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Piqué O, Koleva IZ, Bruix A, Viñes F, Aleksandrov HA, Vayssilov GN, Illas F. Charting the Atomic C Interaction with Transition Metal Surfaces. ACS Catal 2022; 12:9256-9269. [PMID: 36718273 PMCID: PMC9880994 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon interaction with transition metal (TM) surfaces is a relevant topic in heterogeneous catalysis, either for its poisoning capability, for the recently attributed promoter role when incorporated in the subsurface, or for the formation of early TM carbides, which are increasingly used in catalysis. Herein, we present a high-throughput systematic study, adjoining thermodynamic plus kinetic evidence obtained by extensive density functional calculations on surface models (324 diffusion barriers located on 81 TM surfaces in total), which provides a navigation map of these interactions in a holistic fashion. Correlation between previously proposed electronic descriptors and ad/absorption energies has been tested, with the d-band center being found the most suitable one, although machine learning protocols also underscore the importance of the surface energy and the site coordination number. Descriptors have also been tested for diffusion barriers, with ad/absorption energies and the difference in energy between minima being the most appropriate ones. Furthermore, multivariable, polynomial, and random forest regressions show that both thermodynamic and kinetic data are better described when using a combination of different descriptors. Therefore, looking for a single perfect descriptor may not be the best quest, while combining different ones may be a better path to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Piqué
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iskra Z. Koleva
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Albert Bruix
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viñes
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Georgi N. Vayssilov
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Light alloying element-regulated noble metal catalysts for energy-related applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Thürmer K, Bartelt NC, Whaley JA, McDaniel AH, El Gabaly F. The role of H–H interactions and impurities on the structure and energetics of H/Pd(111). J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044707. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0068291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Thürmer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N. C. Bartelt
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J. A. Whaley
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A. H. McDaniel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F. El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Etim UJ, Bai P, Gazit OM, Zhong Z. Low-Temperature Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis and Molecular Oxygen Activation. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2021.1919044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ubong J. Etim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Oz M. Gazit
- Wolfson Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ziyi Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa, Israel
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5
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Saint-Lager MC, Languille MA, Aires FJCS, Bailly A, Garaudée S, Ehret E, Robach O. Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Promoted by a Highly Active Strained PdO Layer at the Surface of Au30Pd70(110). ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Angélique Languille
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON − UMR 5256, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Francisco J. Cadete Santos Aires
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON − UMR 5256, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratory for Catalytic Research, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Aude Bailly
- CNRS Institut Néel and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Garaudée
- CNRS Institut Néel and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Ehret
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON − UMR 5256, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Odile Robach
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-MEM, 38000 Grenoble, France
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6
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On the way of understanding the behavior of nanometer-scale metallic particles toward the adsorption of CO and NO molecules. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Subsurface Space-Charge Dopant Segregation to Compensate Surface Excess Charge in a Perovskite Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Chung SY, Choi SY, Yoon HI, Kim HS, Bae HB. Subsurface Space-Charge Dopant Segregation to Compensate Surface Excess Charge in a Perovskite Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9680-4. [PMID: 27412027 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Since the first prediction by Frenkel, many follow-up studies have been carried out to show the presence of subsurface space-charge layers having the opposite sign to that of the excess charge at the surface, producing overall neutrality in ionic crystals. However, no precise experimental evidence demonstrating how the aliovalent solutes segregate in the space-charge region beneath the surface has been provided over the past several decades. By utilizing atomic-scale imaging and chemical probing in a perovskite oxide, the origin of the surface excess charge at the topmost surface and the position of segregated dopants in the space-charge region is precisely determined. The impact of the space-charge contribution to the dopant distribution near the surface in oxide crystals is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yoon Chung
- Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea. ,
| | - Si-Young Choi
- Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Korea
| | - Hye-In Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Kim
- Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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9
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Tremblay JC, Blanco-Rey M. Manipulating interfacial hydrogens at palladium via STM. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13973-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00663e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we provide a quantum dynamical analysis of the interfacial hydrogen migration mediated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is observed that the hydrogen impurity favors resurfacing over occupation of the bulk and subsurface sites whenever possible. The present simulations give strong indication that the experimentally observed protuberances after STM-excitation are due to H accumulating in the vicinity of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Blanco-Rey
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Facultad de Químicas
- Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU
- 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
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10
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MacLeod JM, Lipton-Duffin JA, Baraldi A, Rosei R, Rosei F. Surface structure of Pd(111) with less than half a monolayer of Zn. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:12488-94. [PMID: 23652296 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the structural properties of submonolayer amounts of Zn on Pd(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spot-profile analysis low energy electron diffraction (SPA-LEED). Following room temperature deposition of ≈0.06 monolayers (ML) Zn onto Pd(111), we observe the substitution of Zn for Pd in the surface layer. At ≈0.20 ML of deposited Zn, STM reveals a locally ordered phase with a (2/√3 × 2/√3)R30° unit cell located near Zn substitutions; SPA-LEED patterns reveal the same periodicity. We attribute this phase to the metastable bonding of atoms or clusters predominantly in hollow sites surrounding Zn substitutions in the surface layer. At ≈0.4 ML, STM images reveal local (√3 × √3)R30° and (2 × 1) ordering on surfaces annealed to 350 K. At coverages near 0.5 ML, both STM and SPA-LEED show the onset of the formation of the (2 × 1) ordering associated with the Zn : Pd 1 : 1 alloy phase. At all coverages, the surface is dominated by island growth; the islands' size and density is shown to depend critically on annealing at temperatures as low as 350 K. These results provide insight into the structural features of a Zn/Pd(111) coverage regime that has been much debated in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M MacLeod
- INRS-EMT, Université du Québec, Varennes, Québec, Canada
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11
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López N, Vargas-Fuentes C. Promoters in the hydrogenation of alkynes in mixtures: insights from density functional theory. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1379-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Cui Y, Fu Q, Tan D, Bao X. Temperature Dependence of the Formation of Graphene and Subsurface Carbon on Ru(0001) and Its Effect on Surface Reactivity. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:995-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200901034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Balbuena PB, Calvo SR, Callejas-Tovar R, Gu Z, Ramirez-Caballero GE, Hirunsit P, Ma Y. Challenges in the Design of Active and Durable Alloy Nanocatalysts for Fuel Cells. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5594-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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15
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Vattuone L, Gerbi A, Cappelletti D, Pirani F, Gunnella R, Savio L, Rocca M. Selective Production of Reactive and Nonreactive Oxygen Atoms on Pd(001) by Rotationally Aligned Oxygen Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Vattuone L, Gerbi A, Cappelletti D, Pirani F, Gunnella R, Savio L, Rocca M. Selective production of reactive and nonreactive oxygen atoms on Pd(001) by rotationally aligned oxygen molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4845-8. [PMID: 19479918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sticking together: The occupation of different sites by oxygen atoms that are produced by the dissociation of O(2) on Pd(100) is determined by the initial rotational alignment of the parent molecules. The atom locations are characterized by different chemical reactivities in the reaction with CO to form CO(2) (see picture), which are followed by synchrotron radiation (SR) experiments with a supersonic molecular beam (SMB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vattuone
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova and CNISM, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
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17
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Weismann A, Wenderoth M, Lounis S, Zahn P, Quaas N, Ulbrich RG, Dederichs PH, Blügel S. Seeing the Fermi surface in real space by nanoscale electron focusing. Science 2009; 323:1190-3. [PMID: 19251623 DOI: 10.1126/science.1168738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Fermi surface that characterizes the electronic band structure of crystalline solids can be difficult to image experimentally in a way that reveals local variations. We show that Fermi surfaces can be imaged in real space with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope when subsurface point scatterers are present: in this case, cobalt impurities under a copper surface. Even the very simple Fermi surface of copper causes strongly anisotropic propagation characteristics of bulk electrons that are confined in beamlike paths on the nanoscale. The induced charge density oscillations on the nearby surface can be used for mapping buried defects and interfaces and some of their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weismann
- IV Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Kozlov SM, Yudanov IV, Aleksandrov HA, Rösch N. Theoretical study of carbon species on Pd(111): competition between migration of C atoms to the subsurface interlayer and formation of Cn clusters on the surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10955-63. [DOI: 10.1039/b916855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Teschner D, Borsodi J, Wootsch A, Révay Z, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Jackson SD, Schlögl R. The roles of subsurface carbon and hydrogen in palladium-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation. Science 2008; 320:86-9. [PMID: 18388290 DOI: 10.1126/science.1155200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Alkynes can be selectively hydrogenated into alkenes on solid palladium catalysts. This process requires a strong modification of the near-surface region of palladium, in which carbon (from fragmented feed molecules) occupies interstitial lattice sites. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements under reaction conditions indicated that much less carbon was dissolved in palladium during unselective, total hydrogenation. Additional studies of hydrogen content using in situ prompt gamma activation analysis, which allowed us to follow the hydrogen content of palladium during catalysis, indicated that unselective hydrogenation proceeds on hydrogen-saturated beta-hydride, whereas selective hydrogenation was only possible after decoupling bulk properties from the surface events. Thus, the population of subsurface sites of palladium, by either hydrogen or carbon, governs the hydrogenation events on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detre Teschner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Gabasch H, Hayek K, Klötzer B, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R. Carbon incorporation in Pd(111) by adsorption and dehydrogenation of ethene. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:4947-52. [PMID: 16526735 DOI: 10.1021/jp056765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The decomposition of ethene on the Pd(111) surface was studied at effective pressures in the 10(-8) to 10(-7) mbar range and at sample temperatures between 300 and 700 K, using an effusive capillary array beam doser for directional adsorption, LEED, AES, temperature programmed reaction, and TDS. In the temperature range of 350-440 K increasingly stronger dehydrogenation of the ethene molecule is observed. Whereas at 350 K an ethylidyne adlayer is still present after adsorption, already at temperatures around 440 K complete coverage of the surface by carbon is attained, while the bulk still retains the properties of pure Pd. Beyond 440 K a steady-state surface C coverage is established, which decreases with temperature and is determined by detailed balancing between the ethene gas-phase adsorption rate and the migration rate of carbon into the Pd bulk. This process gives rise to the formation of a "partially carbon-covered Pd(x)C(y) surface". Above 540 K the surface-bulk diffusion of adsorbed carbon becomes fast, and in the UHV experiment the ethene adsorption rate becomes limited by the ethene gas-phase supply. The carbon bulk migration rate and the steady-state carbon surface coverage were determined as a function of the sample temperature and the ethene flux. An activation energy of 107 kJ mol(-1) for the process of C diffusion from surface adsorption sites into the subsurface region was derived in the temperature range of 400-650 K by modeling the C surface coverage as a function of temperature on the basis of steady-state reaction kinetics, assuming a first-order process for C surface-subsurface diffusion and a second-order process for C(ads) formation by dissociative C2H4 adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Gabasch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Sum Frequency Generation and Polarization–Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy of Functioning Model Catalysts from Ultrahigh Vacuum to Ambient Pressure. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(06)51004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Bäumer M, Libuda J, Neyman KM, Rösch N, Rupprechter G, Freund HJ. Adsorption and reaction of methanol on supported palladium catalysts: microscopic-level studies from ultrahigh vacuum to ambient pressure conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:3541-58. [PMID: 17612720 DOI: 10.1039/b700365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the decomposition and (partial) oxidation of methanol on Pd based catalysts in an integrated attempt, simultaneously bridging both the pressure and the materials gap. Combined studies were performed on well-defined Pd model catalysts based on ordered Al(2)O(3) and Fe(3)O(4) thin films, on well-defined particles supported on powders and on Pd single crystals. The interaction of Pd nanoparticles and Pd(111) with CH(3)OH and CH(3)OH/O(2) mixtures was examined from ultrahigh vacuum conditions up to ambient pressures, utilizing a broad range of surface specific vibrational spectroscopies which included IRAS, TR-IRAS, PM-IRAS, SFG, and DRIFTS. Detailed kinetic studies in the low pressure region were performed by molecular beam methods, providing comprehensive insights into the microkinetics of the reaction system. The underlying microscopic processes were studied theoretically on the basis of specially designed 3-D nanocluster models containing approximately 10(2) metal atoms. The efficiency of this novel modelling approach was demonstrated by rationalizing and complementing pertinent experimental results. In order to connect these results to the behavior under ambient conditions, kinetic and spectroscopic investigations were performed in reaction cells and lab reactors. Specifically, we focused on (1) particle size and structure dependent effects in methanol oxidation and decomposition, (2) support effects and their relation to activity and selectivity, (3) the influence of poisons such as carbon, and (4) the role of oxide and surface oxide formation on Pd nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bäumer
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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23
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Lim KH, Neyman KM, Rösch N. Destabilization of adsorbed CO on the Pd(111) surface by subsurface carbon: Density functional studies. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Cañas-Ventura ME, Klappenberger F, Clair S, Pons S, Kern K, Brune H, Strunskus T, Wöll C, Fasel R, Barth JV. Coexistence of one- and two-dimensional supramolecular assemblies of terephthalic acid on Pd(111) due to self-limiting deprotonation. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:184710. [PMID: 17115782 DOI: 10.1063/1.2364478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of terephthalic acid [C(6)H(4)(COOH)(2), TPA] on a Pd(111) surface has been investigated by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature. We find the coexistence of one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) molecular ordering. Our analysis indicates that the 1D phase consists of intact TPA chains stabilized by a dimerization of the self-complementary carboxyl groups, whereas in the 2D phase, consisting of deprotonated entities, the molecules form lateral ionic hydrogen bonds. The supramolecular growth dynamics and the resulting structures are explained by a self-limiting deprotonation process mediated by the catalytic activity of the Pd surface. Our models for the molecular ordering are supported by molecular mechanics calculations and a simulation of high resolution STM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cañas-Ventura
- Institut de Physique des Nanostructures, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Fernandez-Torres LC, Sykes ECH, Nanayakkara SU, Weiss PS. Dynamics and Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Atoms on Pd{111}. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:7380-4. [PMID: 16599513 DOI: 10.1021/jp055815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemisorption of hydrogen on Pd{111} is a relatively simple, yet important surface chemical process. By using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, tip-induced motion of adsorbed atomic hydrogen at 4 K has been observed at low coverage. The motion has been ascribed to excitation of vibrational modes that decay into translational modes; vibrational spectroscopy via inelastic electron tunneling corroborates this assignment, and the barrier to hydrogen atom motion has been determined. At higher coverages, tip-induced motion of vacancies in the hydrogen overlayer is observed, and the associated barrier has also been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Fernandez-Torres
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, 104 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300
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26
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Sykes ECH, Fernández-Torres LC, Nanayakkara SU, Mantooth BA, Nevin RM, Weiss PS. Observation and manipulation of subsurface hydride in Pd[111] and its effect on surface chemical, physical, and electronic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17907-11. [PMID: 16322103 PMCID: PMC1312391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506657102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the observation and manipulation of hydrogen atoms beneath the surface of a Pd[111] crystal by using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. These subsurface hydride sites have been postulated to have critical roles in hydrogen storage, metal embrittlement, fuel cells, and catalytic reactions, but they have been neither observed directly nor selectively populated previously. We demonstrate that the subsurface region of Pd can be populated with hydrogen atoms from the bulk by applying voltage pulses from a scanning tunneling microscope tip. This phenomenon is explained with an inelastic excitation mechanism, whereby hydrogen atoms in the bulk are excited by tunneling electrons and are promoted to more stable sites in the subsurface region. We show that this selectively placed subsurface hydride affects the electronic, geometric, and chemical properties of the surface. Specifically, we observed the effects of hydride formation on surface deformation and charge and on adsorbed hydrogen on the surface. Hydrogen segregation and overlayer vacancy ordering on the Pd[111] have been characterized and explained in terms of the surface changes attributable to selective hydrogen occupation of subsurface hydride sites in Pd[111].
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Affiliation(s)
- E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802-6300, USA
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27
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Xu Y, Greeley J, Mavrikakis M. Effect of Subsurface Oxygen on the Reactivity of the Ag(111) Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:12823-7. [PMID: 16159275 DOI: 10.1021/ja043727m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodic, self-consistent, density functional theory calculations have been performed to demonstrate that subsurface oxygen (O(sb)) dramatically increases the reactivity of the Ag(111) surface. O(sb) greatly facilitates the dissociation of H2, O2, and NO and enhances the binding of H, C, N, O, O2, CO, NO, C2H2, and C2H4 on the Ag(111) surface. This effect originates from an O(sb)-induced upshift of the d-band center of the Ag surface and becomes more pronounced at higher O(sb) coverage. Our findings point to the important role that near-surface impurities, such as O(sb), can play in determining the thermochemistry and kinetics of elementary steps catalyzed by transition metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Mitsui T, Rose MK, Fomin E, Ogletree DF, Salmeron M. Diffusion and pair interactions of CO molecules on Pd(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:036101. [PMID: 15698284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.036101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion and interactions of CO molecules on Pd(111) were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. By following the random walk motion of individual molecules as a function of temperature, an activation energy barrier for diffusion of 118 +/- 5 meV was determined. The interaction between CO molecules was found to be repulsive for pairs separated by one or two Pd(111) lattice distances, and weakly attractive at a separation of sqrt[3].
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mitsui
- Materials Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Morkel M, Kaichev VV, Rupprechter G, Freund HJ, Prosvirin IP, Bukhtiyarov VI. Methanol Dehydrogenation and Formation of Carbonaceous Overlayers on Pd(111) Studied by High-Pressure SFG and XPS Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adler PM, Malevich AE, Mityushev V. Macroscopic diffusion on rough surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 69:011607. [PMID: 14995633 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.011607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We consider diffusion on rough and spatially periodic surfaces. The macroscopic diffusion tensor D is determined by averaging the local fluxes over the unit cell. D is proved to be the unit tensor for macroscopically isotropic surfaces. For general surfaces, an asymptotic analysis is applied, when the ratio of the oscillation amplitude to the size of the unit cell is a small parameter epsilon. The microscopic field is determined up to O(epsilon(6)) in analytical form and an algorithm is derived to calculate higher order terms. We also deduce general analytical formulas for D up to O(epsilon(6)) and derive an algorithm to compute D as a series in epsilon(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Adler
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, tour 24, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Yudanov IV, Neyman KM, Rösch N. Density functional study of Pd nanoparticles with subsurface impurities of light element atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b311054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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Rupprechter G. 8 Surface vibrational spectroscopy on noble metal catalysts from ultrahigh vacuum to atmospheric pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b313667c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mitsui T, Rose MK, Fomin E, Ogletree DF, Salmeron M. A scanning tunneling microscopy study of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water on Pd(111). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1502655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Mitsui T, Rose MK, Fomin E, Ogletree DF, Salmeron M. Water diffusion and clustering on Pd(111). Science 2002; 297:1850-2. [PMID: 12228712 DOI: 10.1126/science.1075095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption, diffusion, and clustering of water molecules on a Pd(111) surface were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. At 40 kelvin, low-coverage water adsorbs in the form of isolated molecules, which diffuse by hopping to nearest neighbor sites. Upon collision, they form first dimers, then trimers, tetramers, and so on. The mobility of these species increased by several orders of magnitude when dimers, trimers, and tetramers formed, and decreased again when the cluster contained five or more molecules. Cyclic hexamers were found to be particularly stable. They grow with further exposure to form a commensurate hexagonal honeycomb structure relative to the Pd(111) substrate. These observations illustrate the change in relative strength between intermolecular hydrogen bonds and molecule-substrate bonds as a function of water cluster size, the key property that determines the wetting properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mitsui
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
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