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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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McMahon AJ, Jarrold CC. Using anion photoelectron spectroscopy of cluster models to gain insights into mechanisms of catalyst-mediated H 2 production from water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27936-27948. [PMID: 33201956 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide cluster models of catalyst materials offer a powerful platform for probing the molecular-scale features and interactions that govern catalysis. This perspective gives an overview of studies implementing the combination of anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations toward exploring cluster models of metal oxides and metal-oxide supported Pt that catalytically drive the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or the water-gas shift reaction. The utility in the combination of these experimental and computational techniques lies in our ability to unambiguously determine electronic and molecular structures, which can then connect to results of reactivity studies. In particular, we focus on the activity of oxygen vacancies modeled by suboxide clusters, the critical mechanistic step of forming proximal metal hydride and hydroxide groups as a prerequisite for H2 production, and the structural features that lead to trapped dihydroxide groups. The pronounced asymmetric oxidation found in heterometallic group 6 oxides and near-neighbor group 5/group 6 results in higher activity toward water, while group 7/group 6 oxides form very specific stoichiometries that suggest facile regeneration. Studies on the trans-periodic combination of cerium oxide and platinum as a model for ceria supported Pt atoms and nanoparticles reveal striking negative charge accumulation by Pt, which, combined with the ionic conductivity of ceria, suggests a mechanism for the exceptionally high activity of this system towards the water-gas shift reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey J McMahon
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Mason JL, Gupta AK, McMahon AJ, Folluo CN, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. The striking influence of oxophilicity differences in heterometallic Mo–Mn oxide cluster reactions with water. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5142398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Ankur K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Abbey J. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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5
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Akin FA. Ionisation energy, electron affinity, and mass spectral decomposition mechanisms of RDX isomers upon electron attachment and electron ionisation. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1246759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Akin
- Department of Chemistry, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, Istanbul/Turkey
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6
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Akin F. Mass spectral decomposition mechanisms of RDX isomers upon electron attachment and electron ionisation: a DFT study of normal mode activation incorporating Duschinsky rotations. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1229059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F.A. Akin
- Department of Chemistry, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Hou GL, Feng G, Zhao LJ, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Structures and Electronic Properties of (KI)n–/0 (n = 1–4) and K(KI)n–/0 (n = 1–3) Clusters: Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Isomer-Depletion, and ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11154-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lei Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction
Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Wang ZC, Yin S, Bernstein ER. Generation and reactivity of putative support systems, Ce-Al neutral binary oxide nanoclusters: CO oxidation and C–H bond activation. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:194313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4830406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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9
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Waller SE, Mann JE, Jarrold CC. Asymmetric Partitioning of Metals among Cluster Anions and Cations Generated via Laser Ablation of Mixed Aluminum/Group 6 Transition Metal Targets. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:1765-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3119692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Waller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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10
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Waller SE, Mann JE, Hossain E, Troyer M, Jarrold CC. Electronic structures of AlMoOy− (y = 1–4) determined by photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:024302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4731345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wang ZC, Weiske T, Kretschmer R, Schlangen M, Kaupp M, Schwarz H. Structure of the Oxygen-Rich Cluster Cation Al2O7+ and its Reactivity toward Methane and Water. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16930-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206258x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Chen Wang
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiske
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Mann JE, Waller SE, Rothgeb DW, Chick Jarrold C. Study of Nb2Oy (y = 2–5) anion and neutral clusters using anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:104317. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3634011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Gutsev GL, Weatherford CA, Pradhan K, Jena P. Density functional study of neutral and anionic AlOn and ScOn with high oxygen content. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:2974-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Wang ZC, Wu XN, Zhao YX, Ma JB, Ding XL, He SG. CH Activation on Aluminum-Vanadium Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Anions. Chemistry 2011; 17:3449-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vonderach M, Ehrler OT, Weis P, Kappes MM. Combining Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry, and Photoelectron Spectroscopy in a High-Transmission Instrument. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1108-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1029677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vonderach
- Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Mikroskopischer Systeme, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Oli T. Ehrler
- Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Mikroskopischer Systeme, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Mikroskopischer Systeme, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Mikroskopischer Systeme, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Zhang ZG, Xu HG, Zhao Y, Zheng W. Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory study of TiAlOy− (y=1–3) and TiAl2Oy− (y=2–3) clusters. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:154314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3505298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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18
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Mann JE, Rothgeb DW, Waller SE, Jarrold CC. Study of MoVOy (y = 2−5) Anion and Neutral Clusters using Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11312-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1044223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - David W. Rothgeb
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Sarah E. Waller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Sierka M, Döbler J, Sauer J, Zhai HJ, Wang LS. The [(Al2O3)2]−Anion Cluster: Electron Localization-Delocalization Isomerism. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:2410-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mayhall NJ, Rothgeb DW, Hossain E, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. Electronic structures of MoWOy− and MoWOy determined by anion photoelectron spectroscopy and DFT calculations. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The experimental and theoretical study of molecular anions has undergone explosive growth over the past 40 years. Advances in techniques used to generate anions in appreciable numbers as well as new ion-storage, ion-optics, and laser spectroscopic tools have been key on the experimental front. Theoretical developments on the electronic structure and molecular dynamics fronts now allow one to achieve higher accuracy and to study electronically metastable states, thus bringing theory in close collaboration with experiment in this field. In this article, many of the experimental and theoretical challenges specific to studying molecular anions are discussed. Results from many research groups on several classes of molecular anions are overviewed, and both literature citations and active (in online html and pdf versions) links to numerous contributing scientists' Web sites are provided. Specific focus is made on the following families of anions: dipole-bound, zwitterion-bound, double-Rydberg, multiply charged, metastable, cluster-based, and biological anions. In discussing each kind of anion, emphasis is placed on the structural, energetic, spectroscopic, and chemical-reactivity characteristics that make these anions novel, interesting, and important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Simons
- Chemistry Department, Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, UniVersity of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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McCunn LR, Gardenier GH, Guasco TL, Elliott BM, Bopp JC, Relph RA, Johnson MA. Probing isomer interconversion in anionic water clusters using an Ar-mediated pump-probe approach: Combining vibrational predissociation and velocity-map photoelectron imaging spectroscopies. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:234311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2932104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Guevara-García A, Martínez A, Ortiz JV. Electron binding energies and Dyson orbitals of Al5Om− (m=3,4,5) and Al5O5H2−. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:234302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2806845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Das U, Raghavachari K. Interaction of water, methanol, and ammonia with AlxOy-: a comparative theoretical study of Al5O4- versus Al3O3-. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:154310. [PMID: 17949152 DOI: 10.1063/1.2790012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical reactions of water, methanol, and ammonia with Al5O4- have been studied using electronic structure calculations. The chemistry of Al5O4- with these molecules is different from that of Al3O3-. While Al3O3- dissociatively adsorbs two water molecules (and methanol), Al5O4- reacts with only one. In addition, Al5O4- does not show any reaction with ammonia while recent experimental and theoretical studies suggest that Al3O3- chemisorbs ammonia. These apparent differences in their chemical reactivity have been explained based on the thermodynamic stability of the corresponding reaction products and kinetic barriers associated with their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Guevara-García A, Martínez A, Ortiz JV. Sequential addition of H2O, CH3OH, and NH3 to Al3O3−: A theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:024309. [PMID: 17228956 DOI: 10.1063/1.2409293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectron spectra of two species, Al3O3(H2O)2- and Al3O3(CH3OH)2-, that are produced by the addition of two water or methanol molecules to Al3O3- are interpreted with density-functional geometry optimizations and electron propagator calculations of vertical electron detachment energies. In both cases, there is only one isomer that is responsible for the observed spectral features. A high barrier to the addition of a second molecule may impede the formation of Al3O3N2H6- clusters in an analogous experiment with NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Guevara-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior sin número, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, 04510 Distrito Federal, México.
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Roscioli JR, Johnson MA. Isomer-specific spectroscopy of the (H2O)8− cluster anion in the intramolecular bending region by selective photodepletion of the more weakly electron binding species (isomer II). J Chem Phys 2007; 126:024307. [PMID: 17228954 DOI: 10.1063/1.2409295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vibrational predissociation spectra of the two more strongly electron binding forms of the (H2O)8- anion are obtained in the HOH intramolecular bending region. This is accomplished by deconvoluting the overlapping spectra obtained from a mixed ensemble using a population modulation scheme in which the low electron binding isomer (II) is removed from the ion packet prior to spectroscopic analysis. By choosing the energy of the photodepletion laser to lie between the vertical detachment energies of the two isomers, the contribution from isomer II can be quantitatively eliminated, leaving the population of I largely unaffected. The low binding energies involved in the application of the method to the water cluster anions necessitate that this should be carried out in the midinfrared, thus requiring two tunable ir laser systems for implementation. The isolated spectrum of isomer 1 displays a strong, redshifted feature associated with a double H-bond acceptor (AA) water molecule in direct contact with the excess electron and a large gap before higher energy features appear that are typically associated with (acceptor/donor) AD and ADD binding sites in the network. The more weakly binding isomer II does not display the AA feature and instead contributes broad structure at intermediate redshifts that merges with the region associated with neutral water cluster networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Roscioli
- Department of Chemistry, Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Wyrwas RB, Yoder BL, Maze JT, Jarrold CC. Reactivity of Small MoxOy- Clusters toward Methane and Ethane. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2157-64. [PMID: 16466251 DOI: 10.1021/jp057195n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of Mo2Oy- suboxide clusters with both methane and ethane have been studied with a combination of mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Reactions were carried out under "gentle" and "violent" conditions. For methane, a number of products appeared under the gentler source conditions that were more logically attributed to dissociation of Mo2Oy- clusters upon reacting with methane to form MoCH2-, Mo(O)CH2-, and HMo(O2)CH3-. With ethane, products observed under the same gentle conditions were Mo(O)C2H2-, Mo(O)C2H4-, Mo(O2)C2H4-, and Mo(O2)(C2H5)2-. As expected, more products were observed when the reactions were carried out under violent conditions. The photoelectron spectra obtained for these species were compared to calculated adiabatic and vertical electron affinities and vibrational frequencies, leading to definitive structural assignments for several of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Wyrwas
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Das U, Raghavachari K. Al–H bond formation in hydrated aluminum oxide cluster anions. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:021101. [PMID: 16422560 DOI: 10.1063/1.2150813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to investigate the interaction of a water molecule with gas phase aluminum oxide cluster anions. While oxygen-rich clusters (AlxOy-,x<y) (including Al2O3- which resembles the stoichiometry of bulk alumina) form hydroxides as the end product, many aluminum-rich clusters (AlxOy-,x>y) generate metal hydrides. These hydride species are, in many cases, 30-35 kcal/mol more stable than their hydroxide counterparts. Our observations on such competing reaction pathways may be useful to understand the catalytic role of alumina nanoparticles in many chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
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Chatterjee B, Akin FA, Jarrold CC, Raghavachari K. Comparison of Nickel-Group Metal Cyanides and Acetylides and Their Anions Using Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6880-6. [PMID: 16834045 DOI: 10.1021/jp0520704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoelectron spectra of NiCN-, PdCN-, PtCN-, HNiC2H-, Ni(C2H)2(-), PdC2H-, and PtC2H- are presented along with density functional theory calculations. Linear structures are predicted for all anions and neutrals. NiCN- and NiCN are predicted to have 3delta and 2delta ground states, respectively. HNiC2H- and Ni(C2H)2(-) are predicted to have 2delta and 2delta(g) anion and 3delta and 3pi(g) neutral ground states, respectively. The palladium and platinum cyanide and acetylides have 1sigma+ anion and 2sigma+ neutral ground states. Simulations generated from the calculated parameters are compared to observed spectra, and molecular orbital diagrams are presented to compare the bonding in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
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Guevara-García A, Martínez A, Ortiz JV. Addition of water, methanol, and ammonia to Al3O3− clusters: Reaction products, transition states, and electron detachment energies. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:214309. [PMID: 15974740 DOI: 10.1063/1.1926279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Products of reactions between the book and kite isomers of Al3O3- and three important molecules are studied with electronic structure calculations. Dissociative adsorption of H2O or CH3OH is highly exothermic and proton-transfer barriers between anion-molecule complexes and the products of these reactions are low. For NH3, the reaction energies are less exothermic and the corresponding barriers are higher. Depending on experimental conditions, Al3O3- (NH3) coordination complexes or products of dissociative adsorption may be prepared. Vertical electron detachment energies of stable anions are predicted with ab initio electron propagator calculations and are in close agreement with experiments on Al3O3- and its products with H2O and CH3OH. Changes in the localization properties of two Al-centered Dyson orbitals account for the differences between the photoelectron spectra of Al3O3- and those of the product anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Guevara-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán 04510, Distrito Federal Mexico
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Yoder BL, Maze JT, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. Structures of Mo2Oy− and Mo2Oy (y=2, 3, and 4) studied by anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:094313. [PMID: 15836134 DOI: 10.1063/1.1853379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The competitive structural isomers of the Mo(2)O(y) (-)Mo(2)O(y) (y=2, 3, and 4) clusters are investigated using a combination of anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The PE spectrum and calculations for MoO(3) (-)MoO(3) are also presented to show the level of agreement to be expected between the spectra and calculations. For MoO(3) (-) and MoO(3), the calculations predict symmetric C(3v) structures, an adiabatic electron affinity of 3.34 eV, which is above the observed value 3.17(2) eV. However, there is good agreement between observed and calculated vibrational frequencies and band profiles. The PE spectra of Mo(2)O(2) (-) and Mo(2)O(3) (-) are broad and congested, with partially resolved vibrational structure on the lowest energy bands observed in the spectra. The electron affinities (EA(a)s) of the corresponding clusters are 2.24(2) and 2.33(7) eV, respectively. Based on the calculations, the most stable structure of Mo(2)O(2) (-) is Y shaped, with the two Mo atoms directly bonded. Assignment of the Mo(2)O(3) (-) spectrum is less definitive, but a O-Mo-O-Mo-O structure is more consistent with overall electronic structure observed in the spectrum. The PE spectrum of Mo(2)O(4) (-) shows cleanly resolved vibrational structure and electronic bands, and the EA of the corresponding Mo(2)O(4) is determined to be 2.13(4) eV. The structure most consistent with the observed spectrum has two oxygen bridge bonds between the Mo atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
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Das U, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. Addition of water to Al5O4− determined by anion photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:14313. [PMID: 15638665 DOI: 10.1063/1.1828043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The anion photoelectron spectra of Al5O4- and Al5O5H2- are presented and interpreted within the context of quantum chemical calculations on these species. Experimentally, the electron affinities of these two molecules are determined to be 3.50(5) eV and 3.10(10) eV for the bare and hydrated cluster, respectively. The spectra show at least three electronic transitions crowded into a 1 eV energy window. Calculations on Al5O4- predict a highly symmetric near-planar structure with a singlet ground state. The neutral structure calculated to be most structurally similar to the ground state structure of the anion is predicted to lie 0.15 eV above the ground state structure of the neutral. The lowest energy neutral isomer does not have significant Franck-Condon overlap with the ground state of the anion. Dissociative addition of water to Al5O4- is energetically favored over physisorption. The ground state structure for the Al5O4- +H(2)O product forms when water adds to the central Al atom in Al5O4- with -H migration to one of the neighboring O atoms. Again, the ground state structures for the anion and neutral are very different, and the PE spectrum represents transitions to a higher-lying neutral structure from the ground state anion structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
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Akin FA, Jarrold CC. Reactivity of Al3O3− cluster toward H2O studied by density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:8698-706. [PMID: 15267800 DOI: 10.1063/1.1687322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations (Becke's three parameter hybrid functional) have been done on a wide range of possible structures for the complexes formed in the reaction between Al(3)O(3) (-) and one or two water molecules. Both energetically competitive structural isomers of Al(3)O(3) (-) (kitelike and distorted rectangle) were considered. The structures of neutral complexes accessed from detachment of the stable anion structures were also optimized. The calculations predict that hydroxide complexes are energetically favored over Lewis acid-base and charge-dipole complexes. For Al(3)O(3) (-)/H(2)O complexes, the kite-based hydroxide and rectangle-based hydroxide are predicted to be nearly isoenergetic, while for Al(3)O(3) (-)/(H(2)O)(2), the rectangle-based dihydroxide emerges as being 0.5 eV more stable than the lowest energy kite-based dihydroxide. The structures of these and their neutrals are used to analyze anion PE spectra of Al(3)O(4)H(2) (-) and Al(3)O(5)H(4) (-) obtained previously [F. A. Akin and C. C. Jarrold, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 5841 (2003)].
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ahu Akin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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Tenorio FJ, Murray I, Martinez A, Klabunde KJ, Ortiz JV. Products of the addition of water molecules to Al3O3− clusters: Structure, bonding, and electron binding energies in Al3O4H2−, Al3O5H4−, Al3O4H2, and Al3O5H4. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:7955-62. [PMID: 15267711 DOI: 10.1063/1.1689648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two stable products of reactions of water molecules with the Al3O3- cluster, Al3O4H2- and Al3O5H4-, are studied with electronic structure calculations. There are several minima with similar energies for both anions and the corresponding molecules. Dissociative absorption of a water molecule to produce an anionic cluster with hydroxide ions is thermodynamically favored over the formation of Al3O3-(H2O)n complexes. Vertical electron detachment energies of Al3O4H2- and Al3O5H4- calculated with ab initio electron propagator methods provide a quantitative interpretation of recent anion photoelectron spectra. Contrasts and similarities in these spectra may be explained in terms of the Dyson orbitals associated with each transition energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-3701, USA
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Mitsui M, Kokubo S, Ando N, Matsumoto Y, Nakajima A, Kaya K. Coexistence of two different anion states in polyacene nanocluster anions. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:7553-6. [PMID: 15485213 DOI: 10.1063/1.1809118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of anion states are shown to coexist in nanometer-scale polyacene cluster anions. Naphthalene and anthracene nanoclusters having a single excess electron were produced in the gas-phase. Photoelectron spectra of size-selected cluster anions containing 2 to 100 molecules revealed that rigid "crystal-like" cluster anions emerge, greater than approximately 2 nanometers in size, and coexist with the "disordered" cluster anion in which the surrounding neutral molecules are reorganizing around the charge core. These two anion states appear to be correlated to negative polaronic states formed in the corresponding crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Akin FA, Jarrold CC. Addition of water and methanol to Al3O3− studied by mass spectrometry and anion photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1553466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Martínez A, Tenorio FJ, Ortiz JV. Al3O4 and Al3O4- Clusters: Structure, Bonding, and Electron Binding Energies. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0224970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, C. U., P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, 04510, D.F. México
| | - Francisco J. Tenorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, C. U., P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, 04510, D.F. México
| | - J. V. Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-3701
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Meloni G, Ferguson MJ, Neumark DM. Negative ion photodetachment spectroscopy of the Al3O2, Al3O3, Al4Ox, Al5Ox(x = 3–5), Al6O5, and Al7O5clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b308119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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