1
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Epshtein M, Tenorio BNC, Vidal ML, Scutelnic V, Yang Z, Xue T, Krylov AI, Coriani S, Leone SR. Signatures of the Bromine Atom and Open-Shell Spin Coupling in the X-ray Spectrum of the Bromobenzene Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3554-3560. [PMID: 36735829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tabletop X-ray spectroscopy measurements at the carbon K-edge complemented by ab initio calculations are used to investigate the influence of the bromine atom on the carbon core-valence transitions in the bromobenzene cation (BrBz+). The electronic ground state of the cation is prepared by resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization of neutral bromobenzene (BrBz) and probed by X-rays produced by high-harmonic generation (HHG). Replacing one of the hydrogen atoms in benzene with a bromine atom shifts the transition from the 1sC* orbital of the carbon atom (C*) bonded to bromine by ∼1 eV to higher energy in the X-ray spectrum compared to the other carbon atoms (C). Moreover, in BrBz+, the X-ray spectrum is dominated by two relatively intense transitions, 1sC→π* and 1sC*→σ*(C*-Br), where the second transition is enhanced relative to the neutral BrBz. In addition, a doublet peak shape for these two transitions is observed in the experiment. The 1sC→π* doublet peak shape arises due to the spin coupling of the unpaired electron in the partially vacant π orbital (from ionization) with the two other unpaired electrons resulting from the transition from the 1sC core orbital to the fully vacant π* orbitals. The 1sC*→σ* doublet peak shape results from several transitions involving σ* and vibrational C*-Br mode activations following the UV ionization, which demonstrates the impact of the C*-Br bond length on the core-valence transition as well as on the relaxation geometry of BrBz+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Epshtein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Marta L Vidal
- DTU Chemistry─Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valeriu Scutelnic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zheyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry─Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Structure and dynamics of electronically excited molecular systems. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Lee YR, Kwon CH. Innovative mass spectrometer for high-resolution ion spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:164203. [PMID: 34717366 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional ion spectroscopy is inapplicable for ions produced in low concentrations or with low spectral resolutions. Hence, we constructed a high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization (HR VUV-MATI) spectrometer composed of a four-wave frequency mixing cell capable of generating long-lasting and intense VUV laser pulses of ∼1 × 1010 photons/pulse at wavelengths of 123.6-160.0 nm, a space-focused linear time-of-flight photoionization chamber with a new ion-source assembly, and a compact molecular beam chamber with a temperature-controlled pulsed nozzle for ion spectroscopy. The ion-source assembly and pulsing schemes enabled an ∼15-μs-delayed but extremely weak pulsed-field-ionization of the molecules in the zero-kinetic-energy (ZEKE) states and first-order space focusing of the generated MATI ions. These ZEKE states were effectively generated by a minute electric jitter from the high-lying Rydberg states, which were initially prepared via VUV photoexcitation. The spectral and mass resolutions (∼5 cm-1 and 2400, respectively) and the signal strength were simultaneously enhanced using this spectrometer. Moreover, it could be used to measure the fine vibrational spectrum from the zero-point level of the cation and the exact adiabatic ionization energy of the neutral molecule. Additionally, it could be used to measure the appearance energies of the photoproducts and elucidate the vibrational structures of the cationic isotopomers, utilizing other pulsing schemes. Furthermore, this spectrometer could be used to analyze the congested vibrational spectrum of a cation with multiple conformations. Thus, the HR VUV-MATI spectrometer-a potential alternative to photoelectron spectrometers-can be used to analyze the conformational structure-dependent reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ran Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kanakati AK, Mahapatra S. Vibronic coupling in the first six electronic states of pentafluorobenzene radical cation: Radiative emission and nonradiative decay. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054313. [PMID: 33557553 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear dynamics in the first six vibronically coupled electronic states of pentafluorobenzene radical cation is studied with the aid of the standard vibronic coupling theory and quantum dynamical methods. A model 6 × 6 vibronic Hamiltonian is constructed in a diabatic electronic basis using symmetry selection rules and a Taylor expansion of the elements of the electronic Hamiltonian in terms of the normal coordinate of vibrational modes. Extensive ab initio quantum chemistry calculations are carried out for the adiabatic electronic energies to establish the diabatic potential energy surfaces and their coupling surfaces. Both time-independent and time-dependent quantum mechanical methods are employed to perform nuclear dynamics calculations. The vibronic spectrum of the electronic states is calculated, assigned, and compared with the available experimental results. Internal conversion dynamics of electronic states is examined to assess the impact of various couplings on the nuclear dynamics. The impact of increasing fluorination of the parent benzene radical cation on its radiative emission is examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Mahapatra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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5
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Lee YR, Choi N, Kwon CH. Determination of the highest occupied molecular orbital and cationic structure of 2-chloropyridine by one-photon VUV-MATI spectroscopy and Franck–Condon fitting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20858-20866. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03365k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of a chlorine atom for the H in pyridine alters the HOMO of the molecule, which ultimately affects the cationic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ran Lee
- New and Renewable Energy Research Center
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Korea
| | - Nayoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon 24341
- Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon 24341
- Korea
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6
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Barclay M, Bjornsson R, Cipriani M, Terfort A, Fairbrother DH, Ingólfsson O. The role of the dihedral angle and excited cation states in ionization and dissociation of mono-halogenated biphenyls; a combined experimental and theoretical coupled cluster study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4556-4567. [PMID: 30741276 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a combined theoretical and experimental study on the ionization and primary fragmentation channels of the mono-halogenated biphenyls; 2-chlorobiphenyl, 2-bromobiphenyl and 2-iodobiphenyl. The ionization energies (IEs) of the 2-halobiphenyls and the appearance energies (AEs) of the principal fragments are determined through electron impact ionization, while quantum mechanical calculations at the coupled cluster level of theory are used to elucidate the observed processes and the associated dynamics. The primary fragmentation channels are the direct loss of the halogen upon ionization, the loss of the respective hydrogen halides (HX) as well as loss of the hydrogen halide and an additional hydrogen. We find that the dihedral angle strongly influences the relative potential energy of the neutral and the cation on their respective ground state surfaces, an effect caused by the strong influence of the nuclear motion on the conjugation between the phenyl rings. For the principal dissociative ionization channels from the mono-halogenated biphenyls we reason that these can not be described as statistical decay from the ground state cation, but must rather be understood as direct, state-selective processes from specific excited cationic states characterized through local ionization of either the halogenated or the non-substituted phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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7
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Kang DW, Kim HL, Kwon CH. Conformational preference and cationic structure of 2-methylpyrazine by VUV-MATI spectroscopy and natural bond orbital analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9255-9264. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkylpyrazines, which are well-known as aromatic substances and traditional medicines, are interesting molecular systems, and their methyl conformations result in unique structural and dynamical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Won Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Natural Sciences and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon 24341
- Korea
| | - Hong Lae Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Natural Sciences and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon 24341
- Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Natural Sciences and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon 24341
- Korea
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8
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Mandal S, Ghosh S, Sardar S, Adhikari S. The TDDVR approach for molecular photoexcitation, molecule–surface and triatomic reactive scattering processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2018.1548103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, India
| | - Sandip Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, India
| | | | - Satrajit Adhikari
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, India
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9
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Lee YR, Kim MH, Kim HL, Kwon CH. Conformer-specific photoionization and conformational stabilities of isobutanal revealed by one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:174302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5051682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ran Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Myung Hwa Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hong Lae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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10
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Palmer MH, Vrønning Hoffmann S, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C. The valence and Rydberg states of difluoromethane: A combined experimental vacuum ultraviolet spectrum absorption and theoretical study byab initioconfiguration interaction and density functional computations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:214304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ISA, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C. Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ISA, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Montelibretti, c/o Laboratorio Elettra, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Grazioli
- ISM-CNR, Montelibretti, c/o Laboratorio Elettra, Trieste, Italy
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11
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Kemp DJ, Whalley LE, Tuttle WD, Gardner AM, Speake BT, Wright TG. Vibrations of the p-chlorofluorobenzene cation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12503-12516. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational wavenumbers are established for twenty modes of the p-chlorofluorbenzene cation and two Fermi resonances are identified in the S1 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Kemp
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
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12
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Palmer MH, Ridley T, Vrønning Hoffmann S, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Zhang T, Biczysko M, Baiardi A, Peterson KA. Combined theoretical and experimental study of the valence, Rydberg and ionic states of fluorobenzene. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:204305. [PMID: 27250304 DOI: 10.1063/1.4949548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New photoelectron spectra (PES) and ultra violet (UV) and vacuum UV (VUV) absorption spectra of fluorobenzene recorded at higher resolution than previously, have been combined with mass-resolved (2 + 1) and (3 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra; this has led to the identification of numerous Rydberg states. The PES have been compared with earlier mass-analyzed threshold ionization and photoinduced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) spectra to give an overall picture of the ionic state sequence. The analysis of these spectra using both equations of motion with coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) configuration interaction and time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations have been combined with vibrational analysis of both the hot and cold bands of the spectra, in considerable detail. The results extend several earlier studies on the vibronic coupling leading to conical intersections between the X(2)B1 and A(2)A2 states, and a further trio (B, C, and D) of states. The conical intersection of the X and A states has been explicitly identified, and its structure and energetics evaluated. The energy sequence of the last group is only acceptable to the present study if given as B(2)B2<C(2)B1<D(2)A1, a conclusion which is in agreement with most previous EOM-CCSD and other calculations. However, this symmetry ordering of the B and C states forces reconsideration of the nature of the PIRI spectrum. The coupling between these two states is induced by the a2 modes, ν12 and ν14 and we propose that the 14(1) band is observed in the B(2)B2 band in the PES for the first time, because of the improved resolution. This same assignment is given to the lowest energy band in the PIRI spectrum which was previously assigned as the origin band and further conclude that the entire PIRI spectrum is induced by ν12 and ν14. The relative intensities of the various Rydberg state peaks in the VUV absorption and REMPI spectra of fluorobenzene are very similar to those observed in the equivalent spectra of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Ridley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- CNR-ISM, Basovizza Area Science Park, 1-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
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13
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Palmer MH, Ridley T, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Zhang T, Biczysko M, Baiardi A, Peterson K. Interpretation of the photoelectron, ultraviolet, and vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectra of bromobenzene by ab initio configuration interaction and DFT computations. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:164303. [PMID: 26520509 DOI: 10.1063/1.4933419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New photoelectron, ultraviolet (UV), and vacuum UV (VUV) spectra have been obtained for bromobenzene by synchrotron study with higher sensitivity and resolution than previous work. This, together with use of ab initio calculations with both configuration interaction and time dependent density functional theoretical methods, has led to major advances in interpretation. The VUV spectrum has led to identification of a considerable number of Rydberg states for the first time. The Franck-Condon (FC) analyses including both hot and cold bands lead to identification of the vibrational structure of both ionic and electronically excited states including two Rydberg states. The UV onset has been interpreted in some detail, and an interpretation based on the superposition of FC and Herzberg-Teller contributions has been performed. In a similar way, the 6 eV absorption band which is poorly resolved is analysed in terms of the presence of two ππ* states of (1)A1 (higher oscillator strength) and (1)B2 (lower oscillator strength) symmetries, respectively. The detailed analysis of the vibrational structure of the 2(2)B1 ionic state is particularly challenging, and the best interpretation is based on equation-of-motion-coupled cluster with singles and doubles computations. A number of equilibrium structures of the ionic and singlet excited states show that the molecular structure is less subject to variation than corresponding studies for iodobenzene. The equilibrium structures of the 3b13s and 6b23s (valence shell numbering) Rydberg states have been obtained and compared with the corresponding ionic limit structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Ridley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- CNR-IMIP, Montelibretti, c/o Laboratorio Elettra, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- National Research Council ICCOM-CNR, UOS di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kirk Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
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14
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Palmer MH, Ridley T, Vrønning Hoffmann S, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Zhang T, Biczysko M, Baiardi A, Peterson KA. Combined theoretical and experimental study of the valence, Rydberg, and ionic states of chlorobenzene. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124302. [PMID: 27036443 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New photoelectron (PE) and ultra violet (UV) and vacuum UV (VUV) spectra have been obtained for chlorobenzene by synchrotron study with higher sensitivity and resolution than previous work and are subjected to detailed analysis. In addition, we report on the mass-resolved (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra of a jet-cooled sample. Both the VUV and REMPI spectra have enabled identification of a considerable number of Rydberg states for the first time. The use of ab initio calculations, which include both multi-reference multi-root doubles and singles configuration interaction (MRD-CI) and time dependent density functional theoretical (TDDFT) methods, has led to major advances in interpretation of the vibrational structure of the ionic and electronically excited states. Franck-Condon (FC) analyses of the PE spectra, including both hot and cold bands, indicate much more complex envelopes than previously thought. The sequence of ionic states can be best interpreted by our multi-configuration self-consistent field computations and also by comparison of the calculated vibrational structure of the B and C ionic states with experiment; these conclusions suggest that the leading sequence is the same as that of iodobenzene and bromobenzene, namely: X(2)B1(3b1 (-1)) < A(2)A2(1a2 (-1)) < B(2)B2(6b2 (-1)) < C(2)B1(2b1 (-1)). The absorption onset near 4.6 eV has been investigated using MRD-CI and TDDFT calculations; the principal component of this band is (1)B2 and an interpretation based on the superposition of FC and Herzberg-Teller contributions has been performed. The other low-lying absorption band near 5.8 eV is dominated by a (1)A1 state, but an underlying weak (1)B1 state (πσ(∗)) is also found. The strongest band in the VUV spectrum near 6.7 eV is poorly resolved and is analyzed in terms of two ππ(∗) states of (1)A1 (higher oscillator strength) and (1)B2 (lower oscillator strength) symmetries, respectively. The calculated vertical excitation energies of these two states are critically dependent upon the presence of Rydberg functions in the basis set, since both manifolds are strongly perturbed by the Rydberg states in this energy range. A number of equilibrium structures of the ionic and singlet excited states show that the molecular structure is less subject to variation than corresponding studies for iodobenzene and bromobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Trevor Ridley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- CNR-ISM, Basovizza Area Science Park, 1-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
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15
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Andrejeva A, Tuttle WD, Harris JP, Wright TG. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy of bromobenzene and its perdeuterated isotopologue: Assignment of the vibrations of the S0, S1, and D0+ states of bromobenzene and the S0 and D0+ states of iodobenzene. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:244320. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4938501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrejeva
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - William D. Tuttle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Joe P. Harris
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G. Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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16
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Powis I, Holland DMP, Antonsson E, Patanen M, Nicolas C, Miron C, Schneider M, Soshnikov DY, Dreuw A, Trofimov AB. The influence of the bromine atom Cooper minimum on the photoelectron angular distributions and branching ratios of the four outermost bands of bromobenzene. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:144304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4931642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Powis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D. M. P. Holland
- Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - E. Antonsson
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Patanen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C. Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C. Miron
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computation, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Yu. Soshnikov
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A. Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computation, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. B. Trofimov
- Favorsky’s Institute of Chemistry, SB RAS, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
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17
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Andrejeva A, Tuttle WD, Harris JP, Wright TG. Assignment of the vibrations of the S0, S1, and D0+ states of perhydrogenated and perdeuterated isotopologues of chlorobenzene. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:104312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4929996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrejeva
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - William D. Tuttle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Joe P. Harris
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G. Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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18
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Palmer MH, Ridley T, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Biczysko M, Baiardi A, Limão-Vieira P. Interpretation of the vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectrum of iodobenzene by ab initio computations. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:134302. [PMID: 25854238 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of many Rydberg states in iodobenzene, especially from the first and fourth ionization energies (IE1 and IE4, X(2)B1 and C(2)B1), has become possible using a new ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectrum, in the region 29 000-87 000 cm(-1) (3.60-10.79 eV), measured at room temperature with synchrotron radiation. A few Rydberg states based on IE2 (A(2)A2) were found, but those based on IE3 (B(2)B2) are undetectable. The almost complete absence of observable Rydberg states relating to IE2 and IE3 (A(2)A2 and B(2)B2, respectively) is attributed to them being coupled to the near-continuum, high-energy region of Rydberg series converging on IE1. Theoretical studies of the UV and VUV spectra used both time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) and multi-reference multi-root doubles and singles-configuration interaction methods. The theoretical adiabatic excitation energies, and their corresponding vibrational profiles, gave a satisfactory interpretation of the experimental results. The calculations indicate that the UV onset contains both 1(1)B1 and 1(1)B2 states with very low oscillator strength, while the 2(1)B1 state was found to lie under the lowest ππ(∗) 1(1)A1 state. All three of these (1)B1 and (1)B2 states are excitations into low-lying σ(∗) orbitals. The strongest VUV band near 7 eV contains two very strong ππ(∗) valence states, together with other weak contributors. The lowest Rydberg 4b16s state (3(1)B1) is very evident as a sharp multiplet near 6 eV; its position and vibrational structure are well reproduced by the TDDFT results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Ridley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ISA, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ISA, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- CNR-ISM, Montelibretti, c/o Laboratorio Elettra, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- National Research Council ICCOM-CNR, UOS di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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19
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Palmer MH, Ridley T, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Coreno M, de Simone M, Grazioli C, Biczysko M, Baiardi A. The ionic states of iodobenzene studied by photoionization andab initioconfiguration interaction and DFT computations. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:134301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4916120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Palmer
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Ridley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Vrønning Hoffmann
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nykola C. Jones
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcello Coreno
- CNR-IMIP, Montelibretti, c/o Laboratorio Elettra, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Grazioli
- CNR-IOM Laboratorio TASC, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- National Research Council ICCOM-CNR, UOS di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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20
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Kim K, Johnson AM, Powell AL, Mitchell DG, Sevy ET. High resolution IR diode laser study of collisional energy transfer between highly vibrationally excited monofluorobenzene and CO2: the effect of donor fluorination on strong collision energy transfer. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:234306. [PMID: 25527934 DOI: 10.1063/1.4903252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Collisional energy transfer between vibrational ground state CO2 and highly vibrationally excited monofluorobenzene (MFB) was studied using narrow bandwidth (0.0003 cm(-1)) IR diode laser absorption spectroscopy. Highly vibrationally excited MFB with E' = ∼41,000 cm(-1) was prepared by 248 nm UV excitation followed by rapid radiationless internal conversion to the electronic ground state (S1→S0*). The amount of vibrational energy transferred from hot MFB into rotations and translations of CO2 via collisions was measured by probing the scattered CO2 using the IR diode laser. The absolute state specific energy transfer rate constants and scattering probabilities for single collisions between hot MFB and CO2 were measured and used to determine the energy transfer probability distribution function, P(E,E'), in the large ΔE region. P(E,E') was then fit to a bi-exponential function and extrapolated to the low ΔE region. P(E,E') and the biexponential fit data were used to determine the partitioning between weak and strong collisions as well as investigate molecular properties responsible for large collisional energy transfer events. Fermi's Golden rule was used to model the shape of P(E,E') and identify which donor vibrational motions are primarily responsible for energy transfer. In general, the results suggest that low-frequency MFB vibrational modes are primarily responsible for strong collisions, and govern the shape and magnitude of P(E,E'). Where deviations from this general trend occur, vibrational modes with large negative anharmonicity constants are more efficient energy gateways than modes with similar frequency, while vibrational modes with large positive anharmonicity constants are less efficient at energy transfer than modes of similar frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Alan M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Amber L Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Deborah G Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Eric T Sevy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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21
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Lee YR, Kang DW, Kim HL, Kwon CH. One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy of pyridine: Determination of accurate ionization energy and cationic structure. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:174303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4900569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ran Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Do Won Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Hong Lae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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22
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Shivatare VS, Kundu A, Patwari GN, Tzeng WB. Studies of Structural Isomers o-, m-, and p-Fluorophenylacetylene by Two-Color Resonant Two-Photon Mass-Analyzed Threshold Ionization Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8277-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S. Shivatare
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, 1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Taiwan
International Graduate Program, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University and Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Aniket Kundu
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - G. Naresh Patwari
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Wen Bih Tzeng
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, 1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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23
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Shivatare V, Tzeng WB. Spectroscopic Investigation of cis-2,4-Difluorophenol Cation by Mass-analyzed Threshold Ionization Spectroscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.3.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Kim JH, Lee JH, Hwang H, Kim HL, Kwon CH. Determination of precise pyrimidine cationic structure by vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1590-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Meng Q, Faraji S, Vendrell O, Meyer HD. Full dimensional quantum-mechanical simulations for the vibronic dynamics of difluorobenzene radical cation isomers using the multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:134302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4755372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Ionization energy of acetone by vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-012-0648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Sage AG, Oliver TAA, Murdock D, Crow MB, Ritchie GAD, Harvey JN, Ashfold MNR. nσ* and πσ* excited states in aryl halide photochemistry: a comprehensive study of the UV photodissociation dynamics of iodobenzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8075-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02390f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Sardar S, Puzari P, Adhikari S. Multi-state multi-mode nuclear dynamics on three isomers of C6H4F+2 using parallelized TDDVR approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15960-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Stevens WR, Ruscic B, Baer T. Heats of Formation of C6H5•, C6H5+, and C6H5NO by Threshold Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence and Active Thermochemical Tables Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13134-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107561s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517, United States, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States, and Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Branko Ruscic
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517, United States, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States, and Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tomas Baer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517, United States, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States, and Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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30
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Sardar S, Puzari P, Adhikari S. The multistate multimode vibronically coupled nuclear dynamics of monofluorobenzene radical cation using a parallelized TDDVR approach. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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32
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Multi-Mode Jahn–Teller and Pseudo-Jahn–Teller Effects in Benzenoid Cations. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03432-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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33
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Zhang C, Krasnokutski SA, Zhang B, Yang DS. Binding sites, rotational conformers, and electronic states of Sc–C[sub 6]H[sub 5]X (X=F, CH[sub 3], OH, and CN) probed by pulsed-field-ionization electron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:054303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3194294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Stevens W, Sztáray B, Shuman N, Baer T, Troe J. Specific Rate Constants k(E) of the Dissociation of the Halobenzene Ions: Analysis by Statistical Unimolecular Rate Theories. J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:573-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807930k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Stevens
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517-3290,Chemistry Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211-0110, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bálint Sztáray
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517-3290,Chemistry Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211-0110, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicholas Shuman
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517-3290,Chemistry Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211-0110, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomas Baer
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517-3290,Chemistry Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211-0110, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Troe
- Chemistry Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517-3290,Chemistry Department, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211-0110, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Pugliesi I, Tonge NM, Cockett MCR. An excited state ab initio and multidimensional Franck–Condon analysis of the A B12←X A11 band system of fluorobenzene. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:104303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2970092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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36
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Jahn-Teller and related conical intersections in the benzene radical cation and the monofluoro derivate. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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38
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Lee M, Kim MS. Mass-Analyzed Threshold Ionization Study of Vinyl Chloride Cation in the First Excited Electronic State Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation in the 107−102.8 nm Range. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9377-82. [PMID: 16869686 DOI: 10.1021/jp062456u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational spectrum of vinyl chloride cation in the first excited electronic state, A2 A', was obtained by one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. Use of an improved vacuum ultraviolet radiation source based on four-wave sum frequency mixing in Hg resulted in excellent sensitivity for the MATI signals. From the MATI spectrum, the ionization energy to the A2 A' state of the cation was determined to be 11.6667 +/- 0.0006 eV. Nearly complete vibrational assignment for the MATI peaks was possible by utilizing the vibrational frequencies and Franck-Condon factors calculated at the DFT and TDDFT/B3LYP levels with the 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set. Geometry of the cation in the A2 A' state was determined by Franck-Condon fitting of the MATI spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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39
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Yu SY, Huang MB, Li WZ. X, A, B, C, and D states of the C6H5F+ ion studied using multiconfiguration wave functions. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:1078-83. [PMID: 16420011 DOI: 10.1021/jp055925l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic states of the C6H5F+ ion have been studied within C2v symmetry by using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) methods in conjunction with an atomic natural orbital basis. Vertical excitation energies (Tv) and relative energies (Tv') at the ground-state geometry of the C6H5F molecule were calculated for 12 states. For the five lowest-lying states, 1(2)B1, 1(2)A2, 2(2)B1, 1(2)B2, and 1(2)A1, geometries and vibrational frequencies were calculated at the CASSCF level, and adiabatic excitation energies (T0) and potential energy curves (PEC) for F-loss dissociations were calculated at the CASPT2//CASSCF level. On the basis of the CASPT2 T0 calculations, we assign the X, A, B, C, and D states of the ion to 1(2)B1, 1(2)A2, 2(2)B1, 1(2)B2, and 1(2)A1, respectively, which supports the suggested assignment of the B state to (2)(2)B1 by Anand et al. based on their experiments. Our CASPT2 Tv and Tv' calculations and our MRCI T0, Tv, and Tv' calculations all indicate that the 2(2)B1 state of C6H5F+ lies below 1(2)B2. By checking the relative energies of the asymptote products and checking the fragmental geometries and the charge and spin density populations in the asymptote products along the CASPT2//CASSCF PECs, we conclude that the 1(2)B1, 1(2)B2, and 1(2)A1 states of C6H5F+ correlate with C6H5+ (1(1)A1) + F (2P) (the first dissociation limit). The energy increases monotonically along the 1(2)B1 PEC, and there are barriers and minima along the 1(2)B2 and 1(2)A1 PECs. The predicted appearance potential value for C6H5+ (1(1)A1) is very close to the average of the experimental values. Our CASPT2//CASSCF PEC calculations have led to the conclusion that the 1(2)A2 state of C6H5F+ correlates with the third dissociation limit of C6H5+ (1(1)A2) + F (2P), and a preliminary discussion is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 4588, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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40
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Lee M, Kim MS. Mass-analyzed threshold ionization study of vinyl bromide cation in the first excited electronic state using vacuum-ultraviolet radiation generated by four-wave mixing in Hg. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:174310. [PMID: 16375531 DOI: 10.1063/1.2104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vibrational spectrum of the vinyl bromide cation in the first excited electronic state A 2A' was obtained by one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. The use of an improved vacuum-ultraviolet radiation source based on four-wave sum frequency mixing in Hg resulted in excellent sensitivity for MATI signals. From the MATI spectrum, the ionization energy to the A 2A' state of the cation was determined to be 10.9150+/-0.0006 eV. Nearly complete vibrational assignments for the MATI peaks were possible by utilizing the vibrational frequencies and Franck-Condon factors calculated at the density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT/B3LYP levels with the 6-311+G(df,p) basis set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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41
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Bae YJ, Lee M, Kim MS. One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of 2-chloropropene (2-C3H5Cl) and its vibrational assignment based on the density-functional theory calculations. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:044306. [PMID: 16095357 DOI: 10.1063/1.1988310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-quality mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of 2-chloropropene, 2-C3H5Cl, is reported. Its ionization energy determined for the first time from the 0-0 band position was 9.5395+/-0.0006 eV. Almost all the peaks in the MATI spectrum could be vibrationally assigned utilizing the frequencies calculated at the B3LYP6-311++G(3df,3pd) level and the Franck-Condon factors calculated with the molecular parameters obtained at the same level. In particular, the observed methyl torsional progression could be reproduced very well through quantum-mechanical calculations using the molecular parameters obtained at this level. Dramatic lowering of the torsional barrier inferred from the experimental data was entirely compatible with the B3LYP6-311++G(3df,3pd) results. The torsional barrier and the internal rotational constant determined by fits to six torsional peaks were 53.6 and 5.20 cm(-1), respectively. A brief discussion at the level of molecular orbital is presented to account for the dramatic lowering of the torsional barrier upon ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Bae
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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42
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Lee M, Kim H, Lee YS, Kim MS. Vibrational assignment and Franck-Condon analysis of the mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of CH2ClI: the effect of strong spin-orbit interaction. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:244319. [PMID: 16035769 DOI: 10.1063/1.1948384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed analysis of the one-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of CH(2)ClI is presented. This includes the determination of the ionization energy of CH(2)ClI, complete vibrational assignments, and quantum-chemical calculations at the spin-orbit density-functional-theory (SODFT) level with various basis sets. Relativistic effective core potentials with effective spin-orbit operators can be used in SODFT calculations to treat the spin-orbit term on an equal footing with other relativistic effects and electron correlations. The comparison of calculated and experimental vibrational frequencies indicate that the spin-orbit effects are essential for the reasonable description of the CH(2)ClI(+) cation. Geometrical parameters and thus the molecular shape of the cation are greatly influenced by the spin-orbit effects even for the ground state. Calculated geometrical parameters deviate substantially for different basis sets or effective core potentials. In an effort to derive the exact geometrical parameters for this cation, SODFT geometries were further improved utilizing Franck-Condon fit of the MATI spectral pattern. This empirical fitting produced the well-converged set of geometrical parameters that are quite insensitive to the choice of SODFT calculations. The C-I bond length and the Cl-C-I bond angle show large deviations among different SODFT calculations, but the empirical spectral fitting yields 2.191 +/- 0.003 Angstroms for the C-I bond length and 107.09 +/- 0.09 degrees for the Cl-C-I angle. Those fitted geometrical parameters along with the experimental vibrational frequencies could serve as a useful reference in calibrating relativistic quantum-chemical methods for radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Korea
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Low-lying electronic states of the C6H5Cl+ ion studied using multiconfiguration wave functions. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kwon CH, Kim MS. Vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of hexafluorobenzene: The Jahn-Teller effect and vibrational analysis. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:11578-85. [PMID: 15268192 DOI: 10.1063/1.1753258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of hexafluorobenzene was obtained by using vacuum ultraviolet radiation generated by four-wave difference frequency mixing in Kr. The ionization energy of hexafluorobenzene determined from the position of the 0-0 band was 9.9108+/-0.0006 eV. To aid the spectral analysis, the Jahn-Teller coupling parameters for four e(2g) modes of C(6)F(6) (+) in the ground electronic state were calculated from the topographical data of the potential energy surface obtained at the density functional theory (DFT) level. These were used in the initial calculation of the energies of the Jahn-Teller states and upgraded through the multimode fit to the experimental data. Excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated frequencies was achieved. The vibrations which are not linear Jahn-Teller active were observed and could be assigned by referring to the frequencies obtained at the DFT level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Kwon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Kwon CH, Kim MS. One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene: The Jahn-Teller effect and vibrational analysis for the molecular cation in the ground electronic state. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:2622-9. [PMID: 15281861 DOI: 10.1063/1.1765655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectrum of 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene was obtained by using vacuum ultraviolet radiation generated by four-wave difference frequency mixing in Kr. The Jahn-Teller parameters for the e' modes (nu(8)-nu(14)) of 1,3,5-C(6)H(3)F(3)(+) in the ground electronic state needed for spectral analysis were taken from the density functional theory results initially and were upgraded through fits to the experimental results. Excellent agreement was achieved between the experimental and calculated Jahn-Teller energy levels. Assignments of the Jahn-Teller inactive modes were accomplished by referring to the calculated frequencies and the selection rule. The ionization energy of 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene determined from the position of the 0-0 band was 9.6359+/-0.0006 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Kwon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Lee M, Kim MS. One-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of 2-bromopropene (2-C3H5Br): Analysis of vibration and internal rotation in the cation. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1625922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kwon CH, Kim HL, Kim MS. Vibrational Analysis of Vacuum Ultraviolet Mass-Analyzed Threshold Ionization Spectra of Phenylacetylene and Benzonitrile. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036391w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Kwon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hong Lae Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Myung Soo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Control of Reaction Dynamics and School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Lee M, Kim MS. Vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of vinyl bromide: Franck–Condon analysis and vibrational assignment. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1597493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Kwon CH, Kim HL, Kim MS. Vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of benzene: Vibrational analysis of C6H6+ and C6D6+ in the B̃ 2E2g state. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1592512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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50
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Kwon CH, Kim HL, Kim MS. Vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of benzene: Vibrational analysis of C6H6+ and C6D6+ in the X̃ 2E1g state. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1577317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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