1
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Probing the Structural, Electronic and Adsorptive Properties of $${{\text{V}}_{\text{n}}}{{{\text{O}}}^{-}}\boldsymbol{ }\text{(n}$$ = 10–15) Clusters. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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2
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Woodard MP, Akin ST, Dibble CJ, Duncan MA. Laser Synthesis and Spectroscopy of Ligand-Coated Chromium Oxide Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem A 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Woodard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - S. T. Akin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - C. J. Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - T. B. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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4
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Hübner O, Himmel HJ. Multiple Metal-Metal Bond or No Bond? The Electronic Structure of V 2 O 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12340-12343. [PMID: 28759144 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the electronic structure of vanadium oxide clusters provides the basis for understanding and tuning their significant catalytic properties. However, already for the simple four-atom V2 O2 molecule, there are contradictory reports in the literature regarding the electronic ground state and a possible vanadium-vanadium bond. We herein show through a combination of experimental (matrix isolation) studies and theoretical results that there is a multiple vanadium-vanadium bond in this benchmark vanadium oxide molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Hübner O, Himmel HJ. Metall-Metall-Mehrfachbindung oder keine Bindung? Die elektronische Struktur von V2
O2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
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6
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Wang LF, Xie L, Fang HL, Li YF, Zhang XB, Wang B, Zhang YF, Huang X. On the structural and electronic properties of hexanuclear vanadium oxide clusters V6On(-/0) (n=12-15): is V6O12 cluster planar or cage-like? SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 131:446-454. [PMID: 24835948 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out to investigate the structural and electronic properties of a series of hexanuclear vanadium oxide clusters V6On(-/0) (n=12-15). Generalized Koopmans' theorem is applied to predict the vertical detachment energies (VDEs) and simulate the photoelectron spectra (PES) for V6On(-) (n=12-15) clusters. Extensive DFT calculations are performed in search of the lowest-energy structures for both the anions and neutrals. All of these clusters appear to prefer the polyhedral cage structures, in contrast to the planar star-like structures observed in prior model surface studies for the V6O12 cluster. Molecular orbitals are performed to analyze the chemical bonding in the hexanuclear vanadium oxide clusters and provide insights into the sequential oxidation of V6On(-) (n=12-15) clusters. The V6On(-) (n=12-15) clusters possess well-defined V(5+) and V(3+) sites, and may serve as molecular models for surface defects. Electron spin density analyses show that the unpaired electrons in V6On(-) (n=12-14) clusters are primarily localized on the V(3+) sites rather than on the V(5+) sites. The difference gas phase versus model surface structures of V6O12 hints the critical roles of cluster-substrate interactions in stabilizing the planar V6O12 cluster on model surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Hong-Ling Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Yong-Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
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7
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Hendrickx MF, Tran VT. Elucidating the Electronic Structures of the Ground States of the VO2–/0 Clusters: Synergism between Computation and Experiment. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:4037-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500526m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc F.A. Hendrickx
- Afdeling
Kwantumchemie en Fysicochemie, Departement Chemie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Van Tan Tran
- Theoretical
and Physical Chemistry Division, Dong Thap University, 783-Pham
Huu Lau, Cao Lanh City, Dong
Thap Vietnam
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8
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Al Hasan NM, Johnson GE, Laskin J. Gas-phase synthesis of singly and multiply charged polyoxovanadate anions employing electrospray ionization and collision induced dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1385-1395. [PMID: 23817833 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) combined with in-source fragmentation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments were used to generate a wide range of singly and multiply charged vanadium oxide cluster anions including VxOy(n-) and VxOyCl(n-) ions (x = 1-14, y = 2-36, n = 1-3), protonated clusters, and ligand-bound polyoxovanadate anions. The cluster anions were produced by electrospraying a solution of tetradecavanadate, V14O36Cl(L)5 (L = Et4N(+), tetraethylammonium), in acetonitrile. Under mild source conditions, ESI-MS generates a distribution of doubly and triply charged VxOyCl(n-) and VxOyCl(L)((n-1)-) clusters predominantly containing 14 vanadium atoms as well as their protonated analogs. Accurate mass measurement using a high-resolution LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometer (m/Δm = 60,000 at m/z 410) enabled unambiguous assignment of the elemental composition of the majority of peaks in the ESI-MS spectrum. In addition, high-sensitivity mass spectrometry allowed the charge state of the cluster ions to be assigned based on the separation of the major from the much less abundant minor isotope of vanadium. In-source fragmentation resulted in facile formation of smaller VxOyCl((1-2)-) and VxOy ((1-2)-) anions. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments enabled systematic study of the gas-phase fragmentation pathways of the cluster anions originating from solution and from in-source CID. Surprisingly simple fragmentation patterns were obtained for all singly and doubly charged VxOyCl and VxOy species generated through multiple MS/MS experiments. In contrast, cluster anions originating directly from solution produced comparatively complex CID spectra. These results are consistent with the formation of more stable structures of VxOyCl and VxOy anions through low-energy CID. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that solution-phase synthesis of one precursor cluster anion combined with gas-phase CID is an efficient approach for the top-down synthesis of a wide range of singly and multiply charged gas-phase metal oxide cluster anions for subsequent investigations of structure and reactivity using mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila M Al Hasan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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9
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Chen WJ, Zhang CF, Zhang XH, Zhang YF, Huang X. Computational study on the molecular structures and photoelectron spectra of bimetallic oxide clusters MW2O9(-/0) (M=V, Nb, Ta). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 109:125-132. [PMID: 23523755 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)) calculations are carried out to investigate the electronic and structural properties of a series of bimetallic oxide clusters MW2O9(-/0) (M=V, Nb, Ta). Generalized Koopmans' theorem is applied to predict the vertical detachment energies (VDEs) and simulate the photoelectron spectra (PES). Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP level yield singlet and doublet ground states for the bimetallic anionic and neutral clusters, respectively. All the clusters present the six-membered ring structures with different symmetries, except that the TaW2O9(-) cluster shows a chained style with a penta-coordinated tantalum atom. Spin density analyses reveal oxygen radical species in all neutral clusters, consistent with their structural characteristics. Moreover, additional calculations are performed to study the oxidation reaction of CO molecule with the W3O9(+) cation and the isoelectronic VW2O9 cluster, and results indicate that the introduction of vanadium at tungsten site can efficiently improve the oxidation reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
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10
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Wang HQ, Li HF. Probing the structural and electronic properties of small vanadium dioxide clusters by density functional theory and comparison with experimental photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:164304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4760658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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11
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Wu L, Zhang C, Krasnokutski SA, Yang DS. Mass-analyzed threshold ionization and structural isomers of M3O4 (M = Sc, Y, and La). J Chem Phys 2012; 137:084312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4747530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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12
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Wu L, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li S, Dixon DA, Yang DS. Mass-analyzed threshold ionization of an excited state of lanthanum dioxide. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:034307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4734312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Dibble CJ, Akin ST, Ard S, Fowler CP, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of Cobalt and Nickel Oxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5398-404. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302560p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556,
United States
| | - S. T. Akin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556,
United States
| | - S. Ard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556,
United States
| | - C. P. Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556,
United States
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556,
United States
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14
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Wu G, Yang M, Guo X, Wang J. Comparative DFT study of N2 and no adsorption on vanadium clusters Vn (n = 2-13). J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1854-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Asmis KR. Structure characterization of metal oxide clusters by vibrational spectroscopy: possibilities and prospects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9270-81. [PMID: 22569919 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40762k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the methodological progress that has been made in the vibrational spectroscopy of isolated polynuclear metal oxide clusters, with particular emphasis on free electron laser-based infrared action spectroscopy of gas phase clusters, over the last decade. The possibilities, limitations and prospects of the various experimental approaches are discussed using representative examples from pivotal studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Asmis
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Wang HQ, Li HF, Kuang XY. Probing the structural and electronic properties of small vanadium monoxide clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5272-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Li RZ, Xu HG, Cao GJ, Zhao YC, Zheng WJ. Photodissociation and Density Functional Calculations of Small VmOn+ Clusters. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/24/05/572-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Wang ZC, Wu XN, Zhao YX, Ma JB, Ding XL, He SG. CH Activation on Aluminum-Vanadium Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Anions. Chemistry 2011; 17:3449-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Zhang ZG, Xu HG, Kong X, Zheng W. Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Study of Small Aluminum−Vanadium Oxide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:13-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109221m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Guang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Mann JE, Rothgeb DW, Waller SE, Jarrold CC. Study of MoVOy (y = 2−5) Anion and Neutral Clusters using Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11312-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1044223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - David W. Rothgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Sarah E. Waller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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21
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Fielicke A, Gruene P, Haertelt M, Harding DJ, Meijer G. Infrared Spectroscopy and Binding Geometries of Oxygen Atoms Bound to Cationic Tantalum Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:9755-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102084n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Gruene
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marko Haertelt
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan J. Harding
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Wang Y, Gong X, Wang J. Comparative DFT study of structure and magnetism of TMnOm (TM = Sc–Mn, n = 1–2, m = 1–6) Clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2471-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b920033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Gong Y, Zhou M, Andrews L. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of Transition Metal Oxides and Dioxygen Complexes. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6765-808. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900185x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
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24
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Experimental and theoretical studies of the reaction between cationic vanadium oxide clusters and acetylene. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Feyel S, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Gas-Phase Chemistry of Vanadium Oxide Cluster Cations VmOn+(m= 1-4;n= 1-10) with Water and Molecular Oxygen. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Reed ZD, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of Yttrium and Lanthanum Oxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5354-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp800588r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. D. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
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27
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Molek KS, Anfuso-Cleary C, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of Iron Oxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9238-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8009436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Molek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
| | - C. Anfuso-Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
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28
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Jakubikova E, Rappé AK, Bernstein ER. Density Functional Theory Study of Small Vanadium Oxide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:12938-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0745844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872
| | - Anthony K. Rappé
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872
| | - Elliot R. Bernstein
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872
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29
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Molek KS, Reed ZD, Ricks AM, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of Chromium Oxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8080-9. [PMID: 17665887 DOI: 10.1021/jp073789+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromium oxide cluster cations, Cr(n)O(m)+, are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum exhibits a limited number of stoichiometries for each value of n, where m > n. The cluster cations are mass selected and photodissociated using the second (532 nm) or third (355 nm) harmonic output of a Nd:YAG laser. At either wavelength, multiphoton absorption is required to dissociate these clusters, which is consistent with their expected strong bonding. Cluster dissociation occurs via elimination of molecular oxygen, or by fission processes producing stable cation species and/or eliminating stable neutrals such as CrO3, Cr(2)O(5), or Cr(4)O(10). Specific cation clusters identified to be stable because they are produced repeatedly in the decomposition of larger clusters include Cr(2)O(4)+, Cr(3)O(6)+, Cr(3)O(7)+, Cr(4)O(9)+, and Cr(4)O(10)+.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Molek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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30
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Feyel S, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Gas-Phase Oxidation of Isomeric Butenes and Small Alkanes by Vanadium-Oxide and -Hydroxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2647-54. [PMID: 16494375 DOI: 10.1021/jp054799i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bare vanadium-oxide and -hydroxide cluster cations (V(m)O(n)H(o)+, m = 2-4, n = 1-10, o = 0, 1) were generated by electrospray ionization in order to examine their intrinsic reactivity toward isomeric butenes and small alkanes using mass spectrometric techniques. Two of the major reactions described here concern the activation of C-H bonds of the alkene/alkane substrates resulting in the transfer of two hydrogen atoms and/or attachment of the dehydrogenated hydrocarbon to the cluster cations; these processes are classified as oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) and dehydrogenation, respectively. For the dehydrogenation of butene, it evolved as a general trend that high-valent clusters prefer ODH resulting in the addition of two hydrogen atoms to the cluster concomitant with elimination of neutral butadiene, whereas low-valent clusters tend to add the diene with parallel loss of molecular hydrogen. Deuterium labeling experiments suggest the operation of a different reaction mechanism for V2O2(+) and V4O10(+) compared to the other cluster cations investigated, and these two cluster cations also are the only ones of the vanadium-oxide ions examined here that are able to dehydrogenate small alkanes. The kinetic isotope effects observed experimentally imply an electron transfer mechanism for the ion-molecule reactions of the alkanes with V4O10(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Feyel
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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Wyrwas RB, Yoder BL, Maze JT, Jarrold CC. Reactivity of Small MoxOy- Clusters toward Methane and Ethane. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2157-64. [PMID: 16466251 DOI: 10.1021/jp057195n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of Mo2Oy- suboxide clusters with both methane and ethane have been studied with a combination of mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Reactions were carried out under "gentle" and "violent" conditions. For methane, a number of products appeared under the gentler source conditions that were more logically attributed to dissociation of Mo2Oy- clusters upon reacting with methane to form MoCH2-, Mo(O)CH2-, and HMo(O2)CH3-. With ethane, products observed under the same gentle conditions were Mo(O)C2H2-, Mo(O)C2H4-, Mo(O2)C2H4-, and Mo(O2)(C2H5)2-. As expected, more products were observed when the reactions were carried out under violent conditions. The photoelectron spectra obtained for these species were compared to calculated adiabatic and vertical electron affinities and vibrational frequencies, leading to definitive structural assignments for several of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Wyrwas
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Molek KS, Jaeger TD, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of vanadium, niobium, and tantalum oxide cluster cations. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:144313. [PMID: 16238397 DOI: 10.1063/1.2050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal oxide clusters of the form M(n)O(m) (+)(M=V,Nb,Ta) are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Consistent with earlier work, cluster oxides for each value of n produce only a limited number of stoichiometries, where m>n. The cluster cations are mass selected and photodissociated using the second (532 nm) or third (355 nm) harmonic of a Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) laser. All of these clusters require multiphoton conditions for dissociation, consistent with their expected strong bonding. Dissociation occurs by either elimination of oxygen or by fission, repeatedly producing clusters having the same specific stoichiometries. In oxygen elimination, vanadium species tend to lose units of O(2), whereas niobium and tantalum lose O atoms. For each metal increment n, oxygen elimination proceeds until a terminal stoichiometry is reached. Clusters having this stoichiometry do not eliminate more oxygen, but rather undergo fission, producing smaller M(n)O(m) (+) species. The smaller clusters produced as fission products represent the corresponding terminal stoichiometries for those smaller n values. The terminal stoichiometries identified are the same for V, Nb, and Ta oxide cluster cations. This behavior suggests that these clusters have stable bonding networks at their core, but additional excess oxygen at their periphery. These combined results determine that M(2)O(4) (+), M(3)O(7) (+), M(4)O(9) (+), M(5)O(12) (+), M(6)O(14) (+), and M(7)O(17) (+) have the greatest stability for V, Nb, and Ta oxide clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Molek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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Asmis KR, Santambrogio G, Brümmer M, Sauer J. Polyhedral Vanadium Oxide Cages: Infrared Spectra of Cluster Anions and Size-Induced d Electron Localization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Asmis KR, Santambrogio G, Brümmer M, Sauer J. Polyhedral Vanadium Oxide Cages: Infrared Spectra of Cluster Anions and Size-Induced d Electron Localization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:3122-5. [PMID: 15827946 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Asmis
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Matsuda Y, Bernstein ER. Identification, Structure, and Spectroscopy of Neutral Vanadium Oxide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3803-11. [PMID: 16833696 DOI: 10.1021/jp040718r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutral vanadium oxide clusters are studied by photoionization time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Mass spectra of vanadium oxide clusters are observed by photoionization with lasers of three different wavelengths: 118, 193, and 355 nm. Mechanisms of 118 nm single photon ionization and 193 and 355 nm multiphoton ionization/fragmentation of vanadium oxide clusters are discussed on the basis of observed mass spectral patterns and line widths of the mass spectral features. Only the 118 nm laser light can ionize vanadium oxide neutral species by single photon ionization without fragmentation. The stable vanadium oxide neutral clusters under saturated oxygen growth conditions are found to be of the form (VO2)x(V2O5)y. Structures of the first few members of this series of clusters are determined through high level DFT calculations. Fragmentation of this series of clusters through 355 and 193 nm multiphoton ionization processes is discussed in light of these calculated structures. The B(2)B2 <-- X(2)A1 transition is observed for the VO2 neutral species, and nu1 and nu2 vibrations are assigned for both electronic states. From this spectrum, the VO2 rotational and vibrational temperatures are found to be approximately 50 and approximately 700 K, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
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Yoder BL, Maze JT, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. Structures of Mo2Oy− and Mo2Oy (y=2, 3, and 4) studied by anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:094313. [PMID: 15836134 DOI: 10.1063/1.1853379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The competitive structural isomers of the Mo(2)O(y) (-)Mo(2)O(y) (y=2, 3, and 4) clusters are investigated using a combination of anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The PE spectrum and calculations for MoO(3) (-)MoO(3) are also presented to show the level of agreement to be expected between the spectra and calculations. For MoO(3) (-) and MoO(3), the calculations predict symmetric C(3v) structures, an adiabatic electron affinity of 3.34 eV, which is above the observed value 3.17(2) eV. However, there is good agreement between observed and calculated vibrational frequencies and band profiles. The PE spectra of Mo(2)O(2) (-) and Mo(2)O(3) (-) are broad and congested, with partially resolved vibrational structure on the lowest energy bands observed in the spectra. The electron affinities (EA(a)s) of the corresponding clusters are 2.24(2) and 2.33(7) eV, respectively. Based on the calculations, the most stable structure of Mo(2)O(2) (-) is Y shaped, with the two Mo atoms directly bonded. Assignment of the Mo(2)O(3) (-) spectrum is less definitive, but a O-Mo-O-Mo-O structure is more consistent with overall electronic structure observed in the spectrum. The PE spectrum of Mo(2)O(4) (-) shows cleanly resolved vibrational structure and electronic bands, and the EA of the corresponding Mo(2)O(4) is determined to be 2.13(4) eV. The structure most consistent with the observed spectrum has two oxygen bridge bonds between the Mo atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
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Asmis KR, Meijer G, Brümmer M, Kaposta C, Santambrogio G, Wöste L, Sauer J. Gas phase infrared spectroscopy of mono- and divanadium oxide cluster cations. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:6461-70. [PMID: 15267535 DOI: 10.1063/1.1650833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vibrational spectroscopy of the mono- and divanadium oxide cluster cations VO(1-3)+ and V2O(2-6)+ is studied in the region from 600 to 1600 wave numbers by infrared photodissociation of the corresponding cluster cation-helium atom complexes. The comparison of the experimental depletion spectra with the results of density functional calculations on bare vanadium oxide cluster cations allows for an unambiguous identification of the cluster geometry in most cases and, for VO(1-3)+ and V2O(5,6)+, also of the electronic ground state. A common structural motif of all the studied divanadium cluster cations is a four-membered V-O-V-O ring, with three characteristic absorption bands in the 550-900 wave number region. For the V-O-V and V=O stretch modes the relationship between vibrational frequencies and V-O bond distances follows the Badger rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Asmis
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Brümmer M, Kaposta C, Santambrogio G, Asmis KR. Formation and photodepletion of cluster ion–messenger atom complexes in a cold ion trap: Infrared spectroscopy of VO+, VO2+, and VO3+. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1634254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Engeser M, Weiske T, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Oxidative Degradation of Small Cationic Vanadium Clusters by Molecular Oxygen: On the Way from Vn+ (n = 2−5) to VOm+ (m = 1, 2). J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0222088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Engeser
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiske
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Schröder
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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