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Nemirovich T, Young B, Brezina K, Mason PE, Seidel R, Stemer D, Winter B, Jungwirth P, Bradforth SE, Schewe HC. Stability and Reactivity of Aromatic Radical Anions in Solution with Relevance to Birch Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8043-8057. [PMID: 38363862 PMCID: PMC10979400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the electronic structure of aromatic radical anions in the solution phase employing a combination of liquid-jet (LJ) photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy measurements and electronic structure calculations. By using recently developed protocols, we accurately determine the vertical ionization energies of valence electrons of both the solvent and the solute molecules. In particular, we first characterize the pure solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) by LJ-PE measurements in conjunction with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and G0W0 calculations. Next, we determine the electronic structure of neutral naphthalene (Np) and benzophenone (Bp) as well as their radical anion counterparts Np- and Bp- in THF. Wherever feasible, we performed orbital assignments of the measured PE features of the aromatic radical anions, with comparisons to UV-vis absorption spectra of the corresponding neutral molecules being instrumental in rationalizing the assignments. Analysis of the electronic structure differences between the neutral species and their anionic counterparts provides understanding of the primarily electrostatic stabilization of the radical anions in solution. Finally, we obtain a very good agreement of the reduction potentials extracted from the present LJ-PES measurements of Np- and Bp- in THF with previous electrochemical data from cyclic voltammetry measurements. In this context, we discuss how the choice of solvent holds significant implications for optimizing conditions for the Birch reduction process, wherein aromatic radical anions play crucial roles as reactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Nemirovich
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brandon Young
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Krystof Brezina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip E. Mason
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - H. Christian Schewe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech
Republic
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Kim N, Lee SH. Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculation of the Hetero-dimers of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.5.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eisenberg D, Shenhar R. Polyarene anions: interplay between theory and experiment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Golas E, Lewars E, F. Liebman J. The Quinones of Benzocyclobutadiene: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9485-9500. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Golas
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Errol Lewars
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Joel F. Liebman
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
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Kim JH, Lee SH, Song JK. Photoelectron spectroscopy of pyrene anion clusters: Autodetachment via excited states of anion and intermolecular interactions in anion clusters. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124321. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3093032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lee SH, Kim JH, Chu I, Song JK. Anion clusters of naphthalene and solvents: structure, ion core, and intermolecular interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9468-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b903626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Denifl S, Ptasińska S, Sonnweber B, Scheier P, Liu D, Hagelberg F, Mack J, Scott LT, Märk TD. Free-electron attachment to coronene and corannulene in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 2007; 123:104308. [PMID: 16178598 DOI: 10.1063/1.2008947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron attachment to the polyaromatic hydrocarbons coronene and corannulene is studied in the electron energy range of about 0-14 eV using a high-resolution crossed electron-neutral beam setup. The major anions observed are the parent anions peaking at about 0 eV with cross sections of 3.8 x 10(-20) and 1 x 10(-19) m(2), respectively. The only fragment anions formed in coronene and corannulene are the dehydrogenated coronene and corannulene anions. Other anions observed in the negative mass spectra at about 0 eV can be ascribed to impurities of the sample. High-level quantum-mechanical studies are carried out for the determination of electron affinities, hydrogen binding energies, and structures of both molecules. The behavior of coronene and corannulene upon electron attachment is compared with that of other polyaromatic hydrocarbons studied previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Song JK, Lee NK, Kim JH, Han SY, Kim SK. Anion clusters of anthracene, Ann− (n=1–16). J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1589743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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