1
|
von Conta A, Tehlar A, Schletter A, Arasaki Y, Takatsuka K, Wörner HJ. Conical-intersection dynamics and ground-state chemistry probed by extreme-ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3162. [PMID: 30089780 PMCID: PMC6082858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) is a useful approach to elucidate the coupled electronic-nuclear quantum dynamics underlying chemical processes, but has remained limited by the use of low photon energies. Here, we demonstrate the general advantages of XUV-TRPES through an application to NO2, one of the simplest species displaying the complexity of a non-adiabatic photochemical process. The high photon energy enables ionization from the entire geometrical configuration space, giving access to the true dynamics of the system. Specifically, the technique reveals dynamics through a conical intersection, large-amplitude motion and photodissociation in the electronic ground state. XUV-TRPES simultaneously projects the excited-state wave packet onto many final states, offering a multi-dimensional view of the coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. Our interpretations are supported by ab initio wavepacket calculations on new global potential-energy surfaces. The presented results contribute to establish XUV-TRPES as a powerful technique providing a complete picture of ultrafast chemical dynamics from photoexcitation to the final products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A von Conta
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Tehlar
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Schletter
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Y Arasaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - K Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jager MF, Ott C, Kaplan CJ, Kraus PM, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Attosecond transient absorption instrumentation for thin film materials: Phase transitions, heat dissipation, signal stabilization, timing correction, and rapid sample rotation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:013109. [PMID: 29390697 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption apparatus tailored to attosecond and femtosecond measurements on bulk solid-state thin-film samples, specifically when the sample dynamics are sensitive to heating effects. The setup combines methodology for stabilizing sub-femtosecond time-resolution measurements over 48 h and techniques for mitigating heat buildup in temperature-dependent samples. Single-point beam stabilization in pump and probe arms and periodic time-zero reference measurements are described for accurate timing and stabilization. A hollow-shaft motor configuration for rapid sample rotation, raster scanning capability, and additional diagnostics are described for heat mitigation. Heat transfer simulations performed using a finite element analysis allow comparison of sample rotation and traditional raster scanning techniques for 100 Hz pulsed laser measurements on vanadium dioxide, a material that undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition at a modest temperature of 340 K. Experimental results are presented confirming that the vanadium dioxide (VO2) sample cannot cool below its phase transition temperature between laser pulses without rapid rotation, in agreement with the simulations. The findings indicate the stringent conditions required to perform rigorous broadband XUV time-resolved absorption measurements on bulk solid-state samples, particularly those with temperature sensitivity, and elucidate a clear methodology to perform them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke F Jager
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Ott
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter M Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Svoboda V, Ram NB, Rajeev R, Wörner HJ. Time-resolved photoelectron imaging with a femtosecond vacuum-ultraviolet light source: Dynamics in the A∼/B∼- and F∼-bands of SO 2. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:084301. [PMID: 28249458 DOI: 10.1063/1.4976552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron imaging is demonstrated using the third harmonic of a 400-nm femtosecond laser pulse as the ionization source. The resulting 133-nm pulses are combined with 266-nm pulses to study the excited-state dynamics in the A∼/B∼- and F∼-band regions of SO2. The photoelectron signal from the molecules excited to the A∼/B∼-band does not decay for at least several picoseconds, reflecting the population of bound states. The temporal variation of the photoelectron angular distribution (PAD) reflects the creation of a rotational wave packet in the excited state. In contrast, the photoelectron signal from molecules excited to the F∼-band decays with a time constant of 80 fs. This time constant is attributed to the motion of the excited-state wave packet out of the ionization window. The observed time-dependent PADs are consistent with the F∼ band corresponding to a Rydberg state of dominant s character. These results establish low-order harmonic generation as a promising tool for time-resolved photoelectron imaging of the excited-state dynamics of molecules, simultaneously giving access to low-lying electronic states, as well as Rydberg states, and avoiding the ionization of unexcited molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vít Svoboda
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niraghatam Bhargava Ram
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rajendran Rajeev
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tracing dissociation dynamics of CH3Br in the 3Q0 state with femtosecond extreme ultraviolet ionization. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
5
|
Chatterley AS, Roberts GM, Stavros VG. Timescales for adiabatic photodissociation dynamics from the à state of ammonia. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:034318. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4811672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
6
|
Miao J, Zeng Z, Liu P, Zheng Y, Li R, Xu Z, Platonenko VT, Strelkov VV. Generation of two attosecond pulses with tunable delay using orthogonally-polarized chirped laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:5196-5203. [PMID: 22418325 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.005196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate theoretically the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) by two orthogonally-polarized linearly chirped laser pulses. We show that such generating field has a specific temporal variation of the ellipticity which provides generation of two XUV attosecond pulses with tunable delay between them. This delay is controlled by the delay between the two generating pulses. Perspectives of application of this technique for the attosecond pump - attosecond probe experiments are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wernet P, Gaudin J, Godehusen K, Schwarzkopf O, Eberhardt W. Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:063114. [PMID: 21721681 DOI: 10.1063/1.3600901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A laser-based tabletop approach to femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with photons in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) energy range is described. The femtosecond VUV pulses are produced by high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of an amplified femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system. Two generations of the same setup and results from photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase are discussed. In both generations, a toroidal grating monochromator was used to select one harmonic in the photon energy range of 20-30 eV. The first generation of the setup was used to perform photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase to determine the bandwidth of the source. We find that our HHG source has a bandwidth of 140 ± 40 meV. The second and current generation is optimized for femtosecond pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy with high flux and a small spot size at the sample of the femtosecond probe pulses. The VUV radiation is focused into the interaction region with a toroidal mirror to a spot smaller than 100 × 100 μm(2) and the flux amounts to 10(10) photons/s at the sample at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The duration of the monochromatized VUV pulses is determined to be 120 fs resulting in an overall pump-probe time resolution of 135 ± 5 fs. We show how this setup can be used to map the transient valence electronic structure in molecular dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wernet
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lecointre J, Roberts GM, Horke DA, Verlet JRR. Ultrafast relaxation dynamics observed through time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 114:11216-24. [PMID: 20961158 DOI: 10.1021/jp1028855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron imaging of the 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) radical anion is presented. Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) are qualitatively analyzed in terms of the simple s-p model that is based on symmetry arguments. The internal conversion dynamics from the first excited state (1(2)B(3u)) to the ground state ((2)B(2g)) may be observed through temporal changes in the PADs of the spectrally overlapping photoelectron features arising from photodetachment of the ground state and the excited state. A formulism for extracting the population dynamics from the β(2) anisotropy parameter of overlapping spectroscopic features is presented. This is used to extract the lifetime of the first excited state, which is in good agreement with that observed in the time-resolved photoelectron spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lecointre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krikunova M, Maltezopoulos T, Wessels P, Schlie M, Azima A, Wieland M, Drescher M. Ultrafast photofragmentation dynamics of molecular iodine driven with timed XUV and near-infrared light pulses. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3528722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
10
|
Wernet P. Electronic structure in real time: mapping valence electron rearrangements during chemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:16941-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02934c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
11
|
Following a chemical reaction using high-harmonic interferometry. Nature 2010; 466:604-7. [PMID: 20671706 DOI: 10.1038/nature09185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The study of chemical reactions on the molecular (femtosecond) timescale typically uses pump laser pulses to excite molecules and subsequent probe pulses to interrogate them. The ultrashort pump pulse can excite only a small fraction of molecules, and the probe wavelength must be carefully chosen to discriminate between excited and unexcited molecules. The past decade has seen the emergence of new methods that are also aimed at imaging chemical reactions as they occur, based on X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction or laser-induced recollision--with spectral selection not available for any of these new methods. Here we show that in the case of high-harmonic spectroscopy based on recollision, this apparent limitation becomes a major advantage owing to the coherent nature of the attosecond high-harmonic pulse generation. The coherence allows the unexcited molecules to act as local oscillators against which the dynamics are observed, so a transient grating technique can be used to reconstruct the amplitude and phase of emission from the excited molecules. We then extract structural information from the amplitude, which encodes the internuclear separation, by quantum interference at short times and by scattering of the recollision electron at longer times. The phase records the attosecond dynamics of the electrons, giving access to the evolving ionization potentials and the electronic structure of the transient molecule. In our experiment, we are able to document a temporal shift of the high-harmonic field of less than an attosecond (1 as = 10(-18) s) between the stretched and compressed geometry of weakly vibrationally excited Br(2) in the electronic ground state. The ability to probe structural and electronic features, combined with high time resolution, make high-harmonic spectroscopy ideally suited to measuring coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics occurring in photochemical reactions and to characterizing the electronic structure of transition states.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wernet P, Odelius M, Godehusen K, Gaudin J, Schwarzkopf O, Eberhardt W. Real-time evolution of the valence electronic structure in a dissociating molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:013001. [PMID: 19659142 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved valence band photoelectron spectroscopy with a temporal resolution of 135 fs is used to map the entire occupied valence electronic structure of photoexcited gas-phase Br2 molecules during dissociation. The observed shifting and mixing of valence energy levels defines a transition period where the system appears to be intermediate between atoms and molecules. The surprisingly short bond breaking or dissociation time is determined by monitoring in real time how the photoelectron multiplet structure of the free atom arises from the valence states of the photoexcited molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ph Wernet
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chergui M, Zewail AH. Electron and X-Ray Methods of Ultrafast Structural Dynamics: Advances and Applications. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:28-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Walters ZB, Tonzani S, Greene CH. Limits of the Plane Wave Approximation in the Measurement of Molecular Properties. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9439-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8031226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B. Walters
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Stefano Tonzani
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Chris H. Greene
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stolow A, Underwood JG. Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nonadiabatic Dynamics in Polyatomic Molecules. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470259498.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
16
|
Strasser D, Goulay F, Leone SR. Transient photoelectron spectroscopy of the dissociative Br2(Πu1) state. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:184305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2803923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
17
|
Kong Q, Wulff M, Lee JH, Bratos S, Ihee H. Photochemical Reaction Pathways of Carbon Tetrabromide in Solution Probed by Picosecond X-ray Diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13584-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja073503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Kong
- Contribution from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex 38043, BP 220, France, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea, and Laboratoire de Physique, Théorique des Liquides, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 121, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 75252, France
| | - Michael Wulff
- Contribution from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex 38043, BP 220, France, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea, and Laboratoire de Physique, Théorique des Liquides, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 121, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 75252, France
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Contribution from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex 38043, BP 220, France, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea, and Laboratoire de Physique, Théorique des Liquides, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 121, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 75252, France
| | - Savo Bratos
- Contribution from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex 38043, BP 220, France, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea, and Laboratoire de Physique, Théorique des Liquides, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 121, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 75252, France
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Contribution from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex 38043, BP 220, France, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry and School of Molecular Science (BK21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea, and Laboratoire de Physique, Théorique des Liquides, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier 121, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 75252, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Miaja-Avila L, Lei C, Aeschlimann M, Gland JL, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Saathoff G. Laser-assisted photoelectric effect from surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:113604. [PMID: 17025885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.113604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of the laser-assisted photoelectric effect from a solid surface. By illuminating a Pt(111) sample simultaneously with ultrashort 1.6 eV and 42 eV pulses, we observe sidebands in the extreme ultraviolet photoemission spectrum. The magnitude of these sidebands as a function of time delay between the laser and extreme ultraviolet pulses represents a cross-correlation measurement of the extreme ultraviolet pulse. This effect promises to be useful to extend extreme ultraviolet pulse duration measurements to higher photon energies, as well as opening up femtosecond-to-attosecond time-scale electron dynamics in solid and surface-adsorbate systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Miaja-Avila
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wollenhaupt M, Engel V, Baumert T. FEMTOSECOND LASER PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY ON ATOMS AND SMALL MOLECULES: Prototype Studies in Quantum Control. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2005; 56:25-56. [PMID: 15796695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.56.092503.141315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
▪ Abstract We review prototype studies in the area of quantum control with femtosecond lasers. We restrict this discussion to atoms and diatomics under gas-phase collision-free conditions to allow for a comparison between theory and experiment. Both the perturbative regime and the nonperturbative regime of the light-matter interaction are addressed. To that end, atomic/molecular beam techniques are combined together with femtosecond laser techniques and energy-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ion detection. Highly detailed information on the laser-induced quantum dynamics is extracted with the help of kinetic energy-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wollenhaupt
- Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, D-34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stolow
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bressler
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, ISIC-FSB-BSP, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Gibson EA, Paul A, Wagner N, Tobey R, Gaudiosi D, Backus S, Christov IP, Aquila A, Gullikson EM, Attwood DT, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC. Coherent Soft X-ray Generation in the Water Window with Quasi-Phase Matching. Science 2003; 302:95-8. [PMID: 14526077 DOI: 10.1126/science.1088654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate enhanced generation of coherent light in the "water window" region of the soft x-ray spectrum at 4.4 nanometers, using quasi-phase-matched frequency conversion of ultrafast laser pulses. By periodically modulating the diameter of a gas-filled hollow waveguide, the phase mismatch normally present between the laser light and the generated soft x-ray light can be partially compensated. This makes it possible to use neon gas as the nonlinear medium to coherently convert light up to the water window, illustrating that techniques of nonlinear optics can be applied effectively in the soft x-ray region of the spectrum. These results advance the prospects for compact coherent soft x-ray sources for applications in biomicroscopy and in chemical spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Gibson
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|