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Pelegati VB, Kyotoku BBC, Padilha LA, Cesar CL. Six-wave mixing coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2407-2417. [PMID: 29760997 PMCID: PMC5946798 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquiring images of biological tissues and cells without the assistance of exogenous labels with a fast repetition rate and chemical specificity is what coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) imaging offers. Nonresonant background (NRB) is one of the main drawbacks of the CARS microscopy technique because it limits the detection of weak Raman lines and the detection of low-concentration molecules. We show that a six-wave mixing process with two beams, which is a cascade effect of CARS, show better signal/NRB ratio and can be utilized for biological tissues imaging. The cascade CARS (CCARS) depends on chi-3 to the fourth power, instead of chi-3 squared as in the usual CARS signal; therefore, the contrast ratio with NRB is higher for CCARS than for CARS. We present analytic calculations showing that CCARS have better contrast over CARS in any situation. Comparison of the signals of both techniques generated on water-ethanol solutions confirm these results. Finally, we acquired CCARS images of fresh biological tissues, attesting that it is a useful tool for biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor B. Pelegati
- “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13.083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABIC), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bernardo B. C. Kyotoku
- “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13.083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lazaro A. Padilha
- “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13.083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos L. Cesar
- “Gleb Wataghin” Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13.083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABIC), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, 60.440-900 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Fujiyoshi S, Ishibashi TA, Onishi H. Molecular Vibrations at a Liquid−Liquid Interface Observed by Fourth-Order Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:9571-8. [PMID: 16686504 DOI: 10.1021/jp060457g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interface-selective, Raman-based observation of molecular vibrations is demonstrated at a liquid-liquid interface. An aqueous solution of oxazine 170 dye interfaced with hexadecane is irradiated with pump and probe light pulses of 630-nm wavelengths in 17-fs width. The ultrashort pulses are broadened due to group velocity dispersion when traveling through the hexadecane layer. The dispersion is optically corrected to give an optimized instrumental response. The pump pulse induces a vibrational coherence of the dye via impulsive stimulated Raman scattering. The probe pulse generates second-harmonic light at the interface. The efficiency of the generation is modulated as a function of the pump-probe delay by the coherently excited molecules. Fourier transformation of the modulated efficiency presents the frequency spectrum of the vibrations. Five bands are recognized at 534, 557, 593, 619, and 683 cm(-1). The pump-and-probe process induces a fourth-order optical response that is forbidden in a centrosymmetric media. The contribution of an undesired, cascaded optical process is quantitatively considered and excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fujiyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Shigeto S, Kano H, Hamaguchi HO. Cascading third-order Raman process and local structure formation in binary liquid mixtures of benzene and n-hexane. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:064504. [PMID: 15740385 DOI: 10.1063/1.1847531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cascading third-order Raman process in binary mixtures of benzene and n-hexane was studied by six-wave mixing coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. By examining the concentration dependence of the cascading third-order signal intensity, we investigated the formation of local structures of benzene in the binary mixtures. A significant deviation from the dependence expected for homogeneous mixtures was observed at benzene concentrations above 7 mol dm(-3). This deviation can be interpreted in terms of optical inhomogeneity caused by the formation of domain structures of benzene molecules. We discuss the feasibility of the cascading third-order process as a sensitive probe for the microscopic structures that are formed in liquids and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Shigeto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Fujiyoshi S, Ishibashi TA, Onishi H. Fifth-Order Raman Spectroscopy of Excited-State Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0461899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fujiyoshi
- Surface Chemistry Laboratory, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (KAST), KSP, Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, 213-0012, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Taka-aki Ishibashi
- Surface Chemistry Laboratory, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (KAST), KSP, Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, 213-0012, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Surface Chemistry Laboratory, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (KAST), KSP, Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, 213-0012, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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