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Grundmann NS, Heydari N, Jäggi SI, Blacque O, Alberto R. Optimizing Photocatalytic H 2 Production by Introduction of Pyrazinyls to WRCs and a New tris-Rhenium Photosensitizer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401595. [PMID: 38818937 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The replacement of pyridyl by pyrazinyl in ligands of polypyridyl-based cobalt water reducing catalysts (WRC) shifts reduction potentials anodically. Together with a new, trinuclear ReI photosensitizer, these WRCs show strongly improved photocatalytic performances in turnover numbers (TONs) and maximal H2 evolution rate. Depending on the catalyst structure, up to 65 kTONs at 1 μM WRC concentration were reached. Under electrocatalytic conditions in both DMF and H2O, one of the reported WRCs displays remarkable stability, producing H2 steadily over 21 and 14 d, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora S Grundmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Neda Heydari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sarah I Jäggi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
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2
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Clarke CJ, Burrow EM, Verlet JRR. The valence electron affinity of uracil determined by anion cluster photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:20037-20045. [PMID: 39007196 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The unoccupied π* orbitals of the nucleobases are considered to play important roles in low-energy electron attachment to DNA, inducing damage. While the lowest anionic valence state is vertically unbound in all neutral nucleobases, it remains unclear even for the simplest nucleobase, uracil (U), whether its valence anion (U-) is adiabatically bound, which has important implications on the efficacy of damage processes. Using anion photoelectron spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the valence electron affinity (EAV) of U can be accurately measured within weakly solvating clusters, U-(Ar)n and U-(N2)n. Through extrapolation to the isolated U limit, we show that EAV = -2 ± 18 meV. We discuss these findings in the context of electron attachment to U and its reorganization energy, and more generally establish guidance for the determination of molecular electron affinities from the photoelectron spectroscopy of anion clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - E Michi Burrow
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Jan R R Verlet
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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3
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Khatymov RV, Muftakhov MV, Tuktarov RF, Shchukin PV, Khatymova LZ, Pancras E, Terentyev AG, Petrov NI. Resonant electron capture by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules: Effects of aza-substitution. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124310. [PMID: 38533882 DOI: 10.1063/5.0195316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Resonant electron capture by aza and diaza derivatives of phenanthrene (7,8-benzoquinoline and 1,10-phenanthroline) and anthracene (acridine and phenazine) at incident free electron energies (Ee) in the range of 0-15 eV was studied. All compounds except 7,8-benzoquinoline form long-lived molecular ions (M-) at thermal electron energies (Ee ∼ 0 eV). Acridine and phenazine also form such ions at epithermal electron energies up to Ee = 1.5-2.5 eV. The lifetimes (τa) of M- with respect to electron autodetachment are proportional to the extent of aza-substitution and increase on going from molecules with bent geometry of the fused rings (azaphenanthrenes) to linear isomers (azaanthracenes). These regularities are due to an increase in the adiabatic electron affinities (EAa) of the molecules. The EAa values of the molecules under study were comprehensively assessed based on a comparative analysis of the measured τa values using the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory, the electronic structure analysis using the molecular orbital approach, as well as the density functional calculations of the total energy differences between the molecules and anions. The only fragmentation channel of M- ions from the compounds studied is abstraction of hydrogen atoms. When studying [M-H]- ions, electron autodetachment processes were observed, the τa values were measured, and the appearance energies were determined. A comparative analysis of the gas-phase acidity of the molecules and the EAa values of the [M-H]· radicals revealed their proportionality to the EAa values of the parent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem V Khatymov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mars V Muftakhov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Renat F Tuktarov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Pavel V Shchukin
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Lyaysan Z Khatymova
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Eugene Pancras
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, ul. Kosmonavtov, 1, 450064 Ufa, Russia
| | - Andrey G Terentyev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay I Petrov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Brzeski J, Jordan KD. Non-Valence Anions of Pyridine and the Diazines. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5310-5313. [PMID: 35920853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dipole-bound anions of pyridine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine are characterized using equation of motion coupled cluster singles and doubles calculations. These calculations predict that the anions of pyridine, pyrimidine and pyridazine are bound in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation by 0.05, 0.8, and 19.0 meV, respectively. The binding energies of pyrimidine and pyridazine are large enough that the anions will remain bound even when allowing for corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, while that of pyridine is a borderline case. We were unable to find a stable non-valence correlation-bound anion for pyrazine, which has a zero dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brzeski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, United States.,Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk 80-308, Poland
| | - Kenneth D Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, United States
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5
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Zhang X, Liu G, Ciborowski S, Bowen K. Stabilizing Otherwise Unstable Anions with Halogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9897-9900. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics and the Beckman Institute California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Sandra Ciborowski
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Kit Bowen
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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6
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Zhang X, Liu G, Ciborowski S, Bowen K. Stabilizing Otherwise Unstable Anions with Halogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics and the Beckman Institute California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Sandra Ciborowski
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Kit Bowen
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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7
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Chen L, Khadivi A, Singh M, Jurss JW. Synthesis of a pentadentate, polypyrazine ligand and its application in cobalt-catalyzed hydrogen production. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A molecular cobalt complex bearing an unprecedented pentadentate, polypyrazine ligand is reported for electrocatalytic H2 evolution from pH 7 water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Mississippi
- University
- USA
| | - Amir Khadivi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Mississippi
- University
- USA
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Mississippi
- University
- USA
| | - Jonah W. Jurss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Mississippi
- University
- USA
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Lyapustina S, Nilles MM, Xu S, Graham JD, Bowen KH, Kelly JT, Tschumper GS, Hammer NI. The onset of electron-induced proton-transfer in hydrated azabenzene cluster anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:704-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02746b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The prospect that protons from water may be transferred to N-heterocyclic molecules due to the presence of an excess electron is studied in hydrated azabenzene cluster anions using spectroscopy and computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | | | | | - Shoujun Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | | | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - John T. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Mississippi
- University
- USA
| | | | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Mississippi
- University
- USA
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9
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Schmidt MW, Hull EA, Windus TL. Valence Virtual Orbitals: An Unambiguous ab Initio Quantification of the LUMO Concept. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10408-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Hull
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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10
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Jurss JW, Khnayzer RS, Panetier JA, El Roz KA, Nichols EM, Head-Gordon M, Long JR, Castellano FN, Chang CJ. Bioinspired design of redox-active ligands for multielectron catalysis: effects of positioning pyrazine reservoirs on cobalt for electro- and photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4954-4972. [PMID: 29142725 PMCID: PMC5664355 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear metalloenzymes in nature can function in cooperation with precisely positioned redox-active organic cofactors in order to carry out multielectron catalysis. Inspired by the finely tuned redox management of these bioinorganic systems, we present the design, synthesis, and experimental and theoretical characterization of a homologous series of cobalt complexes bearing redox-active pyrazines. These donor moieties are locked into key positions within a pentadentate ligand scaffold in order to evaluate the effects of positioning redox non-innocent ligands on hydrogen evolution catalysis. Both metal- and ligand-centered redox features are observed in organic as well as aqueous solutions over a range of pH values, and comparison with analogs bearing redox-inactive zinc(ii) allows for assignments of ligand-based redox events. Varying the geometric placement of redox non-innocent pyrazine donors on isostructural pentadentate ligand platforms results in marked effects on observed cobalt-catalyzed proton reduction activity. Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution from weak acids in acetonitrile solution, under diffusion-limited conditions, reveals that the pyrazine donor of axial isomer 1-Co behaves as an unproductive electron sink, resulting in high overpotentials for proton reduction, whereas the equatorial pyrazine isomer complex 2-Co is significantly more active for hydrogen generation at lower voltages. Addition of a second equatorial pyrazine in complex 3-Co further minimizes overpotentials required for catalysis. The equatorial derivative 2-Co is also superior to its axial 1-Co congener for electrocatalytic and visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen generation in biologically relevant, neutral pH aqueous media. Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP-D2) indicate that the first reduction of catalyst isomers 1-Co, 2-Co, and 3-Co is largely metal-centered while the second reduction occurs at pyrazine. Taken together, the data establish that proper positioning of non-innocent pyrazine ligands on a single cobalt center is indeed critical for promoting efficient hydrogen catalysis in aqueous media, akin to optimally positioned redox-active cofactors in metalloenzymes. In a broader sense, these findings highlight the significance of electronic structure considerations in the design of effective electron-hole reservoirs for multielectron transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah W Jurss
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . ; ;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , University , MS 38677 , USA
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Rony S Khnayzer
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-8204 , USA .
- Department of Natural Sciences , Lebanese American University , Beirut 1102-2801 , Chouran , Lebanon
| | - Julien A Panetier
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . ; ;
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Karim A El Roz
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-8204 , USA .
| | - Eva M Nichols
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . ; ;
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . ; ;
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . ; ;
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695-8204 , USA .
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . ; ;
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
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11
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White AF, Head-Gordon M, McCurdy CW. Complex basis functions revisited: Implementation with applications to carbon tetrafluoride and aromatic N-containing heterocycles within the static-exchange approximation. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4906940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alec F. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C. William McCurdy
- Chemical Sciences and Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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13
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MISHRA BRIJESHKUMAR, SATHYAMURTHY N. STACKING INTERACTION IN PYRAZINE DIMER. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633606002532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The structure and stability of pyrazine dimer in different orientations have been investigated using second- and fourth-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP4) and coupled-cluster singles and doubles with non-iterative perturbative triples method [CCSD(T)] with various basis sets (6-31G*, 6-311G**, 6-311++G**, cc-pVDZ, aug-cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and aug-cc-pVTZ). With the largest basis set (aug-cc-pVTZ) at the MP2 level of theory, the calculated binding energies (basis set superposition error corrected) for the sandwich, N–N axial-displaced, lateral-displaced, cross-displaced, T-shaped ( T N-ring and T H-ring ), and wedge-shaped ( W N–C and W C–C ) geometries are found to be 3.01, 4.18, 4.63, 5.92, 4.54, 2.78, 2.89, and 3.23 kcal/mol, respectively. Although MP2 calculations predict the cross-displaced geometry to be the most stable one, MP4 and CCSD(T) calculations show the most stable geometry to be T-shaped ( T N-ring ), with a center-of-mass separation of 4.2 Å. Dispersion interaction seems to be the major source of attraction in all the geometries considered, while the nature of electrostatic interaction depends on the mutual orientation of the two rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- BRIJESH KUMAR MISHRA
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - N. SATHYAMURTHY
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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14
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Choua S, Djukic JP, Dalléry J, Welter R, Turek P, Ricard L. Radical Anions of Metallo-organic Diazines: Structural, Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Investigation of a Pyrazyl Radical Anion. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900668n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Choua
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Dalléry
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Welter
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Turek
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Louis Ricard
- Laboratoire Hétéro-Eléments et Coordination, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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15
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Lee SH, Kim N, Ha DG, Kim SK. “Associative” Electron Attachment to Azabenzene−(CO2)n van der Waals Complexes: Stepwise Formation of Covalent Bonds with Additive Electron Affinities. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16241-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8039103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hak Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Namdoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Dong Gyun Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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16
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Winkler M, Houk KN. Nitrogen-Rich Oligoacenes: Candidates for n-Channel Organic Semiconductors. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:1805-15. [PMID: 17249669 DOI: 10.1021/ja067087u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The successive replacement of CH moieties by nitrogen atoms in oligoacenes (benzene to hexacene) has been studied computationally at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//6-31G(d) level of theory, and the effects of different heteroatomic substitution patterns on structures, electron affinities, excitation, ionization, and reorganization energies are discussed. The calculated tendencies are rationalized on the basis of molecular orbital arguments. To achieve electron affinities of 3 eV, a value required to allow for efficient electron injection from common metal electrodes, at least seven nitrogen atoms have to be incorporated into tetracenes or pentacenes. The latter require rather small reorganization energies for electron transfer (<0.20 eV) making these compounds promising candidates for n-channel semiconducting materials. Particularly interesting are heptaazapentacenes 5 and 6 in which the nitrogen atoms are arranged to form self-complementary systems with a maximum number of intermolecular CH-N contacts in planar oligomers. These interactions are expected to facilitate the formation of graphite-like sheet structures with cofacial arrangements of the pi systems and short interlayer distances due to attractive N-C(H) interlayer interactions. This should not only be ideal for charge transfer but also might contribute to improved air stability of these semiconductors. Self-complementarity is maintained in azaacenes containing two cyano groups in the terminal rings. These compounds require lower reorganization energies than the unsubstituted heterocycles (0.13-0.14 eV), show high electron affinities (3.3 eV), and are thus promising candidates for materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Winkler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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17
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Holroyd RA, Preses JM, Nishikawa M, Itoh K. Energetics and Volume Changes in Electron Attachment to Pyrazine in Supercritical Xenon. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6684-9. [PMID: 17567095 DOI: 10.1021/jp065922o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of electrons to pyrazine occurs reversibly over a wide range of pressures at and above room temperature in supercritical xenon. The rate constant for attachment increases with pressure at low pressures, passes through a maximum, and levels off at values of 1-3x10(12) m(-1) s(-1) at high pressure. The activation volumes for attachment (DeltaVa*) are quite small but show maxima near the compressibility maxima. In contrast, DeltaVa* is always negative for this reaction in sc-ethane and exhibits minima near the compressibility maxima. The rate constants for electron detachment change little with pressure but increase with temperature. Activation volumes for detachment are small. To explain the small volume change observed for this reaction, it is proposed that at the higher pressures clustering around the neutral pyrazine is comparable to that around the ion; i.e., the partial molar volumes are comparable. The free energy change (DeltaGr) of this reaction decreases between 40 and 60 bar and then is fairly constant at higher pressures. The dependence of DeltaGr on pressure is consistent with clustering around the neutral pyrazine at higher pressure. Also, the electron affinity of the clusters, pyrazineXen, increases with n to a few tenths of an eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Holroyd
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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18
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Djukic JP, Michon C, Ratkovic Z, Kyritsakas-Gruber N, de Cian A, Pfeffer M. New manganese-scaffolded organic triple-deckers based on quinoxaline, pyrazine and pyrimidine cores. Dalton Trans 2006:1564-73. [PMID: 16538275 DOI: 10.1039/b513322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermolytic coupling of Ph(2)CN(2) and (t-Bu)(Ph)CN(2) with doubly cyclomanganated 2,5-diphenylpyrazine and 4,6-diphenylpyrimidine afforded substantial amounts of new triple decker compounds of either C(i) and C(2) symmetry respectively containing, in both series, two eta(3)-bonded Mn(CO)(3) fragments which intervene as scaffolds sustaining the helical non-conjugated triaryl backbone. The molecular structures of two pyrazine derivatives show a typical non-parallel stacking of the aromatic rings and the encapsulation of the central pyrazyl fragment with interplanar centroid-to-centroid distances of ca. 3.5 A. The stacking of the aromatics in the triple-decker pyrimidine derivatives has been assessed by (1)H NMR experiments at low temperature. All the triple-decker-type compounds are electroactive. Pyrimidine triple-deckers can reversibly be electrochemically reduced to the corresponding anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Djukic
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Laboratoire de Synthèses Métallo-Induites, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Kim JH, Song JK, Park H, Lee SH, Han SY, Kim SK. Photoelectron spectroscopy of s-triazine anion clusters: Polarization-induced electron binding in aza-aromatic molecule. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1592507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Song JK, Lee NK, Kim JH, Han SY, Kim SK. Anion clusters of anthracene, Ann− (n=1–16). J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1589743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Song JK, Lee NK, Han SY, Kim SK. The naphthalene-benzene anion: Anion complex of aromatic hydrocarbons with the smallest electron affinity. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1519002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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