1
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Hartke B. On the brink of self-hydration: the water heptadecamer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15445-15451. [PMID: 38747364 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00816b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
For pure, neutral, isolated molecular clusters, (H2O)17 marks the transition from structures with all water molecules on the cluster surface to water self-hydration, i.e., cluster structures around one central water molecule. Getting this right with water model potentials turns out to be challenging. Even the best water potentials currently available, which reproduce collective properties very well, still deliver contradicting results for (H2O)17, when different low-energy isomers from global structure optimizations are examined. Interestingly, ab initio quantum chemistry also struggles with the only seemingly simple question if (H2O)17 is all-surface or water-centered. Hence, although the long history of water potential development may be entering its final phase, it is not quite finished yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Flórez E, Gómez S, Acelas N, Hadad C, Restrepo A. Microsolvation versus Encapsulation in Mono, Di, and Trivalent Cations. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200456. [PMID: 35962558 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the formal charge in the stability and bonding of water cavities when solvating a cation are studied here using [X(H2 O)20 ]q+ clusters starting with the well known 512 isomer of (water)20 , placing a single mono, di, or trivalent Xq+ cation at the interior, and then optimizing and characterizing the resulting clusters. Highly correlated interaction and deformation energies are calculated using the CCSD(T)-DLPNO formalism. Bonding interactions are characterized using the tools provided by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, natural bond orbitals, and non-covalent surfaces. Our results indicate that water to water hydrogen bonds are sensibly strengthened resulting in strong cooperative effects, which amount to ≈ 2 ${ \approx 2}$ kcal/mol per hydrogen bond in the bare cavity and to larger values for the systems including the cations. Approximate encapsulation, that is, surrounding the cation by a network of hydrogen bonds akin to the well known methane clathrate seems to be preferred by cations with smaller charge densities while microsolvation, that is, cluster structures having explicit X⋯O contacts seem to be preferred by cations with larger charge densities which severely deform the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Flórez
- Grupo de Materiales con Impacto, Mat&mpac. Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 No. 30-65, Medellín, 050026, Colombia
| | - Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nancy Acelas
- Grupo de Materiales con Impacto, Mat&mpac. Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 No. 30-65, Medellín, 050026, Colombia
| | - Cacier Hadad
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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3
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Zhuang D, Riera M, Zhou R, Deary A, Paesani F. Hydration Structure of Na + and K + Ions in Solution Predicted by Data-Driven Many-Body Potentials. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9349-9360. [PMID: 36326071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The hydration structure of Na+ and K+ ions in solution is systematically investigated using a hierarchy of molecular models that progressively include more accurate representations of many-body interactions. We found that a conventional empirical pairwise additive force field that is commonly used in biomolecular simulations is unable to reproduce the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra for both ions. In contrast, progressive inclusion of many-body effects rigorously derived from the many-body expansion of the energy allows the MB-nrg potential energy functions (PEFs) to achieve nearly quantitative agreement with the experimental EXAFS spectra, thus enabling the development of a molecular-level picture of the hydration structure of both Na+ and K+ in solution. Since the MB-nrg PEFs have already been shown to accurately describe isomeric equilibria and vibrational spectra of small ion-water clusters in the gas phase, the present study demonstrates that the MB-nrg PEFs effectively represent the long-sought-after models able to correctly predict the properties of ionic aqueous systems from the gas to the liquid phase, which has so far remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Marc Riera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Ruihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Alexander Deary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States.,San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
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4
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Novakovskaya YV. Flexibility and Regularity of the Hydration Structures of Ions by an Example of Na +: Nonempirical Insight. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8434-8448. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Novakovskaya
- Chemistry Department of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow119991, Russia
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5
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6
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Jesus WS, Prudente FV, Marques JMC, Pereira FB. Modeling microsolvation clusters with electronic-structure calculations guided by analytical potentials and predictive machine learning techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1738-1749. [PMID: 33427847 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new methodology to study, at the density functional theory (DFT) level, the clusters resulting from the microsolvation of alkali-metal ions with rare-gas atoms. The workflow begins with a global optimization search to generate a pool of low-energy minimum structures for different cluster sizes. This is achieved by employing an analytical potential energy surface (PES) and an evolutionary algorithm (EA). The next main stage of the methodology is devoted to establish an adequate DFT approach to treat the microsolvation system, through a systematic benchmark study involving several combinations of functionals and basis sets, in order to characterize the global minimum structures of the smaller clusters. In the next stage, we apply machine learning (ML) classification algorithms to predict how the low-energy minima of the analytical PES map to the DFT ones. An early and accurate detection of likely DFT local minima is extremely important to guide the choice of the most promising low-energy minima of large clusters to be re-optimized at the DFT level of theory. In this work, the methodology was applied to the Li+Krn (n = 2-14 and 16) microsolvation clusters for which the most competitive DFT approach was found to be the B3LYP-D3/aug-pcseg-1. Additionally, the ML classifier was able to accurately predict most of the solutions to be re-optimized at the DFT level of theory, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of the process and allowing its applicability to larger clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Jesus
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - F V Prudente
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - J M C Marques
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - F B Pereira
- Coimbra Polytechnic - ISEC, Coimbra, Portugal and Centro de Informática e Sistemas da Universidade de Coimbra (CISUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
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7
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Abstract
Clusters consisting of 20 water molecules and a single cesium ion are especially stable due to their clathrate structure that is composed exclusively of three-coordinate water molecules. Clathrate stability was investigated using infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy in the free-OH stretching region (∼3600-3800 cm-1) at ion cell temperatures between 135 and 355 K. At 275 K and colder, IRPD spectra of Cs+(H2O)20 have just one acceptor-acceptor-donor band. At higher temperatures, a higher-energy acceptor-donor band emerges and grows in intensity. Non-clathrate Na+(H2O)20 structures contain both of these bands, which do not change significantly in intensity over the temperature range. These results indicate a rapid onset in the conversion from clathrate to non-clathrate structures with temperature and suggest that some clathrate population remains even at the highest temperatures investigated. These results provide new insights into the role of entropy in clathrate stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane N Stachl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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8
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Rubinson KA, Mountain RD. Ion and water transport reasonably involves rotation and pseudorotation: measurement and modeling the temperature dependence of small-angle neutron scattering from aqueous SrI 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13479-13488. [PMID: 32525150 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
X-ray and neutron scattering have provided insight into the short range (<8 Å) structures of ionic solutions for over a century. For longer distances, single scattering bands have, however, been seen. For the non-hydrolyzing salt SrI2 in aqueous (D2O) solution, a structure sufficient to scatter slow neutrons has been seen to persist down to a concentration of 0.1 mol L-1 where the measured average spacing between scatterers is over 20 Å. Theoretical studies of such long distance solution structures are difficult, and these difficulties are discussed. The width of the distribution in distances between the scatterers (ions, ion pairs, etc.) remains less than 10 Å, which approximates the average size of the ions and their first hydration shell. Here, we measure the temperature dependence from 10 °C to 90 °C of the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) by a 0.5 molar SrI2 solution in D2O and find that this surprisingly narrow distribution of the distances remains constant within experimental uncertainty. This structure of the ions in the solution appears to endure because changes in interion distances along any single spatial dimension require displacements near the size of a water molecule. Together, the experimental measurements support a rotatory mechanism for simultaneous ion transport and water countertransport. Since rotation minimizes displacement of the solution framework, it is suggested that water transport alone also involves rotation of multimolecular structures, and that the interpretation of single-molecule water rotation is confounded by pseudorotation that results from paired picosecond proton exchanges. It is pointed out that NMR-determined millisecond to microsecond proton exchange times of chelated-metal-ion bound waters and the much faster chelate rotational correlation times around 10 picoseconds, both of which require making and breaking of hydrogen bonds, are difficult to impossible to reconcile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Rubinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA. and NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Raymond D Mountain
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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9
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Guimarães MN, M. de Almeida M, Marques JMC, Prudente FV. A thermodynamic view on the microsolvation of ions by rare gas: application to Li+ with argon. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10882-10892. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parallel tempering Monte Carlo calculations on the Li+Arn microsolvation clusters have shown that the two peaks appearing in the heat capacity curve as a function of temperature correspond to the melting of the second and first solvation shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Guimarães
- Instituto de Física
- Universidade Federal da Bahia
- 40170-115 Salvador
- Brazil
| | - M. M. de Almeida
- Instituto de Física
- Universidade Federal da Bahia
- 40170-115 Salvador
- Brazil
| | - J. M. C. Marques
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - F. V. Prudente
- Instituto de Física
- Universidade Federal da Bahia
- 40170-115 Salvador
- Brazil
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10
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Wegeberg C, Donald WA, McKenzie CJ. Noncovalent Halogen Bonding as a Mechanism for Gas-Phase Clustering. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2209-2216. [PMID: 28717931 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase clustering of nonionizable iodylbenzene (PhIO2) is attributed to supramolecular halogen bonding. Electrospray ionization results in the formation of ions of proton-charged and preferably sodium-charged clusters assignable to [H(PhIO2) n ]+, n = 1-7; [Na(PhIO2) n ]+, n = 1-6; [Na2(PhIO2) n ]2+, n = 7-20; [HNa(PhIO2) n ]2+, n = 6-19; [HNa2(PhIO2) n ]3+, n = 15-30; and [Na3(PhIO2) n ]3+, n = 14-30. The largest cluster detected has a supramolecular mass of 7147 Da. Electronic structure calculations using the M06-2X functional with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set for C, H, and O, and LANL2DZ basis set for I and Na predict 298 K binding enthalpies for the protonated and sodiated iodylbenzene dimers and trimers are greater than 180 kJ/mol. This is exceptionally high in comparison with other protonated and sodiated clusters with well-established binding enthalpies. Strongly halogen-bonded motifs found in the crystalline phases of PhIO2 and its derivatives serve as models for the structures of larger gas-phase clusters, and calculations on simple model gas-phase dimer and trimer clusters result in similar motifs. This is the first account of halogen bonding playing an extensive role in gas-phase associations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5320, Odense M, Denmark
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Christine J McKenzie
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5320, Odense M, Denmark.
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11
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Marques JMC, Pereira FB, Llanio-Trujillo JL, Abreu PE, Albertí M, Aguilar A, Pirani F, Bartolomei M. A global optimization perspective on molecular clusters. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0198. [PMID: 28320902 PMCID: PMC5360898 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a long history behind the idea of chemical structure, this is a key concept that continues to challenge chemists. Chemical structure is fundamental to understanding most of the properties of matter and its knowledge for complex systems requires the use of state-of-the-art techniques, either experimental or theoretical. From the theoretical view point, one needs to establish the interaction potential among the atoms or molecules of the system, which contains all the information regarding the energy landscape, and employ optimization algorithms to discover the relevant stationary points. In particular, global optimization methods are of major importance to search for the low-energy structures of molecular aggregates. We review the application of global optimization techniques to several molecular clusters; some new results are also reported. Emphasis is given to evolutionary algorithms and their application in the study of the microsolvation of alkali-metal and Ca2+ ions with various types of solvents.This article is part of the themed issue 'Theoretical and computational studies of non-equilibrium and non-statistical dynamics in the gas phase, in the condensed phase and at interfaces'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M C Marques
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F B Pereira
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Informática e Sistemas da Universidade de Coimbra (CISUC), 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J L Llanio-Trujillo
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P E Abreu
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Albertí
- IQTCUB, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Aguilar
- IQTCUB, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Univertità di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M Bartolomei
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IFF-CSIC), Instituto de Física Fundamental, Serrano 123, Madrid 28006, Spain
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12
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Llanio-Trujillo J, Marques J, Pereira F. New insights on lithium-cation microsolvation by solvents forming hydrogen-bonds: Water versus methanol. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Marques JMC, Llanio-Trujillo JL, Albertí M, Aguilar A, Pirani F. Microsolvation of the potassium ion with aromatic rings: comparison between hexafluorobenzene and benzene. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8043-53. [PMID: 23869742 DOI: 10.1021/jp405295b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We employ a recently developed methodology to study structural and energetic properties of the first solvation shells of the potassium ion in nonpolar environments due to aromatic rings, which is important to understand the selectivity of several biochemical phenomena. Our evolutionary algorithm is used in the global optimization study of clusters formed of K(+) solvated with hexafluorobenzene (HFBz) molecules. The global intermolecular interaction for these clusters has been decomposed in HFBz-HFBz and in K(+)-HFBz contributions, using a potential model based on different decompositions of the molecular polarizability of hexafluorobenzene. Putative global minimum structures of microsolvation clusters up to 21 hexafluorobenzene molecules were obtained and compared with the analogous K(+)-benzene clusters reported in our previous work (J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 4947-4956). We have found that both K(+)-(Bz)n and K(+)-(HFBz)n clusters show a strong magic number around the closure of the first solvation shell. Nonetheless, all K(+)-benzene clusters have essentially the same first solvation shell geometry with four solvent molecules around the ion, whereas the corresponding one for K(+)-(HFBz)n is completed with nine HFBz species, and its structural motif varies as n increases. This is attributed to the ion-solvent interaction that has a larger magnitude for K(+)-Bz than in the case of K(+)-HFBz. In addition, the ability of having more HFBz than Bz molecules around K(+) in the first solvation shell is intimately related to the inversion in the sign of the quadrupole moment of the two solvent species, which leads to a distinct ion-solvent geometry of approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M C Marques
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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14
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Cooper RJ, Chang TM, Williams ER. Hydrated Alkali Metal Ions: Spectroscopic Evidence for Clathrates. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6571-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United
States
| | - Terrence M. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United
States
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United
States
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15
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Marques JMC, Llanio-Trujillo JL, Albertí M, Aguilar A, Pirani F. Alkali-ion microsolvation with benzene molecules. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4947-56. [PMID: 22515316 DOI: 10.1021/jp302136u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The target of this investigation is to characterize by a recently developed methodology, the main features of the first solvation shells of alkaline ions in nonpolar environments due to aromatic rings, which is of crucial relevance to understand the selectivity of several biochemical phenomena. We employ an evolutionary algorithm to obtain putative global minima of clusters formed with alkali-ions (M(+)) solvated with n benzene (Bz) molecules, i.e., M(+)-(Bz)(n). The global intermolecular interaction has been decomposed in Bz-Bz and in M(+)-Bz contributions, using a potential model based on different decompositions of the molecular polarizability of benzene. Specifically, we have studied the microsolvation of Na(+), K(+), and Cs(+) with benzene molecules. Microsolvation clusters up to n = 21 benzene molecules are involved in this work and the achieved global minimum structures are reported and discussed in detail. We observe that the number of benzene molecules allocated in the first solvation shell increases with the size of the cation, showing three molecules for Na(+) and four for both K(+) and Cs(+). The structure of this solvation shell keeps approximately unchanged as more benzene molecules are added to the cluster, which is independent of the ion. Particularly stable structures, so-called "magic numbers", arise for various nuclearities of the three alkali-ions. Strong "magic numbers" appear at n = 2, 3, and 4 for Na(+), K(+), and Cs(+), respectively. In addition, another set of weaker "magic numbers" (three per alkali-ion) are reported for larger nuclearities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M C Marques
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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16
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First principles study and database analyses of structural preferences for sodium ion (Na+) solvation and coordination. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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van der Linde C, Hemmann S, Höckendorf RF, Balaj OP, Beyer MK. Reactivity of hydrated monovalent first row transition metal ions M(+)(H2O)n, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, toward molecular oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1011-20. [PMID: 22506540 DOI: 10.1021/jp3020723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of hydrated monovalent transition metal ions M(+)(H(2)O)(n), M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, toward molecular oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. Clusters containing monovalent chromium, cobalt, nickel, or zinc were reactive toward O(2), while only hydrated cobalt was reactive toward N(2)O. A strongly size dependent reactivity was observed. Chromium and cobalt react very slowly with carbon dioxide. Nanocalorimetric analysis, (18)O(2) exchange, and collision induced dissociation (CID) experiments were done to learn more about the structure of the O(2) products. The thermochemistry for cobalt, nickel, and zinc is comparable to the formation of O(2)(-) from hydrated electrons. These results suggest that cobalt, nickel, and zinc are forming M(2+)/O(2)(-) ion pairs in the cluster, while chromium rather forms a covalently bound dioxygen complex in large clusters, followed by an exothermic dioxide formation in clusters with n ≤ 5. The results show that hydrated singly charged transition metal ions exhibit highly specific reactivities toward O(2), N(2)O, and CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Leidlmair C, Bartl P, Schöbel H, Denifl S, Yang S, Ellis AM, Scheier P. Ionization of Methane Clusters in Helium Nanodroplets. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:469-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Vorontsov AV, Novakovskaya YV, Stepanov NF. Comparative analysis of the state of lithium and sodium atoms in water clusters. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409070164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Dauster I, Suhm MA, Buck U, Zeuch T. Experimental and theoretical study of the microsolvation of sodium atoms in methanol clusters: differences and similarities to sodium–water and sodium–ammonia. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:83-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b711568g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Studying metal ion solvation, especially hydration, in the gas phase has developed into a field that is dominated by a tight interaction between experiment and theory. Since the studied species carry charge, mass spectrometry is an indispensable tool in all experiments. Whereas gas-phase coordination chemistry and reactions of bare metal ions are reasonably well understood, systems containing a larger number of solvent molecules are still difficult to understand. This review focuses on the rich chemistry of hydrated metal ions in the gas phase, covering coordination chemistry, charge separation in multiply charged systems, as well as intracluster and ion-molecule reactions. Key ideas of metal ion solvation in the gas phase are illustrated with rare-gas solvated metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C4, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Vorontsov AV, Novakovskaya YV. Ionization of sodium in water clusters. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024407050196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Walther C, Rothe J, Fuss M, Büchner S, Koltsov S, Bergmann T. Investigation of polynuclear Zr(IV) hydroxide complexes by nanoelectrospray mass-spectrometry combined with XAFS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:409-31. [PMID: 17410350 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polynuclear species of zirconium in acidic aqueous solution are investigated by combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAFS) and nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Species distributions are measured between pHC 0 and pHC 3 for [Zr]=1.5-10 mM. While the monomer remains a minor species, with increasing pH the degree of polymerization increases and the formation of tetramers, pentamers, octamers, and larger polymers is observed. The high resolution of the mass spectrometer permits the unambiguous determination of polynuclear zirconium hydroxide complexes by means of their isotopic patterns. The relative abundances of mononuclear and polynuclear species present simultaneously in solution are measured, even if one of the species contributes only 0.1% of the Zr concentration. For the first time it has been directly observed that the hydrolysis of polynuclear Zr species is a continuous process which leads to charge compensation through the sequential substitution of water molecules by hydroxide ligands until doubly charged polymers dominate at conditions (H+ and Zr concentrations) close to the solubility of Zr(OH)4(am). The invasiveness of the electrospray process was minimized by using very mild declustering conditions, leaving the polynuclear species within a solvent shell of approximately 20 water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Walther
- Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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24
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Albertí M, Aguilar A, Lucas JM, Laganà A, Pirani F. From Ar Clustering Dynamics to Ar Solvation for Na+−Benzene. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:1780-7. [PMID: 17309245 DOI: 10.1021/jp066928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gradual evolution from cluster rearrangement to solvation dynamics is discussed by considering the rearrangement of n (n = 1, ..., 19) Ar atoms around Na+-benzene clusters and using an atom-bond potential energy surface. The nature of the bonding is discussed on the basis of the decomposition of the interaction energy and of the formation of the possible conformers. The benzene molecule is found to remain strongly bound to Na+ independently of the number of solvating rare-gas atoms, although due to the anisotropy of the interaction potential, the Ar atoms solvate the Na+-benzene cluster preferentially on the side of the cation. Other specific features of the solvation process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albertí
- Departament de Química Física i Centre de Recerca en Química Teorica, Parc Científic, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Beginning in the mid-1980s, a number of innovative experimental studies on ionic clusters emerged from the laboratory of Yuan T. Lee combining infrared laser spectroscopy and tandem mass spectrometry. Coupled with modern electronic structure calculations, this research explored many facets of ionic clusters including solvation, structure, and dynamics. These efforts spawned a resurgence in gas-phase cluster spectroscopy. This paper will focus on the major areas of research initiated by the Lee group and how these studies stimulated and influenced others in what is currently a vibrant and growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Lisy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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26
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Bandow B, Hartke B. Larger Water Clusters with Edges and Corners on Their Way to Ice: Structural Trends Elucidated with an Improved Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5809-22. [PMID: 16640376 DOI: 10.1021/jp060512l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the difficult task of finding global minimum energy structures for molecular clusters of nontrivial size, we present a highly efficient parallel implementation of an evolutionary algorithm. By completely abandoning the traditional concept of generations and by replacing it with a less rigid pool concept, we have managed to eliminate serial bottlenecks completely and can operate the algorithm efficiently on an arbitrary number of parallel processes. Nevertheless, our new algorithm still realizes all of the main features of our old, successful implementation. First tests of the new algorithm are shown for the highly demanding problem of water clusters modeled by a potential with flexible, polarizable monomers (TTM2-F). For this problem, our new algorithm not only reproduces all of the global minima proposed previously in considerably less CPU time but also leads to improved proposals in several cases. These, in turn, qualitatively change our earlier predictions concerning the transitions from all-surface structures to cages with a single interior molecule, and from one to two interior molecules. Furthermore, we compare preliminary results up to n = 105 with locally optimized cuts from several ice modifications. This comparison indicates that relaxed ice structures may start to be competitive already at cluster sizes above n = 90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Bandow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Winter
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Viswanathan B, Barden CJ, Boyd RJ. Calibration of a computational scheme for solvation studies: halide ions bound to water X(H 2O) −(X = F, Cl, Br). Mol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970500351094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Burnham CJ, Petersen MK, Day TJF, Iyengar SS, Voth GA. The properties of ion-water clusters. II. Solvation structures of Na+, Cl−, and H+ clusters as a function of temperature. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:024327. [PMID: 16422603 DOI: 10.1063/1.2149375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion-water-cluster properties are investigated both through the multistate empirical valence bond potential and a polarizable model. Equilibrium properties of the ion-water clusters H+(H2O)100, Na+(H2O)100, Na+(H2O)20, and Cl-(H2O)17 in the temperature region 100-450 K are explored using a hybrid parallel basin-hopping and tempering algorithm. The effect of the solid-liquid phase transition in both caloric curves and structural distribution functions is investigated. It is found that sodium and chloride ions largely reside on the surface of water clusters below the cluster melting temperature but are solvated into the interior of the cluster above the melting temperature, while the solvated proton was found to have significant propensity to reside on or near the surface in both the liquid- and solid-state clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Burnham
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biophysical Modeling and Simulation, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
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30
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Costanzo F, Della Valle RG, Barone V. MD Simulation of the Na+−Phenylalanine Complex in Water: Competition between Cation−π Interaction and Aqueous Solvation. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:23016-23. [PMID: 16853999 DOI: 10.1021/jp055271g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The competition between cation-pi interaction and aqueous solvation for the Na+ ion has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations, using the phenylalanine amino acid as the test pi system. Starting from one of the best standard force fields, we have developed new parameters that significantly improve the agreement with experimental and high quality quantum mechanical results for the complexes of Na+ with phenylalanine, benzene, and water. The modified force field performs very well in forecasting energy and geometry of cation coordination for the complexes. Next, analysis of MD trajectories and steered MD simulations indicate that the Na+-phenylalanine complex survives for a significant time in aqueous solution and that the free energy barrier opposing dissociation of the complex is sizable. Finally, we analyze the role of different intermolecular interactions in determining the preference for cation-pi bonding with respect to aqueous solvation. We thus confirm that the Na+-phenylalanine stabilization energy may overcome the interactions with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Costanzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, I-40137 Bologna, Italy
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31
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32
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Vaden TD, Lisy JM. Competing Non-covalent Interactions in Alkali Metal Ion−Acetonitrile−Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3880-6. [PMID: 16833705 DOI: 10.1021/jp050534s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Competitive ion-dipole, ion-water, and water-water interactions were investigated at the molecular level in M+ (CH3CN)n(H2O)m cluster ions for M = Na and K. Different [n,m] combinations for two different n + m cluster sizes were characterized with infrared predissociation spectroscopy in the O-H stretch region and MP2 calculations. In all cases, no differences were observed between the two alkali metal ions. The results showed that at the n + m = 4 cluster size, the solvent molecules interact only with the ion, and that the interaction between the ion and the large dipole moment of CH3CN decreases the ion-water electrostatic interactions. At the n + m = 5 cluster size, at least two different hydrogen-bonded structures were identified. In these structures, the ion-dipole interaction weakens the ability of the ion to polarize the hydrogen bonds and thus decreases the strength of the water-water interactions in the immediate vicinity of the alkali metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Vaden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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33
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Müller IB, Cederbaum LS. Electronic decay following ionization of aqueous Li+ microsolvation clusters. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:094305. [PMID: 15836126 DOI: 10.1063/1.1854118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionization in the energetical range between 35 eV and 75 eV of aqueous Li(+) microsolvation clusters may initialize several different electronic decay processes. Electronic decay following H(2)O 2s ionization in a cationic cluster is reported. Li ionization probes the efficiency of electron transfer mediated decay (ETMD) processes. We report estimated ETMD lifetimes in the range of 20-100 fs for clusters with one to five water monomers. Furthermore, tertiary electron emission may occur via a combined cascade of electron transfer mediated decay and intermolecular Coulombic decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke B Müller
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Viswanathan B, Barden CJ, Ban F, Boyd * RJ. Calibration of a computational scheme for solvation: Group I and II metal ions bound to water, formaldehyde and ammonia. Mol Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970512331317273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Miyazaki M, Fujii A, Ebata T, Mikami N. Infrared Spectroscopy of Size-Selected Benzene−Water Cluster Cations [C6H6−(H2O)n]+ (n = 1−23): Hydrogen Bond Network Evolution and Microscopic Hydrophobicity. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp045823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naohiko Mikami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Vaden TD, Weinheimer CJ, Lisy JM. Evaporatively cooled M+(H2O)Ar cluster ions: Infrared spectroscopy and internal energy simulations. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:3102-7. [PMID: 15291620 DOI: 10.1063/1.1774157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotationally resolved IR spectra of M+ (H2O)Ar cluster ions for M=Na, K, and Cs in the O-H stretch region were measured in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Analysis of the spectra yields O-H stretch vibrational band origins and relative IR intensities of the symmetric and asymmetric modes. The effect of the alkali-metal ions on these modes results in frequency shifts and intensity changes from the gas phase values of water. The A-rotational constants are also obtained from the rotational structure and are discussed. Experimentally, the temperatures of these species were deduced from the relative populations of the K-rotational states. The internal energies and temperatures of the cluster ions for Na and K were simulated using RRKM calculations and the evaporative ensemble formalism. With binding energies and vibrational frequencies obtained from ab initio calculations, the average predicted temperatures are qualitatively consistent with the experimental values and demonstrate the additional cooling resulting from argon evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Vaden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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37
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Müller IB, Cederbaum LS, Tarantelli F. Microsolvation of Li+ in Water Analyzed by Ionization and Double Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0492826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imke B. Müller
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CNR I.S.T.M., Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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38
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Inokuchi Y, Ohshimo K, Misaizu F, Nishi N. Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy of [Mg·(H2O)1-4]+ and [Mg·(H2O)1-4·Ar]+. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0486752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ohshimo
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Fuminori Misaizu
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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39
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Vaden TD, Lisy JM. Characterization of hydrated Na+(phenol) and K+(phenol) complexes using infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:721-30. [PMID: 15267907 DOI: 10.1063/1.1630962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrated alkali metal ion-phenol complexes were studied to model these species in aqueous solution for M=Na and K. IR predissociation spectroscopy in the O-H stretch region was used to analyze the structures of M+(Phenol)(H2O)n cluster ions, for n = 1-4. The onset of hydrogen bonding was observed to occur at n=4. Ab initio calculations were used to qualitatively explore the types of hydrogen-bonded structures of the M+(Phenol)(H2O)4 isomers. By combining the ab initio calculations and IR spectra, several different structures were identified for each metal ion. In contrast to benzene, detailed in a previous study of Na+(Benzene)n(H2O)m [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 8429 (1999)], phenol is able to bind directly to Na+ even in the presence of four waters. This is likely the result of the sigma-type interaction between the phenol oxygen and the ion. With K+, the dominant isomers are those in which the phenol O-H group is involved in a hydrogen bond with the water molecules, while with Na+, the dominant isomers are those in which the phenol O-H group is free and the water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to each other. Spectra and ab initio calculations for the M+(Phenol)Ar cluster ions for M=Na and K are reported to characterize the free phenol O-H stretch in the M+(Phenol) complex. While pi-type configurations were observed for binary M+(Phenol) complexes, sigma-type configurations appear to dominate the hydrated cluster ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Vaden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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40
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Eusepi F, Tomsic A, Gebhardt CR. Analysis of Solution-Deposited Alkali Ions by Cluster Surface Collisions. Anal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ac0345143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Eusepi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A. Tomsic
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. R. Gebhardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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41
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Johnston RL, Roberts C. Genetic Algorithms for the Geometry Optimization of Clusters and Nanoparticles. SOFT COMPUTING APPROACHES IN CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-36213-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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42
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:765-776. [PMID: 12125010 DOI: 10.1002/jms.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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