1
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de Lara-Castells MP. First-principles modelling of the new generation of subnanometric metal clusters: Recent case studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:737-759. [PMID: 35033919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The very recent development of highly selective techniques making possible the synthesis and experimental characterization of subnanometric (subnanometer-sized) metal clusters (even single atoms) is pushing our understanding far beyond the present knowledge in materials science, driving these clusters as a new generation of quantum materials at the lower bounds of nanotechnology. When the size of the metal cluster is reduced to a small number of atoms, the d-band of the metal splits into a subnanometric d-type molecular orbitals network in which all metal atoms are inter-connected, with the inter-connections having the length of a chemical bond (1-2 Å). These molecular characteristics are at the very core of the high stability and novel properties of the smallest metal clusters, with their integration into colloidal materials interacting with the environment having the potential to further boost their performance in applications such as luminescence, sensing, bioimaging, theranostics, energy conversion, catalysis, and photocatalysis. Through the presentation of very recent case studies, this Feature Article is aimed to illustrate how first-principles modelling, including methods beyond the state-of-the-art and an interplay with cutting-edge experiments, is helping to understand the special properties of these clusters at the most fundamental level. Moreover, it will be discussed how superfluid helium droplets can act both as nano-reactors and carriers to achieve the synthesis and surface deposition of metal clusters. This concept will be illustrated with the quantum simulation of the helium droplet-assisted soft-landing of a single Au atom onto a titanium dioxide (TiO2) surface. Next, it will be shown how the application of first-principles methods have disclosed the fundamental reasons why subnanometric Cu5 clusters are resistant to irreversible oxidation, and capable of increasing and extending into the visible region the solar absorption of TiO2, of augmenting its efficiency for photo-catalysis beyond a factor of four, also considering the decomposition and photo-activation of CO2 as a prototypical (photo-) catalytic reaction. Finally, I will discuss how the modification of the same material with subnanometric Ag5 clusters has converted it into a "reporter" of a surface polaron property as well as a novel two-dimensional polaronic material.
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2
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Mitrushchenkov AO, Zanchet A, Hauser AW, de Lara-Castells MP. Nonadiabatic Effects in the Molecular Oxidation of Subnanometric Cu 5 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9143-9150. [PMID: 34633823 PMCID: PMC8543446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The electronic structure
of subnanometric clusters, far off the
bulk regime, is still dominated by molecular characteristics. The
spatial arrangement of the notoriously undercoordinated metal atoms
is strongly coupled to the electronic properties of the system, which
makes this class of materials particularly interesting for applications
including luminescence, sensing, bioimaging, theranostics, energy
conversion, catalysis, and photocatalysis. Opposing a common rule
of thumb that assumes an increasing chemical reactivity with smaller
cluster size, Cu5 clusters have proven to be exceptionally
resistant to irreversible oxidation, i.e., the dissociative chemisorption
of molecular oxygen. Besides providing reasons for this behavior in
the case of heavy loading with molecular oxygen, we investigate the
competition between physisorption and molecular chemisorption from
the perspective of nonadiabatic effects. Landau–Zener theory
is applied to the Cu5(O2)3 complex
to estimate the probability for a switching between the electronic
states correlating the neutral O2 + Cu5(O2)2 and the ionic O2– + (Cu5(O2)2)+ fragments in a diabatic representation.
Our work demonstrates the involvement of strong nonadiabatic effects
in the associated charge transfer process, which might be a common
motive in reactions involving subnanometric metal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Zanchet
- Instituto de Física Fundamental (AbinitSim Unit), CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas W Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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A Path Integral Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Harpoon-Type Redox Reaction in a Helium Nanodroplet. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195783. [PMID: 34641327 PMCID: PMC8510490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) calculations of an electron transfer from a heliophobic Cs2 dimer in its (3Σu) state, located on the surface of a He droplet, to a heliophilic, fully immersed C60 molecule. Supported by electron ionization mass spectroscopy measurements (Renzler et al., J. Chem. Phys.2016, 145, 181101), this spatially quenched reaction was characterized as a harpoon-type or long-range electron transfer in a previous high-level ab initio study (de Lara-Castells et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2017, 8, 4284). To go beyond the static approach, classical and quantum PIMD simulations are performed at 2 K, slightly below the critical temperature for helium superfluidity (2.172 K). Calculations are executed in the NVT ensemble as well as the NVE ensemble to provide insights into real-time dynamics. A droplet size of 2090 atoms is assumed to study the impact of spatial hindrance on reactivity. By changing the number of beads in the PIMD simulations, the impact of quantization can be studied in greater detail and without an implicit assumption of superfluidity. We find that the reaction probability increases with higher levels of quantization. Our findings confirm earlier, static predictions of a rotational motion of the Cs2 dimer upon reacting with the fullerene, involving a substantial displacement of helium. However, it also raises the new question of whether the interacting species are driven out-of-equilibrium after impurity uptake, since reactivity is strongly quenched if a full thermal equilibration is assumed. More generally, our work points towards a novel mechanism for long-range electron transfer through an interplay between nuclear quantum delocalization within the confining medium and delocalized electronic dispersion forces acting on the two reactants.
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4
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Kosaka T, Ando T, Hisatomi T, Nishiyama H, Zhou Y, Domen K, Takahashi Y, Onishi H. Microelectrode-based transient amperometry of O 2 adsorption and desorption on a SrTiO 3 photocatalyst excited under water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19386-19393. [PMID: 34473157 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03264j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution at water-solid interfaces is a key reaction for sustainable energy production. Although some intermediate states have been detected in transient absorption spectroscopy, the O2 evolution kinetics after the multi-step, four-electron oxidation of water remain unknown. In this study, transient amperometry with a microelectrode was applied to operando O2 detection over Al-doped SrTiO3 particles doubly loaded with RhCrOx and CoOy cocatalysts, an efficient photocatalyst for the overall water-splitting reaction. Electrochemical O2 detection at intervals of 0.1 s unexpectedly indicated instantaneous O2 adsorption and desorption in addition to steady, photocatalytic O2 evolution on the photocatalyst modified under intense light irradiation. We hypothesized that electrons excited in the conduction band were transferred to O2 in water thorough Ti cations neighboring an oxygen anion vacancy on the modified Al-doped SrTiO3. The negatively charged O2 was then bound to the Ti cations. It was neutralized and released when shaded through electron back-transfer to the conduction band. The hypothesized mechanism for O2 adsorption and desorption was compared with the photoinduced O2 desorption known to occur on anion vacancies of TiO2(110). The microelectrode-based transient amperometry demonstrated in this paper will be applied to many other phenomena at liquid-solid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumu Kosaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Ando
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisatomi
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiyama
- Office of University Professors, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuanshu Zhou
- Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.,Office of University Professors, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan. .,Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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5
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Schwermann C, Linden S, Doltsinis NL, Zacharias H. On-Surface Chemistry Induced by Long-Lived Excitons: (NO) 2 Dissociation on C 60. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5490-5496. [PMID: 32584044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state excitonic excitations play an increasingly important role in optoelectronic and light harvesting processes due to their ubiquitous presence in dipolar two-dimensional materials. Here we show that long-lived solid-state excitons induce chemical reactions in adsorbed molecules and thus convert light into chemical energy. For the model system (NO)2 dimer adsorbed on ordered c(4×4) C60 films, time-of-flight measurements following UV laser excitation reveal a slow and a fast dissociative desorption channel, which are assigned to intersystem crossing and internal conversion, respectively, by time-dependent density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwermann
- Institute of Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Linden
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute of Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Wu L, Wang Z, Xiong F, Sun G, Chai P, Zhang Z, Xu H, Fu C, Huang W. Surface chemistry and photochemistry of small molecules on rutile TiO 2(001) and TiO 2(011)-(2 × 1) surfaces: The crucial roles of defects. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044702. [PMID: 32007048 DOI: 10.1063/1.5135945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface chemistry and photochemistry of small molecules on the rutile TiO2(001) and TiO2(011)-(2 × 1) surfaces were studied by low energy electron diffraction, thermal desorption spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the TiO2(001) surface mainly exhibits the defects of Ti interstitials in the near-surface region, while the TiO2(011)-(2 × 1) surface mainly exhibits the defects of double-oxygen vacancies. The defect structures of TiO2 surfaces strongly affect their adsorption and thermal/photodesorption behaviors. On the TiO2(001) surface, CH3OH and H2O dissociatively adsorb at the surface Ti sites near Ti interstitials; O2 molecularly adsorbs at the surface Ti sites adjacent to Ti interstitials, forming photoactive O2 species that undergoes a hole-mediated photodesorption process; CO adsorbs at the nearest surface Ti sites close to the Ti interstitials, but CO2 does not, and the resulting CO species is photoactive; and both CO and CO2 species adsorbed at the normal Ti4+ sites are photoinactive. On the TiO2(011)-(2 × 1) surface, O2 adsorbs only at the double-oxygen vacancy sites, and the resulting O2 species dissociates to form two oxygen atoms to refill in the oxygen vacancies upon heating; CO2 adsorbs at the double-oxygen vacancy sites, but CO does not, and the resulting CO2 species is photoactive; and both CO and CO2 species adsorbed at the surface Ti4+ sites are photoinactive. These results broaden the fundamental understandings of the chemistry and photochemistry of TiO2 surfaces, and the established structure-reactivity relation of small molecules on TiO2 surfaces is useful in probing complex structures of TiO2 powder catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxia Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhengming Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guanghui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peng Chai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weixin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
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7
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Zanchet A, López-Caballero P, Mitrushchenkov AO, Buceta D, López-Quintela MA, Hauser AW, Pilar de Lara-Castells M. On the Stability of Cu 5 Catalysts in Air Using Multireference Perturbation Theory. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:27064-27072. [PMID: 33101568 PMCID: PMC7575162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b08378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An ab initio study of the interaction of O2, the most abundant radical and oxidant species in the atmosphere, with a Cu5 cluster, a new generation atomic metal catalyst, is presented. The open-shell nature of the reactant species is properly accounted for by using the multireference perturbation theory, allowing the experimentally confirmed resistivity of Cu5 clusters toward oxidation to be investigated. Approximate reaction pathways for the transition from physisorption to chemisorption are calculated for the interaction of O2 with quasi-iso-energetic trapezoidal planar and trigonal bipyramidal structures. Within the multireference approach, the transition barrier for O2 activation can be interpreted as an avoided crossing between adiabatic states (neutral and ionic), which provides new insights into the charge-transfer process and gives better estimates for this hard to localize and therefore often neglected first intermediate state. For Cu5 arranged in a bipyramidal structure, the O-O bond cleavage is confirmed as the rate-determining step. However, for planar Cu5, the high energy barrier for O2 activation, related to a very pronounced avoided crossing when going from physisorption to chemisorption, determines the reactivity in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zanchet
- Instituto
de Física Fundamental (AbinitSim Unit), CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alexander O. Mitrushchenkov
- Laboratoire
Modélisationet Simulation Multi Echelle, Université Paris-Est, MSME UMR 8208, CNRS, UPEC, UPEM, 5 Bd Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77454 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - David Buceta
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology and Magnetism, University
of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Arturo López-Quintela
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology and Magnetism, University
of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andreas W. Hauser
- Graz
University of Technology, Institute of Experimental
Physics, Petersgasse
16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- E-mail: (A.W.H.)
| | - María Pilar de Lara-Castells
- Instituto
de Física Fundamental (AbinitSim Unit), CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- E-mail: . Phone: +34 915616800
(941026) (M.P.d.L.-C.)
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8
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Pilar de Lara-Castells M, Hauser AW, Ramallo-López JM, Buceta D, Giovanetti LJ, López-Quintela MA, Requejo FG. Increasing the optical response of TiO 2 and extending it into the visible region through surface activation with highly stable Cu 5 clusters. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2019; 7:7489-7500. [PMID: 31007927 PMCID: PMC6438356 DOI: 10.1039/c9ta00994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The decoration of semiconductors with subnanometer-sized clusters of metal atoms can have a strong impact on the optical properties of the support. The changes induced differ greatly from effects known for their well-studied, metallic counterparts in the nanometer range. In this work, we study the deposition of Cu5 clusters on a TiO2 surface and investigate their influence on the photon-absorption properties of TiO2 nanoparticles via the computational modeling of a decorated rutile TiO2 (110) surface. Our findings are further supported by selected experiments using diffuse reflectance and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The Cu5 cluster donates an electron to TiO2, leading to the formation of a small polaron Ti3+ 3d1 state and depopulation of Cu(3d) orbitals, successfully explaining the absorption spectroscopy measurements at the K-edge of copper. A monolayer of highly stable and well fixated Cu5 clusters is formed, which not only enhances the overall absorption, but also extends the absorption profile into the visible region of the solar spectrum via direct photo-induced electron transfer and formation of a charge-separated state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas W Hauser
- Graz University of Technology , Institute of Experimental Physics , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - José M Ramallo-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) , CONICET , Dto. de Química , Fac. de Ciencias Exactas , UNLP , Argentina
| | - David Buceta
- Lab. Nanomag , Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , E-15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain .
| | - Lisandro J Giovanetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) , CONICET , Dto. de Química , Fac. de Ciencias Exactas , UNLP , Argentina
| | - M Arturo López-Quintela
- Lab. Nanomag , Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , E-15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain .
| | - Félix G Requejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) , CONICET , Dto. de Química , Fac. de Ciencias Exactas , UNLP , Argentina
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9
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Yu Y, Wan S, Hong D, Tian Y. Photo-induced dual passivation via Usanovich acid-base on surface defects of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:28068-28074. [PMID: 30383047 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-fabrication defect passivation of organometal halide perovskites has become an efficient way to improve their photophysical properties, but the underlying mechanisms are still in debate. In this work, we used p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) to generate surface defects on methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite (MAPbI3), and found that a Usanovich acid-base (O2, acetone or acetonitrile) treatment can effectively passivate those defects and lead to photoluminescence (PL) enhancement. The passivation effect arose from partial neutralization of defect charges via electron transfer between passivation reagents and relevant defects. O2 accepted photo-generated electrons, formed negatively charged oxygen species and attached to the I vacancy site to reduce its PL quenching efficiency by neutralising the defects positive charge. Likewise, acetone accepted photo-generated holes, formed positively charged species and partially neutralised the defects negative charge. The reduced trapping ability of defects caused PL enhancement. In addition, the observed photo-catalysed oxidation of acetone by O2 on the crystal surface supported the single electron transfer mechanism, and showed the potential of MAPbI3 as a photo-catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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de Lara-Castells MP, Cabrillo C, Micha DA, Mitrushchenkov AO, Vazhappilly T. Ab initio design of light absorption through silver atomic cluster decoration of TiO 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19110-19119. [PMID: 29974080 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A first-principles study of the stability and optical response of subnanometer silver clusters Agn (n ≤ 5) on a TiO2(110) surface is presented. First, the adequacy of the vdW-corrected DFT-D3 approach is assessed using the domain-based pair natural orbital correlation DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations along with the Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory [SAPT(DFT)] applied to a cluster model. Next, using the DFT-D3 treatment with a periodic slab model, we analyze the interaction energies of the atomic silver clusters with the TiO2(110) surface. Finally, the hybrid HSE06 functional and a reduced density matrix treatment are applied to obtain the projected electronic density of states and photo-absorption spectra of the TiO2(110) surface, with and without adsorbed silver clusters. Our results show the stability of the supported clusters, the enhanced light absorbance intensity of the material upon their deposition, and the appearance of intense secondary broad peaks in the near-infrared and the visible regions of the spectrum, with positions depending on the size and shape of the supported clusters. The secondary peaks arise from the photo-induced transfer of electrons from intra-band valence 5s orbitals of the noble-metal cluster to 3d Ti band states of the supporting material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Cabrillo
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (C.S.I.C.), Serrano 123, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Micha
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Chemistry and of Physics, University of Florida, 32661-8435, USA
| | - Alexander O Mitrushchenkov
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Tijo Vazhappilly
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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11
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Spieker H, Klüner T. Photoinduced desorption of CO from rutile TiO2: elucidation of a new desorption mechanism using first principles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18743-8. [PMID: 25076459 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02917h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high photocatalytic activity, TiO2 is of eminent interest for a manifold of applications ranging from surface catalysis up to solar energy conversion. However, the fundamental mechanisms of the underlying surface photochemistry are by no means understood. Focussing on this drawback, laser-induced photodesorption of CO on an ideal rutile TiO2(110) surface is studied using first principles in terms of a model system. This paper presents both quantum chemical as well as quantum dynamical results, taking into account the desorption coordinate Z, the polar angle θ, and the azimuth angle ϕ of the adsorbate. Detailed insight into the fundamental mechanisms of the photodesorption process in this model system is obtained, and a new desorption scenario is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Spieker
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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12
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Dholabhai PP, Yu HG. Electronic structure and quantum dynamics of photoinitiated dissociation of O2 on rutile TiO2 nanocluster. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:194705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4805000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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13
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Mehring M, Klüner T. Calculation of two-dimensional potential energy surfaces of CO on a rutile(110) surface: ground and excited states. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.780106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mehring
- a Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie , Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- a Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie , Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg , Germany
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14
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Zhang Z, Yates JT. Band bending in semiconductors: chemical and physical consequences at surfaces and interfaces. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5520-51. [PMID: 22783915 DOI: 10.1021/cr3000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 828] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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Mehring M, Klüner T. Understanding surface photochemistry from first principles: The case of CO–TiO2(110). Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Zhang Z, Yates JT. Electron-Mediated CO Oxidation on the TiO2(110) Surface during Electronic Excitation. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12804-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106207w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - John T. Yates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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Mehdaoui I, Klüner T. New mechanistic insight into electronically excited CO–NiO(100): a quantum dynamical analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4559-64. [DOI: 10.1039/b805597a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mehdaoui I, Klüner T. Understanding surface photochemistry from first principles: the case of CO-NiO(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:037601. [PMID: 17358728 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.037601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The excitation mechanism in the CO-NiO(100) system induced by a uv-laser pulse has been investigated from first principles. For the laser-driven process, the relevant electronically excited states are identified, and it is shown that a transition within the CO molecule is the crucial excitation step rather than substrate mediated processes. A new mechanism is proposed, in which the formation of a genuine C-Ni bond in the excited state is the driving force for photodesorption rather than electrostatic interactions, as has been found in similar systems. This results in very high velocities of CO molecules desorbing from the NiO(100) surface after electronic relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imed Mehdaoui
- Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Postfach 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Thompson TL, Yates JT. Surface Science Studies of the Photoactivation of TiO2New Photochemical Processes. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4428-53. [PMID: 17031993 DOI: 10.1021/cr050172k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 920] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Thompson
- Surface Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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20
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Dittrich S, Klüner T. The role of laser pulse duration in the photodesorption of NO/NiO(100). Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Katz G, Kosloff R, Zeiri Y. Abstractive dissociation of oxygen over Al(111): a nonadiabatic quantum model. J Chem Phys 2006; 120:3931-48. [PMID: 15268559 DOI: 10.1063/1.1635360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissociation of oxygen on a clean aluminum surface is studied theoretically. A nonadiabatic quantum dynamical model is used, based on four electronically distinct potential energy surfaces characterized by the extent of charge transfer from the metal to the adsorbate. A flat surface approximation is used to reduce the computation complexity. The conservation of the helicopter angular momentum allows Boltzmann averaging of the outcome of the propagation of a three degrees of freedom wave function. The dissociation event is simulated by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a period of 30 femtoseconds. As a function of incident kinetic energy, the dissociation yield follows the experimental trend. An attempt at simulation employing only the lowest adiabatic surface failed, qualitatively disagreeing with both experiment and nonadiabatic calculations. The final products, adsorptive dissociation and abstractive dissociation, are obtained by carrying out a semiclassical molecular dynamics simulation with surface hopping which describes the back charge transfer from an oxygen atom negative ion to the surface. The final adsorbed oxygen pair distribution compares well with experiment. By running the dynamical events backward in time, a correlation is established between the products and the initial conditions which lead to their production. Qualitative agreement is thus obtained with recent experiments that show suppression of abstraction by rotational excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Katz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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22
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Dohnálek Z, Kim J, Bondarchuk O, White JM, Kay BD. Physisorption of N2, O2, and CO on Fully Oxidized TiO2(110). J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:6229-35. [PMID: 16553438 DOI: 10.1021/jp0564905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physisorption of N(2), O(2), and CO was studied on fully oxidized TiO(2)(110) using beam reflection and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. Sticking coefficients for all three molecules are nearly equal (0.75 +/- 0.05) and approximately independent of coverage suggesting that adsorption occurs via a precursor-mediated mechanism. Excluding multilayer coverages, the TPD spectra for all three adsorbates exhibit three distinct coverage regimes that can be interpreted in accord with previous theoretical studies of N(2) adsorption. At low coverages (0-0.5 N(2)/Ti(4+)), N(2) molecules bind head-on to five-coordinated Ti(4+) ions. The adsorption occurs preferentially on the Ti(4+) sites that do not have neighboring adsorbates. This arrangement minimizes the repulsive interactions between the adsorbed molecules along the Ti(4+) rows resulting in a relatively small shift of the TPD peak (105 --> 90 K) with increasing coverage. At higher N(2) coverages (0.5-1.0 N(2)/Ti(4+)) the nearest-neighbor Ti(4+) sites become occupied. The close proximity of the adsorbates results in strong repulsion thus giving rise to a significant shift of the TPD leading edges (90 --> 45 K) with increasing coverage. For N(2)/Ti(4+) > 1, an additional low-temperature peak (approximately 43 K) is present and is ascribed to N(2) adsorption on bridge-bonded oxygen rows. The results for O(2) and CO are qualitatively similar. The repulsive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are largest for CO, most likely due to alignment of CO dipole moments. The coverage-dependent binding energies of O(2), N(2), and CO are determined by inverting TPD profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Dohnálek
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Fundamental Sciences Directorate and Institute for Interfacial Catalysis, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Thompson TL, Yates JT. Control of a Surface Photochemical Process by Fractal Electron Transport Across the Surface: O2 Photodesorption from TiO2(110). J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:7431-5. [PMID: 16599521 DOI: 10.1021/jp0562126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photodesorption of O(2) from TiO(2)(110) has been found to exhibit fractal kinetic behavior. The rate coefficient for photodesorption is measured throughout the entire experiment and is shown to decrease by a factor of approximately 100 over a time period of approximately 250 s. A model is proposed in which the electrons associated with O-vacancy defects on the surface percolate from vacancy site to vacancy site via the filled orbitals at these sites to neutralize photoproduced holes. This electron percolation, causing electron-hole recombination, reduces the efficiency of charge transfer between a photoproduced hole and an O(2)(-)(a) species localized at a vacancy defect site, causing the rate of O(2) photodesorption to follow a fractal rate law. We postulate that the fractal electron conduction path across the surface is one-dimensional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Thompson
- Surface Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Dittrich S, Freund HJ, Koch CP, Kosloff R, Klüner T. Two-dimensional surrogate Hamiltonian investigation of laser-induced desorption of NO∕NiO(100). J Chem Phys 2006; 124:024702. [PMID: 16422621 DOI: 10.1063/1.2140697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodesorption of NO from NiO(100) is studied from first principles, with electronic relaxation treated by the use of the surrogate Hamiltonian approach. Two nuclear degrees of freedom of the adsorbate-substrate system are taken into account. To perform the quantum dynamical wave-packet calculations, a massively parallel implementation with a one-dimensional data decomposition had to be introduced. The calculated desorption probabilities and velocity distributions are in qualitative agreement with experimental data. The results are compared to those of stochastic wave-packet calculations where a sufficiently large number of quantum trajectories is propagated within a jumping wave-packet scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Dittrich
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Thompson TL, Yates JT. Monitoring Hole Trapping in Photoexcited TiO2(110) Using a Surface Photoreaction. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:18230-6. [PMID: 16853345 DOI: 10.1021/jp0530451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hole-induced photodesorption of chemisorbed O2 from a TiO2(110) single crystal has been employed to monitor the kinetics of electron-hole pair (e-h) formation and hole trapping. Excitation is produced by 3.4 +/- 0.05 eV photons at 110 K. Two separate O2 desorption processes have been found which are characteristic of low photon fluxes and high photon fluxes. At a critical photon flux, Fhnu(crit), the slow O2 photodesorption process suddenly converts to a fast process, signaling the saturation of hole traps in the TiO2 crystal. Consequently, this allows photogenerated holes to more efficiently reach the surface, causing more rapid O2 photodesorption. The estimated bulk concentration of hole traps is approximately 2.5 x 10(18) cm(-3), involving a fraction of about 3 x 10(-5) of the atomic sites in the bulk. Both the slow and fast O2 photodesorption processes are described by a rate law that is proportional to Fhnu(1/2), indicating that the steady-state concentration of holes, [h], is governed by second-order e-h pair recombination kinetics. Effective use is made of a hole scavenger molecule, adsorbed methanol (CH3OH), to probe the role of added hole traps on the rate of the photodesorption of adsorbed O2 molecules and on the magnitude of Fhnu(crit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Thompson
- Surface Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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De Lara-Castells MP, Mitrushenkov AO, Roncero O, Krause JL. Adsorption and nonadiabatic processes in the photodesorption of molecular oxygen from the reduced TiO2(110) surface. Isr J Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1560/m5ca-y86n-fl5l-wnq7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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