 0−6). J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:1990-7. [PMID: 17388273 DOI: 10.1021/jp0652188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The geometries, energetics, and vertical detachment energies of Na2-(NH3)n (n = 0-6) were examined by ab initio molecular orbital methods in connection with their photoelectron spectra. One of the Na atoms is selectively solvated in the most stable structures for each n. The solvated Na is spontaneously ionized and the formation of a solvated electron occurs with increasing n, giving rise to the Na-Na+(NH3)n(e-)-type state. The ground and two lowest-lying excited states derived from the 11Sigma g+, 13Sigma u+, and 13Pi u states of Na2, respectively, are of ion-pair character though the 13Sigma u+-type state has an intermediate nature slowly changing to the radical-pair state with increasing n. On the other hand, the higher states stemming from the 11Sigma u+, 13Sigma g+, and 11Pi u states of Na2 show a developing radical-pair nature as n increases. The size dependences of the photoelectron spectra such as the near parallel shifts of the first and second bands, as well as the rapid red shifts of the higher bands, are studied on the basis of the electronic change of the neutrals by solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenro Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Jing YQ, Li ZR, Wu D, Li Y, Wang BQ, Gu FL. What Is the Role of the Complexant in the Large First Hyperpolarizability of Sodide Systems Li(NH3)nNa (n = 1−4)? J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:11725-9. [PMID: 16800469 DOI: 10.1021/jp060584c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To explore the coordination number (around the cation) dependence of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties in alkalides, this paper studies the structures and large NLO responses of model alkalides, Li(NH3)(n)Na (n = 1-4). At the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level, the structural characteristic is determined to be that the Li-Na distance increases (from 3.030 to 4.646 angstroms) with the increasing of the number of NH3 (n from 1 to 4). Results show that Li(NH3)(n)Na (n = 1-4) have considerably large first hyperpolarizabilities (beta0). Especially, a prominent coordination number dependence of the beta0 value is found as follows: beta0 = 13 669 (n = 1) < 26,840 (n = 2) < 39 764 (n = 3) < 77 921 au (n = 4) at the MP2 level. With the same coordination number (four N atoms) of Li+ cations, the beta0 value (77,921 au) of this "small" inorganic molecule Li(NH3)(n)Na is over five times larger than that of the "big" organic molecule Li@Calix[4]pyrrole-Na (14,772 au). This indicates that the beta0 value is strongly related to the flexibility of the complexant. Obviously, the flexibility of (NH3)4 is much greater than that of the cup-like shaped Calix[4]pyrrole. This work suggests that two important factors should be taken into account to enhance the first hyperpolarizability of alkalide, i.e., the coordination number around the cation and the flexibility of the complexant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Daigoku K, Hashimoto K. Theoretical study of the electronic state and H-elimination reactions for solvated magnesium cluster ions. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:3569-76. [PMID: 15303923 DOI: 10.1063/1.1775765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential-energy curves of the ground and low-lying excited states for Mg(+)NH(3) along the N-H distance were examined by the ab initio configuration interaction method. The photoinduced hydrogen elimination reaction found by the recent experiment is considered to occur via the ground-state channel. The geometries, energetics, and electronic nature of the ground-state Mg(+)(NH(3))(n) and MgNH(2) (+)(NH(3))(n-1) (n=1-6) were also investigated by second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and compared with those of the corresponding hydrated species. In contrast to Mg(+)(H(2)O)(n), the successive solvation energies of Mg(+)(NH(3))(n) become as large as those of MgNH(2) (+)(NH(3))(n-1) containing the Mg(2+)-NH(2) (-) core for n=5 and 6, because of the growing one-center ion-pair state with the Mg(2+) and the diffuse solvated electron. As a result, the solvation energies of the MgNH(2) (+)(NH(3))(n-1) are insufficient to overcome the huge endothermicity of Mg(+)(NH(3))-->MgNH(2) (+)+H, even at these sizes, which is responsible for no observation of the H-loss products, MgNH(2) (+)(NH(3))(n-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Daigoku
- Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
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Borodin A, Höfft O, Kempter V, Ferro Y, Allouche A. Electron delocalization by polar molecules: Interaction of Na atoms with solid ammonia films studied with MIES and density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:3717-21. [PMID: 15303938 DOI: 10.1063/1.1772751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of Na and NH(3) on tungsten was studied with metastable impact electron spectroscopy under UHV conditions. NH(3)(Na) films were grown at 90(+/-10) K on tungsten substrates and exposed to Na(NH(3)). No Na-induced reaction involving NH(3) takes place. At small Na exposures a Na-induced shift of the NH(3) spectral features is seen, in parallel with a decrease of the surface work function. At larger exposures three 3sNa-related spectral structures are seen, two of them at energetic positions different from that found for Na on metals or semiconductors. The main additional peak is attributed to delocalized Na species. A small additional feature is attributed to simultaneous ionization and excitation of partially ammoniated Na(2) species. The results are compared with density functional theory calculations which suggest that the 3sNa emission at small exposures appears to originate mainly from delocalized 3sNa electrons; they are located far from the Na species and become stabilized by solvent molecules. When depositing NH(3) molecules onto Na films, metalliclike Na patches and delocalized Na species coexist. The delocalization of 3sNa is seen up to T=130 K where the NH(3) species desorb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borodin
- Institut fur Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universitat Clausthal, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Ferro Y, Allouche A, Kempter V. Electron solvation by highly polar molecules: Density functional theory study of atomic sodium interaction with water, ammonia, and methanol. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:8683-91. [PMID: 15267798 DOI: 10.1063/1.1690238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study further extends the scope of a previous paper [Y. Ferro and A. Allouche, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 10461 (2003)] on the reactivity of atomic Na with water to some other highly polar molecules known for their solvation properties connected to efficient hydrogen bonding. The solvation mechanisms of ammonia and methanol are compared to the hydration mechanism. It is shown that in the case of ammonia, the stability of the solvated system is only ensured by electrostatic interactions, whereas the methanol action is more similar to that of water. More specific attention is given to the solvation process of the valence 3s Na electron. The consequences on the chemical reactivity are analyzed: Whereas ammonia is nonreactive when interacting with atomic sodium, two chemical reactions are proposed for methanol. The first process is dehydrogenation and yields methoxy species and hydrogen. The other one is dehydration and the final products are methoxy species, but also methyl radical and water. The respective roles of electron solvation and hydrogen bonds network are analyzed in detail in view of the density of states of the reactive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ferro
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, CNRS and Université de Provence (UMR 6633), Campus Universitaire de Saint Jérôome, Case 242, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
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Lee JI, Sperry DC, Farrar JM. Spectroscopy and reactivity of size-selected Mg[sup +]-ammonia clusters. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:8375-84. [PMID: 15511158 DOI: 10.1063/1.1802498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodissociation spectra for mass-selected Mg(+)(NH(3))(n) clusters for n=1 to 7 are reported over the photon energy range from 7000 to 38 500 cm(-1). The singly solvated cluster, which dissociates primarily via a N-H bond cleavage, exhibits a resolved vibrational structure corresponding to two progressions in the intracluster Mg(+)-NH(3) modes. The addition of the second, third, and fourth solvent molecules results in monotonic redshifts that appear to halt near 8500 cm(-1), where a sharp feature in the electronic spectrum is correlated with the formation of a Mg(+)(NH(3))(4) complex with T(d) symmetry and the closing of the first solvation shell. The spectra for the clusters with 5 to 7 solvent molecules strongly resemble that for the tetramer, suggesting that these solvent molecules occupy a second solvation shell. The wavelength-dependent branching-ratio measurements show that increasing the photon energies generally result in the loss of additional solvent molecules but that enhancements for a specific solvent number loss may reveal special stability for the resultant fragments. The majority of the experimental evidence suggests that the decay of these clusters occurs via the internal conversion of the initially excited electronic states to the ground state, followed by dissociation. In the case of the monomer, the selective cleavage of a N-H bond in the solvent suggests that this internal-conversion process may populate regions of the ground-state surface in the vicinity of an insertion complex H-Mg(+)-NH(2), whose existence is predicted by ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA
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Schulz CP, Bobbert C, Shimosato T, Daigoku K, Miura N, Hashimoto K. Electronically excited states of sodium–water clusters. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1624599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Farrar† JM. Size-dependent reactivity in open shell metal-ion polar solvent clusters: spectroscopic probes of electronic-vibration coupling, oxidation and ionization. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350310001616896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yoshida S, Daigoku K, Okai N, Takahata A, Sabu A, Hashimoto K, Fuke K. Photodissociation andab initiostudies of Mg+(NH3)n, n=1–4: Electronic structure and photoinduced reaction. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1514052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Takasu R, Nishikawa K, Miura N, Sabu A, Hashimoto K, Schulz CP, Hertel IV, Fuke K. Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Li−H2O and Li−D2O Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004202t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryozo Takasu
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kaori Nishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nobuaki Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akiyoshi Sabu
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenro Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus P. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf V. Hertel
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiyokazu Fuke
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 6578501 Japan, Computer Center and Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0973 Japan/ACT-JST, and Max-Born-Institut, Rudower Chaussee 6, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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Fuke K, Hashimoto K, Takasu R. 1 Solvation of sodium atom and aggregates in ammonia clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-1629(01)80003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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